In highlight stress conditions, the mechanism of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) of chlorophyll fluorescence is triggered at the chloroplast level. This process allows thermal quenching of the excessive excitation energy and it is strictly related to the efficiency of the xanthophyll cycle. Nowadays, the utilization of the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) ...

Event-related desynchronization/synchronization (ERD/ERS) is a technique to quantify subject's non-phase-locked neural activities underlying specific frequency bands, reactive to external/internal stimulus. However, conventional ERD/ERS studies usually utilize fixed frequency band determined from one or few channels to filter whole-head EEG/MEG data, which may inevitably include task-unrelated signals and result in underestimation ...

We demonstrate here a simple one-pot approach to directly fabricate hierarchical hollow anatase TiO2 spheres with a mesoporous shell architecture, which show improved visible light photocatalytic activity owing to their unique structure.

In this Letter, a light-emitting diode (LED) with prism-shaped-air-ring microstructures (PSAMs) formed on flat sapphire substrate is demonstrated as an alternative design to face-up LEDs on patterned sapphire substrate (PSS) for enhanced light extraction efficiency. In this LED design, the emitted photons can be deflected to the top of the ...

In this study, we fabricated a high-brightness AlGaInP light-emitting diode (LED) using the direct printing technique and dry etching. In general, wet etching is used for surface roughening to improve the light extraction of AlGaInP red LEDs. However, a structure fabricated by wet etching has limited height and shows a ...

Since most cochlear implants (CIs) have been developed for non-tonal languages, their level of hearing improvement is significantly decreased when used by speakers of tonal language, e.g., Thai. Temporal envelope (TE) and temporal fine structure (TFS) are important acoustic cues for languages with lexical tones. Specifically, TE is shown to ...

Ocean noise, natural or man-made, has typically been treated as unwanted interference in the context of detecting signals. However, more recently noise has itself also become a signal of interest in which, for example, ocean or geophysical properties are embedded in the noise field. There is now significant ongoing research ...

This paper concerns adaptive active control of acoustic noise in free space. Traditional adaptive active noise control algorithms are efficient in acoustic ducts; however, they are very unstable and sensitive when being used in free space. An efficient adaptive active noise control algorithm for free space noise is derived based ...

Conversation is one of the most important channels for human beings. To help communications, speech recognition technologies have been developed. Above all, in a conversation, not only contents of utterances but also intonations and tones include important information regarding a speaker's intention. To study the sphere of human speech, microphones ...

After some years from its first release, the CEN/TS 1793-5 European standard for in-situ measurement of sound reflection and airborne sound insulation characteristics of noise barriers has been significantly enhanced and validated in the frame of the EU funded QUIESST project. The procedure, based on impulse response measurements near the ...

Highly ordered self-assembled silver nanoparticle (NP) arrays have been produced by glancing angle deposition on faceted c-plane Al2O3 templates. The NP shape can be tuned by changing the substrate temperature during deposition. Reflectance anisotropy spectroscopy has been used to monitor the plasmonic evolution of the sample during the growth. The ...

Extremely high light out-coupling efficiency from a transparent organic light-emitting diode integrated with microstructures on both sides of the device is reported. The metal free device offers dramatically reduced surface plasmonic and intrinsic absorption losses. Moreover, high refractive index micro patterns with optimal light extraction condition are fabricated based on ...

Shedding light on the matter: Rhenium(I) indolato complexes with highly potent visible-light-triggered antiproliferative activity (complex 1: EC50 light=0.1 μM vs EC50 dark=100 μM) in 2D- and 3D-organized cancer cells are reported and can be traced back to an efficient generation of singlet oxygen, causing rapid morphological changes and an induction of apoptosis.

We have demonstrated the enhancement of a GaN-based light emitting diode (LED) by means of a selective etching technique. A conventional LED structure was periodically etched, to form periodic microholes. It showed an improvement of the light extraction efficiency (LEE) of approximately 15%, compared to that of a conventional LED. ...

This paper presents a saliency based video object extraction (VOE) framework. The proposed framework aims at automatically extracting foreground objects of interest without any user interaction or the use of any training data (i.e., not limited to any particular type of object). To separate foreground and background regions within and ...

We demonstrated improved luminous efficacy for GaN-based vertical light emitting diodes (VLEDs) employing a low index layer composed of silicon dioxide (SiO₂) on the top surface. Three-dimensional ðnite-difference time-domain simulations for the fabricated VLED chip show that the penetration ratio of the emitted/reflected light into the VLED chip decreased by ...

Quasi-periodic WO₃ nanoislands are introduced to extract two optical modes in organic light-emitting diodes. The nano-scaled and size-tunable WO₃ islands were fabricated by use of wet-etching with self-aggregated Ag mask. The improvement of light extraction efficiency originates to the recovery of light losses which are surface plasmon mode and waveguide ...

Because voice signals result from vocal fold vibration, perceptually meaningful vibratory measures should quantify those aspects of vibration that correspond to differences in voice quality. In this study, glottal area waveforms were extracted from high-speed videoendoscopy of the vocal folds. Principal component analysis was applied to these waveforms to investigate ...

Ultrasound in the 20-1000kHz range show unique propagation characteristics in fluid media and possess energy that can break down fruit matrices to facilitate the extraction of valuable bioactive compounds. Red raspberries carry significant amounts of specific antioxidants, including ellagitannins and anthocyanins that are important for human health. The objective of ...

Stereo matching, i.e., the matching by the visual system of corresponding parts of the images seen by the two eyes, is inherently a 2D problem. To gain insights into how this operation is carried out by the visual system, we measured, in human subjects, the reflexive vergence eye movements elicited ...

In this work, we reported the fabrication of nitride-based hexagonal pyramids array (HPA) vertical-injection light emitting diodes (V-LEDs) by N-polar wet etching. The performance of HPA V-LEDs devices was significantly improved with 30% higher internal quantum efficiency compared with conventional roughened broad area V-LEDs. The simulated extraction efficiency by finite ...

Photoluminescence (PL) in the InGaN quantum well based light-emitting diodes (LED) is greatly mediated through the coupling with the Surface Plasmons (SPs) at the interface of the sputtered Ag film. SPs coupled PL is independently tuned through controlling the grain size of the sputtered Ag films. The grain size of ...

Ambient noise was recorded on two vertical line arrays (VLAs) separated by 450 m and deployed in shallow water (depth ∼150 m) off San Diego, CA continuously for 6 days. Recordings were dominated by non-stationary and non-uniform broadband shipping noise (250 Hz to 1.5 kHz). Stable coherent noise wavefronts were extracted from ambient noise ...

The protective effects of maqui berry (Aristotelia chilensis) extract (MBE) and its major anthocyanins [delphinidin 3,5-O-diglucoside (D3G5G) and delphinidin 3-O-sambubioside-5-O-glucoside (D3S5G)] against light-induced murine photoreceptor cells (661W) death were evaluated. Viability of 661W after light treatment for 24h, assessed by the tetrazolium salt (WST-8) assay and Hoechst 33342 nuclear staining, ...

We investigate the dependence of various efficiencies in GaN-based vertical blue light-emitting diode (LED) structures on the thickness and doping concentration of the n-GaN layer by using numerical simulations. The electrical efficiency (EE) and the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) are found to increase as the thickness or doping concentration increases ...

A multilayer structure of ITO/SiNx/Ag/p/p⁺-Si/Au was fabricated to improve the extraction of the orange-yellow electroluminescence from SiNx-based light-emitting devices (LEDs), and an about 5 times enhancement of external quantum efficiency (EQE) was obtained. This improved light-extraction is mainly originated from the increase of root-mean-square roughness of ITO electrode and reflectivity ...

In this paper the design, fabrication and characterization of a bioinspired overlayer deposited on a GaN LED is described. The purpose of this overlayer is to improve light extraction into air from the diode's high refractive-index active material. The layer design is inspired by the microstructure found in the firefly ...

Abstract Objectives. To compare the tooth whitening efficacy, temperature and HP concentration changes induced by halogen light-activated and chemically activated in-office bleaching systems. Materials and methods. Twenty-four extracted premolars were randomly divided into two groups (n = 12): Group BL (35% HP with halogen light activation) and Group OP (38% ...

Visual information contains many different elements, such as contrast, color, brightness, and movement. Each element is extracted from visual information in a specialized neural circuit of the retina. Finally, the extracted signals are reconstructed into coded signals at the retinal ganglion cells and sent to the higher visual center in ...

Abstract This paper reports a real-time motion-sensing module, which is realized by incorporating multiple MEMS accelerometers into a standard Foley catheter, for assisting diagnosis and treatment of stressed urinary incontinence. The accelerometers measure the orientations of the catheter at multiple points, so the shape of the urethra and movement of ...

Most living things and many nonliving things deform as they move, requiring observers to separate object motions from object deformations. When the object is partially occluded, the task becomes more difficult because it is not possible to use two-dimensional (2-D) contour correlations (Cohen, Jain, & Zaidi, 2010). That leaves dynamic ...

The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the sorption (Sp) and solubility (Sl) of a nanofilled composite (Filtek™ Z350) light-activated from the top in three curing light distances (0 mm, 3 mm and 6 mm) and immersed in three different mouthwashes (Plax Fresh Mint, Plax Alcohol Free, ...

This letter demonstrates that the dominant coherent component of low-frequency (1 Hz < f < 20 Hz) ambient noise propagating between hydrophone pairs of the same hydroacoustic station, deployed in the deep sound channel of the Indian Ocean, is directional and mainly originates from Antarctica. However, the amplitude of the peak coherent noise arrivals, obtained using ...

A novel one-step cation exchange approach has been developed to prepare ZnO-decorated ZnSe nanorods (ZnSe-ZnO NRs), a prototype type-II semiconductor nanoheterostructure. Because of the staggered band offset which promoted effective charge separation, the as-synthesized ZnSe-ZnO NRs exhibited remarkable photocatalytic activities under visible light illumination, demonstrating their promising potentials in relevant ...

In this paper two-dimensional (2D) photonic Thue-Morse quasicrystals (ThMo-PQCs) in active CdSe/CdS nanorod (NR) doped polymer nanocomposites are proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Active PQCs and undoped lattices have been prepared in a one-step fabrication process by an electron beam lithography technique (EBL) and the effects on light extraction and emission ...

Pitch, our perception of how high or low a sound is on a musical scale, is a fundamental perceptual attribute of sounds and is important for both music and speech. After more than a century of research, the exact mechanisms used by the auditory system to extract pitch are still ...

Accounting for respiration motion during imaging can help improve targeting precision in radiation therapy. We propose Local Intensity Feature Tracking (LIFT), a novel markerless breath phase sorting method in Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) scan images. The contributions of this study are twofold. First, LIFT extracts the respiratory signal from ...

White organic light emitting diodes (WOLEDs) suffer from poor outcoupling efficiencies. The use of Bragg-gratings to enhance the outcoupling efficiency is very promising for light extraction in OLEDs, but such periodic structures can lead to angular or spectral dependencies in the devices. Here we present a method which combines highly ...

White organic light emitting diodes (WOLEDs) suffer from poor outcoupling efficiencies. The use of Bragg-gratings to enhance the outcoupling efficiency is very promising for light extraction in OLEDs, but such periodic structures can lead to angular or spectral dependencies in the devices. Here we present a method which combines highly ...

An algorithm for the real time synthesis of internal combustion engine noise is presented. Through the analysis of a recorded engine noise signal of continuously varying engine speed, a dataset of sound samples is extracted allowing the real time synthesis of the noise induced by arbitrary evolutions of engine speed. ...

ABSTRACT. Currently, photoplethysmograms (PPGs) are mostly used to determine a patient's blood oxygenation and pulse rate. However, PPG morphology conveys more information about the patient's cardiovascular status. Extracting this information requires measuring clean PPG waveforms that are free of artifacts. PPGs are highly susceptible to motion, which can distort the ...

Light fractionation, with a long dark interval, significantly increases the response to ALA-PDT in pre-clinical models and in non-melanoma skin cancer. We investigated if this increase in efficacy can be replicated in PAM 212 cells in vitro. The results show a significant decrease in cell survival after light fractionation which ...

Cuticular nanostructures found in insects effectively manage light for light polarization, structural color, or optical index matching within an ultrathin natural scale. These nanostructures are mainly dedicated to manage incoming light and recently inspired many imaging and display applications. A bioluminescent organ, such as a firefly lantern, helps to out-couple ...

Photonic crystals (PhCs) are periodically structured optical media offering the opportunity for spontaneous emission (SpE) to be strongly controlled in spatial terms (directions) or in absolute terms (rates). We discuss the application of this concept for practical light-emitting sources, summarizing the principles and actual merits of various approaches based on ...

The light extraction of 1 × 1 mm² GaN-based blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs) was enhanced by a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of silica submicron spheres. The silica spheres were synthesized with various spherical sizes via the ammonia-catalyzed hydrolysis and condensation of tetraethyl orthosilicate in water/ethanol solutions. Hexagonal closely-packed (HCP) silica sphere ...

Antioxidant compounds protect plants against oxidative stress caused by environmental conditions. Different light qualities, such as UV-A radiation and blue light, have shown positive effects on the production of phenols in plants. Kalanchoe pinnata (Lamarck) Persoon (Crassulaceae) is used for treating wounds and inflammations. Some of these beneficial effects are ...

Cone photoreceptors show lower light sensitivity and briefer light responses than rod photoreceptors. The light detection signal in these cells is amplified through a phototransduction cascade. The first step of amplification in the cascade is the activation of a GTP-binding protein, transducin (Tr), by light-activated visual pigment (R*). We quantified ...

Based on the analysis of the evanescent wave from total internal reflection, a light-emitting diode (LED) structure with a plasmonic Ag nanostructure and indium tin oxide (ITO) grating was proposed to enhance the extraction efficiency. The two-dimensional finite-difference time-domain method was used to study the spectral properties of the hybrid ...

Steady-state evoked potentials (SSEP) are the electrical activity recorded from the scalp in response to high-rate sensory stimulation. SSEP consist of a constituent frequency component matching the stimulation rate, whose amplitude and phase remain constant with time and are sensitive to functional changes in the stimulated sensory system. Monitoring SSEP ...

After pollination outdoors individual bilberry plants from two Northern and two Southern clones were studied for climatic effects on berry yield and quality in a controlled phytotrone experiment at 12 °C and 18 °C. At each temperature the following light treatments were tested; 1) 12 h natural light; 2) 24 ...