Two enantiomeric light-driven azo molecular switches, with axial chirality and extended conjuga-tion, were found to exhibit unprecedented reversible photoisomerization in both organic solvent and liquid crystal media only upon visible-light irradiation. The chiral switch, doped in an achiral liquid crystal with different concentration, was able to either immediately induce an ...

Measurements of the local distribution of atmospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) by long-path pulsed differential optical absorption spectroscopy (LP-PDOAS) in Tokyo during August 2008 are presented. Two LP-PDOAS systems simultaneously measured average NO(2) temporal mixing ratios along two different paths from a single observation point. Two flashing aviation obstruction lights, located ...

Visuo-spatial attention can be directed in a top-down controlled way to search for color targets and it can be captured by color contrasts, regardless of color identity. Here we tested whether participants can both search for a particular color target (e.g., red) and make use of a color-contrast cue that ...

Color filters are widely used in color displays, optical measurement devices and imaging devices. Conventional color filters have usually only one fixed output color. However developing active color filters with controllable color output can lead to more compact and sophisticated color filter based devices and applications. Recent progress in nanotechnology ...

Underwater sound plays an important role in the settlement behaviour of many coastal organisms. Large steel-hulled vessels are known to be a major source of underwater sound in the marine environment. The possibility that underwater sound from vessels may promote biofouling of hulls through triggering natural larval settlement cues was ...

The angle resolved reflectance factor of matte samples is measured with a goniophotometer and simulated using radiative transfer theory. Both measurements and simulations display the same characteristic dependence of the reflectance factor on the observation angle. The angle resolved reflectance spectra are translated to CIELAB color coordinates and the angular ...

An improved image processing procedure for suppressing the phase noise due to a motion artifact acquired during optical coherence tomography scanning and effectively illustrating the blood vessel distribution in a living tissue is demonstrated. This new processing procedure and the widely used procedure for micro-angiography application are based on the ...

The photo-polymerized liquid crystal (LC) film aligned on a photo-alignment layer was investigated with varying polarizability of UV light exposing on the photo-alignment layer. Interestingly, the polarizability of UV light required to induce bulk LC alignment on the photo alignment layer was found to be very low down to 0.1, ...

We devised a dual-carrier IQ modulator consisting of a novel complementary frequency shifter (CFS) and two IQ modulators. The CFS generates two optical subcarriers from a single light source and outputs them from separate ports without using any optical demultiplexing filters. We fabricated the modulator in a hybrid configuration of ...

We analyze theoretically the moment of inertia of the desert ant Cataglyphis (C. bicolor and C. fortis) around a vertical axis through its own center of mass when the animal raises its gaster to a vertical position. Compared to the value when the gaster is horizontal, the moment of inertia ...

Identifying the consequences of grass blade morphology (long, narrow leaves) on the heterogeneity of gas exchange is fundamental to an understanding of the physiology of this growth form. We examined acropetal changes in anatomy, hydraulic conductivity, and rates of gas exchange in 5 grass species (including C(3) and C(4) functional ...

Abstract Mimetic wing coloration evolves in butterflies in the context of predator confusion. Unless butterfly eyes have adaptations for discriminating mimetic color variation, mimicry also carries a risk of confusion for the butterflies themselves. Heliconius butterfly eyes, which express recently duplicated ultraviolet (UV) opsins, have such an adaptation. To examine ...

The threatened resident beluga population of the St. Lawrence Estuary shares the Saguenay-St. Lawrence Marine Park with significant anthropogenic noise sources, including marine commercial traffic and a well-established, vessel-based whale-watching industry. Frequency-dependent (FD) weighting was used to approximate beluga hearing sensitivity to determine how noise exposure varied in time and ...

Luminance and color information are considered to be processed in parallel systems. The integration of information from these two separate systems is crucial for the visual system to produce a coherent percept. To investigate how luminance and color lights are perceived in time, we measured the perceived duration of light ...

When a light beam with a transverse spatially varying phase is considered for optical remote sensing, in addition to the usual longitudinal Doppler frequency shift of the returned signal induced by the motion of the scatter along the beam axis, a new transversal Doppler shift appears associated to the motion ...

We assessed the visual evoked response and investigated side-to-side differences in mean blood flow velocities (MBFVs) by means of functional transcranial Doppler (fTCD) in 49 right-handed patients with severe internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis and 30 healthy volunteers, simultaneously in both posterior cerebral arteries (PCAs) using 2 MHz probes, successively in ...

The most widely used color-difference formulas are based on color-difference data obtained under D65 illumination or similar and for a 10° visual field; i.e., these formulas hold true for the CIE 1964 observer adapted to D65 illuminant. This work considers the psychometric color-vision model based on the Optical Society of ...

Structural colors are generated by scattering of light by variations in tissue nanostructure. They are widespread among animals and have been studied most extensively in butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera), which exhibit the widest diversity of photonic nanostructures, resultant colors, and visual effects of any extant organism. The evolution of structural ...

The possibility of implicit change detection in the visual scene is one of the central issues of a change detection process. The present work was aimed at studying the possibility of implicit perception of color changes. With this end, we have acquired the McCollough effect (MCE) with no possibility of ...

The purpose of this work was to consider the objective and subjective factors involved in color perception and on their basis offer a color classification that would allow for determining which of these factors are significant for each particular class of colors. In the first part of the article it ...

PURPOSE: To analyze dynamics of retinal vessel dilation response to flicker light in patients with glaucoma and ocular hypertension. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Response to flicker light was measured in retinal vessels by means of Retinal Vessel Analyzer. After the baseline 50 seconds long diameter recording of inferior and superior temporal artery ...

Eye movements were monitored to examine search efficiency and infer how color is mentally represented to guide search for multiple targets. Observers located a single color target very efficiently by fixating colors similar to the target. However, simultaneous search for 2 colors produced a dual-target cost. In addition, as the ...

We have analyzed the changes in the color of objects in natural scenes due to atmospheric scattering according to changes in the distance of observation. Hook-shaped curves were found in the chromaticity diagram when the object moved from zero distance to long distances, where the object chromaticity coordinates approached the ...

Retinal oximetry offers potential for noninvasive assessment of central venous oxyhemoglobin saturation (SO(2)) via the retinal vessels but requires a calibrated accuracy of ±3% saturation in order to be clinically useful. Prior oximeter designs have been hampered by poor saturation calibration accuracy. We demonstrate that the blue-green oximetry (BGO) technique ...

The concept of using signs to display graphical traffic information is now becoming increasingly popular. The main objective of this study was to design and undertake laboratory research to examine whether the content of traffic information displayed on graphical route information panel (GRIP) could be readily understood. Six kinds of ...

Color sensing procedure typically involves multiple active detectors or a photodetector coupled to a filter array. We demonstrate the possibility of using a single polymer layer based device structure for multicolor sensing. The device structure does not require any color filters or any sub-pixelation, and distinguishes colors without any external ...

Under varying illumination, both the statistical and structural contents of color texture are modified, leading to changes in the observed texture surface. We model the effect of illumination as a perturbation on an ideal color texture and show that the spectra of the ambient light have a significant impact on ...

Color charts, or grids of evenly spaced multicolored dots or squares, appear in the work of modern artists and designers. Often the artist/designer distributes the many colors in a way that could be described as "random," that is, without an obvious pattern. We conduct a statistical analysis of 125 "random-looking" ...

Light-induced bird strikes are known to occur when vessels navigate during darkness in icy waters using powerful searchlight. In Southwest Greenland, which is important internationally for wintering seabirds, we collected reports of incidents of bird strikes over 2-3 winters (2006-2009) from navy vessels, cargo vessels and trawlers (total n=19). Forty-one ...

The aim of the present study was to propose a model and a method to derive the oxyhemoglobin blood content in the retinal veins and arteries by full spectrum reflectometry measurements in the spectral zone from 430 to 680 nm. We proposed a mathematical equation expressed as a linear combination of ...

One of the main hypotheses proposed to explain the evolution of fruit color deals with a preference of avian frugivores for specific colors, mainly black and red, which are the most common fruit colors in many of the studied habitats. I analyzed fruit color preferences by wild birds belonging to ...

We sought to visually enhance the attractiveness of a standard black ovitrap routinely used in surveillance of the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, and now being used as lethal ovitraps in Ae. aegypti dengue control programs. Black plastic drinking cups (ovitraps) were visually altered to offer field populations of gravid ...

Swami, V. & Barrett, S. (2011). British men's hair color preferences: An assessment of courtship solicitation and stimulus ratings. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. Two studies examined the influence of women's hair color on approach behavior by British men and on ratings of physical attractiveness and personality. In Study 1, a ...

Papilio butterflies use a tetrachromatic color vision to discriminate a rewarding flower, approach, land and take nectar from the flower. In the course of further analyzing their foraging behavior in a laboratory condition, we found that some butterflies could not land on the target flower even they discriminated and tried ...

Recently a duality between color and kinematics has been proposed, exposing a new unexpected structure in gauge theory and gravity scattering amplitudes. Here we propose that the relation goes deeper, allowing us to reorganize amplitudes into a form reminiscent of the standard color decomposition in terms of traces over generators, ...

Inkjet print attributes like color gamut, grain and cost are a consequence of the materials and printing technology used and of choices made during color management, color separation and halftoning operations. Traditionally color separation determines what amounts of the available inks to use for each reproducible color and halftoning deals ...

A good solution to the reflective display of color has been a major challenge for the display industry, with very limited color gamuts demonstrated to date. Conventional side-by-side red, green and blue color filters waste two-thirds of incident light. The alternative of stacking cyan, magenta and yellow layers is also ...

The trackball has been widely employed as a control/command input device on moving vehicles, but few studies have explored the effects of platform motion on its manipulation. Fewer still have considered this issue in designing the user interface and the arrangement of console location and orientation simultaneously. This work describes ...

In this paper, the vascular sounds of the arteriovenous fistula at the anastomosis and five centimeters downstream the anastomosis were analyzed. The analysis of the sounds was based on features extracted from the power spectral density (PSD) and wavelet decomposition. The database consists of 15 recordings at the anastomosis and ...

Colors of living organisms are produced by selective light absorption from pigments and/or by light scattering from highly ordered nanostructures (i.e., structural color). While the physical bases of metallic colors of arthropods and fish are fairly well-known, those of birds are not. Here we examine structurally based silver color and ...

This paper presents a methodology analogous to a general lens design rule to optimize step-by-step the spectral power distribution of a white-light LED cluster with the highest possible color rendering and efficiency in a defined range of color temperatures. By examining a platform composed of four single-color LEDs and a ...

A simple and effective color tuning method has been developed by controlling the pore depth of the metal-coated porous alumina (PA) template. The mechanism for color tuning in this method was uncovered, which can be used to design a colorful complex pattern. A colorful 'world map' was produced and exhibited ...

Small suprathreshold color differences around five CIE color centers were investigated on a typical liquid crystal display (LCD) with fluorescent backlight using the method of constant stimuli. The results were evaluated using probit analysis and compared with surface-color differences of the RIT-DuPont dataset. We focused especially on the relationship between ...

Most anthropogenic influences on marine ecosystems, except for river- or terrestrial-borne pollution, involve some sort of vessel activity. Increasing anthropogenic activities mean that many countries are being forced to develop spatial planning schemes, while at the same time implementing conservation sites for sensitive species at sea. The effects of ship ...

The McCollough Effect (ME) is a complex perceptual aftereffect that remains of interest half a century after its discovery. It is argued that a recently reported variant, dubbed the anti-McCollough effect, is not the reverse of the ME, with aftereffect colors in the same direction as the inducing stimuli. A ...

This study evaluated the influence of light sources and immersion media on the color stability of a nanofilled composite resin. Conventional halogen, high-power-density halogen and high-power-density light-emitting diode (LED) units were used. There were 4 immersion media: coffee, tea, Coke® and artificial saliva. A total of 180 specimens (10 mm ...

PURPOSE: The poor tissue penetration of visible light has been a major barrier for optical imaging, photoactivatable conversions, and photodynamic therapy for in vivo targets with depths beyond 10 mm. In this report, as a proof-of-concept, we demonstrated that a positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer, 2-deoxy-2-[(18)F]fluoro-D: -glucose ((18)FDG), could be used ...

Blue-light phototherapy has become important in the treatment of many dermatologic conditions and as a result continue to be developed. Although blue-light therapy is successful, research shows that excessive ocular blue-light exposure may contribute to age-related macular degeneration and other vision problems. As blue-light therapy becomes increasingly more popular for ...

BACKGROUND: Applying ultrasound (US)-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) therapy for kidney tumours is currently very difficult, due to the unclearly observed tumour area and renal motion induced by human respiration. In this research, we propose new methods by which to track the indistinct tumour area and to compensate the respiratory ...

Oppositely directed displacements of the head need oppositely directed vestibulo-ocular reflexes (VOR), i.e. compensatory responses. Ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (oVEMPs) mainly reflect the synchronous extraocular muscle activity involved in the process of generating the VOR. The oVEMPs recorded beneath the eyes when looking up represent electro-myographic responses mainly of the ...