Resolution 2 (Annual Meeting 1985), which was referred to the Board of Trustees, asked the American Medical Association to urge government officials to require all new residential and nonresidential buildings to be equipped with rapid-response automatic water sprinklers and smoke detectors and to require their installation in existing high-rise buildings ...

The 100 most-cited JAMA articles were identified using the 1955 through 1983 Science Citation Index of the Institute for Scientific Information. The most-cited article received 705 citations, while the least-cited article received 158. The oldest was published in 1910 and the most recent in 1976. These articles describe important medical ...

This paper examines the intellectual roots of the medicalization of menopause in the 1930s and 1940s. An analysis of published papers written by prominent American medical specialists reveals three models that were developed to understand menopause--biological, psychological and environmental--and shows how each contributed to its medicalization. This transformation was made ...

Members of the American Psychiatric Association who graduated from foreign medical schools, currently 25 percent of APA membership, are increasingly integrating themselves into the mainstream of American psychiatry. Nevertheless, an APA survey of members who are foreign medical graduates (FMGs) conducted in 1984 indicates that FMGs continue to pass the ...

The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) is an organization comprising several committees of expert volunteers who have traditionally determined the industry consensus standards in various fields. The existing federal legislation and the suggested state laser-safety regulation are based on the 1980 ANSI Standard, "For the Safe Use of Lasers." It ...

This article summarizes the report of a comprehensive review by the American Medical Association (AMA) of the medical standards for civilian airmen. The present standards were promulgated by the Federal Aviation Administration in 1959; the alcoholism and cardiovascular standards were revised in 1982. The AMA report recommends new or revised ...

Health policy debates rarely include broad review of cross-national experiences with related social policies. This article addresses the connection between medical policy concerns and the development of welfare states in the advanced industrial democracies following the oil crisis of 1973-74. After examining the evidence about what actually occurred during the ...

This article examines interstate migration and labor force participation among White, American Indian, and intermarried Indian/White couples in the US. The results show that endogamous American Indian couples are much less likely to change states of residence than are the other 2 groups of couples. The effect of interstate migration ...

The complete primary structures of toxin II-14 from the Mexican scorpion Centruroides noxius Hoffmann and toxin gamma from the Brazilian scorpion Tityus serrulatus Lutz and Mello have been determined. Cleavage of toxin gamma after Met-6 with CNBr produced the 55-residue peptide 7-61, which maintained the four disulphide bonds but was ...

Gypsies are a cohesive cultural group who may have difficult relations with the American medical community. There are several hundred thousand Gypsies in this country; they maintain a private society with an internal moral code and legal system. There is a strong cultural basis for obesity, tobacco use, fatty diet, ...

While PAs, surgical PAs, and SAs share many of the same characteristics, their two representative organizations, the American Academy of Physician Assistants (AAPA) and the American academy of Surgeon's Assistants (AASA), still remain separate entities. SAs originated in the mid-1960s, soon after the first PAs began to practice, yet they ...

The Hearing Conservation Amendment published by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in 1983 requires hearing conservation programs to be provided for over 5 million workers whose daily noise exposures exceed 85 dBA time-weighted average. The permissible exposure level is 90 dBA, above which the use of hearing protectors ...

This article reviews some general and particular aspects of state political torture as it is practiced in several Latin American countries in an attempt to secure domination and prevent change. The purposes, methods and effects of such torture are discussed. The article also elaborates on some of the elements that ...

Both the British Medical Association and the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend that circumcision should only be performed for medical reasons. No one has ever described which reasons are actually used, nor measured the morbidity of the procedure. Of 140 boys coming to day-case elective circumcision between the ages of ...

The health status of the American slave in the 19th century remains unclear despite extensive historical research. Better knowledge of slave health would provide a clearer picture of the life of the slave, a better understanding of the 19th-century medicine, and possibly even clues to the health problems of modern ...

Twenty percent of the recent Australian Olympic athletes have had an allergic disorder. Because of the ban on all sympathomimetic drugs except some beta 2-agonists. Olympic team physicians have a major responsibility to ensure that no competitor is disqualified for infringing on the antidoping rules of the Medical Commission of ...

The evolution of the German-Scandinavian concept of cycloid psychosis and of the French concept of 'bouffée délirante' is analyzed. It is stressed that they probably correspond to the same clinical entity, not overlapping with any of the American nosological categories, although sharing a number of features with the original Kasanin's ...

The American medical literature generally has given favorable reviews to the Chinese Communist experiment, which has often been credited with astonishing, unprecedented achievements in public health. Improvements are explicitly attributed to the Chinese political system, despite its acknowledged shortcomings from an American perspective. A survey of articles about Chinese medicine ...

Interviews with 25 Spanish-Americans of Taos County, New Mexico, indicate that time and acculturation have greatly eroded the belief in and practice of curanderismo, the traditional folk medical system of the Southwest. Curanderismo in northern New Mexico today has moved from being a primary and important source of medical care ...

This review outlines the present knowledge of American cutaneous leishmaniasis, a disease which, owing to the increase in international travel, is being seen with increasing frequency in Europe and North America. A knowledge of this disease is of particular importance to the military medical officer as in recent years approximately ...

The main problem in attempting to estimate auditory handicap from easily measured indices such as pure-tone sensitivity or intelligibility scores for numbers, words or sentences is that no criterion to establish validity has received wide acceptance. Even though few would disagree with the definition of handicap accepted by the American ...

We present an extended argument which we consider to be sufficient demonstration that a humoral tradition, notably a hot and cold classification, underlies medical etiologies and treatments used by certain groups of South American Indians, and that this is indigenous. We argue that several major, widespread categories of illness and ...

This notice announces the "Federal percentages" and "Federal medical assistance percentages" that we will use in determining the amount of Federal matching in State welfare and medical expenditures. The table gives figures for each of the 50 States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, ...

J. M. DaCosta, a scholarly, well-trained and observant clinician, was recognized during his lifetime as a well-known authority on physical diagnosis and had an unexcelled reputation as a clinical teacher. Chairman of Medicine at the Jefferson Medical College for 19 years, president of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia in ...

The centenary of Robert Koch's discovery of the tubercle bacillus is an appropriate occasion for a reconsideration of the American reception of Koch's bacteriologic investigations. At the time of the U.S. centennial in 1876 American views on infectious disease were disparate and ill-formed. The news of Koch's initial tuberculosis investigations ...

HMOs have been the most controversial alternative healthcare delivery system in the US. As a first step towards understanding the concept and state of HMOs, a description is offered, including a review of basic characteristics, types, and general financial incentives and disincentives. Although the performance of HMOs has also been ...

Allied health personnel in ophthalmology includes office personnel, ophthalmic medical assistants, ophthalmic nurses, certified orthoptists, ophthalmic photographers, research assistants, contact lens technicians, ultrasonographers, ocularists, and others. The ophthalmic medical assistants (OMA) have been identified only recently and recognized at three different levels of competence. They are assuming an increasingly important ...

The FTC, in accordance with a decision and judgment rendered by the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit on October 7, 1980, has modified its Final Order In the Matter of The American Medical Association issued on October 12, 1979 (44 FR 64803, 94 F.T.C 701). The modified order, ...

Americans are traveling abroad in increasing numbers. The family physician should review the traveling patient's immunization records and inform him of the risks and hazards of world travel, with particular emphasis on malaria chemoprophylaxis, water decontamination, personal hygiene and accident prevention. A post-trip evaluation is important to assure that any ...

Patterns of superficial veins of the cubital fossa were studied in 300 persons in Nigeria. Five types were observed in this study. The commonest pattern found in Nigerians was the median cubital vein arising from the cephalic vein a little below the level of the elbow (62% in males and ...

Ophthalmology has accepted the primary responsibility for supervision and control of the medical aspect of eye banking. Operating within the framework of the American Academy of Ophthalmology and the Eye Bank Association of America, Medical Standards have been promulgated which recognize the need for standardization and quality control throughout the ...

American psychiatry has reached its bicentennial. Holistic-medical foundations have been its hallmark, inspiration, and source of preeminence. Incorporated by psychobiology, the American school, they enabled the growth of psychiatry as a medical specialty and scientific discipline and stimulated unparalleled growth of general hospital psychiatry, psychiatric research and teaching, and psychosomatic ...

This paper discusses the medical profession's underlying motivations in initiating recent changes in medical education in the United States. The first part briefly examines the transition from a holistic to a scientific theory and practice in American medicine. The second part of the paper analyzes and interprets the increasing incorporation ...

Comparison of the Anderson--Baird-Parker direct plating method (DP) and the North American most probable number procedure (MPN) for enumerating Escherichia coli in frozen meats revealed that the DP method is more precise and yields higher counts of E. coli than the MPN procedure. Any of three brands of membrane filters ...

This is a Report presented to and endorsed by the Board of Directors of the American Geriatrics Society (AGS). It deals with developments since the AGS Conferences on Geriatric Education, 1976-77. Summarized is the position adopted by various medical organizations and associations, including the Institute of Medicine, Federated Council for ...

On board the Pan American aircraft, 326 were killed as a result of the collision with the KLM aircraft at Santa Cruz de Tenerife airport in the Canary Islands on 27 March, 1977. Of the remains returned to the United States, 212 were identified as Americans from the Pan Am, ...

The development of forensic toxicology in the United States is reviewed from colonial times. Medical education started expanding after Independence, but no program in medical jurisprudence existed until 1804, when Dr. James S. Stringham initiated such a teaching program at Columbia University in New York City. Since then, instruction in ...

The frontal sinuses of 143 Eskimo skulls from two sites in the Hudson Bay region of Canada were examined radiographically. No between-site or sex differences were noted in the size of the sinuses. On average, the sinuses are small and often bilaterally absent. The Canadian samples have smaller sinuses than ...

Dr. David Bregman was invited to participate in a thirteen-physician American Teaching Delegation led by Dr. Tsung O. Cheng, Professor of Medicine at George Washington University Medical Center in Washington, D.C. The trip was sponsored by the American College of Physicians. Deputy Director of the delegation was Dr. Samuel Asper, ...

René Goupil, the Patron Saint of Anaesthetists, and a Patron Saint of Canada, was born in Angers, France in 1608 and studied surgery. He joined the Jesuits as a donné or volunteer worker in 1640 and served in the then tiny colony of Quebec as one of the first medical ...

The nation's medical colleges are coming out of a decade of growth and expansion into what some perceive as a steady-state decade that will see a decline in financial support and an increase in regulation. Physicians and administrators gathered at the annual convention of the Association of American Medical Colleges ...

In March, the American Board of Medical Specialties approved the American Board of Pathology's multiple pathway proposal for voluntary recertification for pathologists. Just prior to this approval, a Committee Against Recertification in Pathology decided to poll CAP members to find out the consensus of pathologists on the issue of recertification.

The American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) and American Conference of Govermental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Respiratory Protective Devices Manual, published in 1963, has as its primary source of physiological background the work of Silverman and co-workers performed during World War II. The adoption of permanent OSHA standards governing work tasks requiring ...

Insofar as Frederic W. H. Myers' conceptions of the "subliminal" were spread by the Boston-based "Emmanuel movement" for medically supervised religious psychotherapy (fl. 1906-1910), the movement probably did more to help than to hinder American acceptance of Freudian ideas. Certainly, many academic psychologists' conceptions of the "unconscious" and "subconscious" were ...

The pass/fail results of 44 North American medical specialty certification examinations are compared and analyzed. A calculated annual failure rate was used to equate one- and two-part examinations. Failure rates on American boards generally varied between 8 and 61 percent. Foreign medical graduates (FMGs) had failure rates two to three ...

Two standardized respiratory questionnaires were administered to 946 white male participants in a long-term study of respiratory symptoms in Washington County, Md. One half of the men were given the 1960 respiratory questionnaire developed by the British Medical Research Council (MRC) at the start of the interview and a new ...

HEW predicts that in the next decade, the United States faces an oversupply of physicians who will be of the wrong type and practicing in the wrong places. HEW Secretary Joseph Califano announced the government's plans to deal with this projected problem in an address before the Association of American ...

This study was concerned with the role of structural factors in influencing medical career outcomes. These factors were viewed as an interrelated network of institutions, linked in particular patterns, leading to alternative career outcomes. A conceptual model was developed to represent the expected, predominant routes to different career outcomes. Analysis ...

A cooperative study between the University of Southern California Division of Research in Medical Education and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists represents one subset of a large-scale study of manpower supply in obstetrics-gynecology. A stratified random sample of all obstetrician-gynecologists was obtained from the AMerican Medical Association's "Master ...