OBJECTIVES: The study was aimed at investigating the cytotoxicity of different composites as a function of composite shade and the light curing unit (LCU) employed. METHODS: Non-polymerized and polymerized samples of the composites Grandio(®) (VOCO, Cuxhaven), Solitaire(®) (Heraeus Kulzer, Hanau) and Filtek Z 250(®) (3M/Espe, Seefeld) in two markedly differing ...

OBJECTIVE: We present a novel method for the extraction of neuronal components showing cross-frequency phase synchronization. METHODS: In general the method can be applied for the detection of phase interactions between components with frequencies f1 and f2, where f2≈rf1 and r is some integer. We refer to the method as ...

A means to extract spatial information from an extremely unresolved source of light using a single element detector is demonstrated by use of an optical vortex coronagraph. Applications may range from astronomy to microscopy. For example, the centroid and angular extent of an unresolved collection of incoherent point sources is ...

Interaural time differences (ITDs) can be used to localize sounds in the horizontal plane. ITDs can be extracted from either the fine structure of low-frequency sounds or from the envelopes of high-frequency sounds. Studies of the latter have included stimuli with periodic envelopes like amplitude-modulated tones or transposed stimuli, and ...

I present a method for analyzing multichannel recordings in response to repeated stimulus presentation. Quadratic Component Analysis (QCA) extracts responses that are stimulus-induced (triggered by the stimulus but not precisely locked in time), as opposed to stimulus-evoked (time-locked to the stimulus). Induced responses are often found in neural response data ...

We report measurements of the short-range forces between two macroscopic gold-coated plates using a torsion pendulum. The force is measured for separations between 0.7 and 7  μm and is well described by a combination of the Casimir force, including the finite-temperature correction, and an electrostatic force due to patch potentials on ...

An enhanced methodology to extract the required coefficient of friction (RCOF) value was used to investigate the effects of the transverse shear component of the ground reaction force (GRF) on the RCOF. The RCOF is an important indicator for slip incidents. However,the extraction of the RCOF from GRF is not ...

We herein present the results of a study of the direct fabrication of buckled patterns in flexible organic light-emitting devices (FOLEDs) that had a conducting polymer anode on a polyethersulfone substrate. These patterns were produced spontaneously by the thermal deposition of an aluminum cathode on an electroluminescent (EL) composite layer. ...

We demonstrate an all-microwave two-qubit gate on superconducting qubits which are fixed in frequency at optimal bias points. The gate requires no additional subcircuitry and is tunable via the amplitude of microwave irradiation on one qubit at the transition frequency of the other. We use the gate to generate entangled ...

Very uniform 2 μm-pitch square microlens arrays (μLAs), embossed on the blank glass side of an indium-tin-oxide (ITO)-coated 1.1 mm-thick glass, are used to enhance light extraction from organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) by ~100%, significantly higher than enhancements reported previously. The array design and size relative to the OLED pixel ...

The existence of the five-quark Fock states for the intrinsic charm quark in the nucleons was suggested some time ago, but conclusive evidence is still lacking. We generalize the previous theoretical approach to the light-quark sector and study possible experimental signatures for such five-quark states. In particular, we compare the ...

A new technique to extract and evaluate physical activity patterns from image sequences captured by a wearable camera is presented in this paper. Unlike standard activity recognition schemes, the video data captured by our device do not include the wearer him/herself. The physical activity of the wearer, such as walking ...

This paper investigates the extraction of acoustic signatures from small boats using a passive sonar system. Noise radiated from a small boats consists of broadband noise and harmonically related tones that correspond to engine and propeller specifications. A signal processing method to automatically extract the harmonic structure of noise radiated ...

Although primates have remarkable olfactory capabilities, their ability for olfactory predator recognition is still understudied. We investigated this cognitive ability in wild gray and golden-brown mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus and M. ravelobensis) that were confronted with four different olfactory stimuli, derived from two Malagasy predators (fossa and barn owl) and ...

A commercial adzuki bean extract (AE) was evaluated for antioxidant effectiveness in cured and uncured cooked pork sausages. TBARS values, instrumental color evaluation and sensory panel scores were assessed. For uncured sausages, AE at 0.2% was equally effective as 0.1% butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in reducing TBARS values. Similarly, AE at ...

Distortion-product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) were measured as level/phase (L/P) maps in humans, rabbits, chinchillas, and rats with and without an interference tone (IT) placed either near the 2f(1)-f(2) DPOAE frequency place (f(dp)) or at one-third of an octave above the f(2) primary tone (1/3-oct IT). Vector differences between with and ...

Like most mammals, mice feature dichromatic color vision based on short (S) and middle (M) wavelength-sensitive cone types. It is thought that mammals share a retinal circuit that in dichromats compares S- and M-cone output to generate blue/green opponent signals, with bipolar cells (BCs) providing separate chromatic channels. Although S-cone-selective ...

Two papers in this issue show that dynein-binding proteins may regulate the G1-S transition through an effect on cilia. Nde1, a known partner of dynein light chain LC8, controls ciliary length in vitro and in zebrafish, and influences the G1-S progression. The phosphorylation of Tctex1, a dynein light chain, modulates ...

Gonadal hormones can modulate circadian rhythms in rodents and humans, and androgen receptors are highly localized within the core region of the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) brain clock. Although androgens are known to modulate neural plasticity in other CNS compartments, the role of androgens and their receptors on plasticity in ...

The house mouse Mus musculus represents a valuable tool for the analysis and the understanding of the mammalian circadian oscillator. Forward and reverse genetics allowed the identification of clock components and the verification of their function within the circadian clockwork. In many cases unforeseen links were discovered between a particular ...

The principles governing the recruitment of interneurons during acceleration in vertebrate locomotion are unknown. In the mouse, the V2a spinal interneurons are dispensable for left-right coordination at low locomotor frequencies, but their function is essential for maintaining left-right coordination at high frequencies. Here we explore the mechanisms driving this frequency-dependent ...

Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we compared the cerebral activity during bilateral light fist-clenching and light-teeth clenching to provide more information on the central processing mechanisms underlying awake bruxism. Fourteen subjects participated in our study. Statistical comparisons were used to identify brain regions with significant activation in the subtraction ...

Ethologically based animal models are widely used; however, results from different laboratories vary significantly which may partly be due to the lack of standardization. Here, we examined the effects of circadian rhythm, lighting condition and mouse strain (BALB/c and C57BL/6, known to differ in measures of avoidance and risk assessment ...

The main goal of this work is to determine whether a computer mouse can be used as a low-cost device for the acquisition of two-dimensional human movement velocity signals in the context of psychophysical studies and biomedical applications. A comprehensive overview of the related literature is presented, and the problem ...

To study a possible dose-response relation between force magnitude and rate of orthodontic tooth movement by altering forces during bodily orthodontic tooth movement. Eight young adult beagle dogs were used. The experiments were carried out in the Central Animal Facility, and all analyses were conducted in the Department of Orthodontics ...

The purpose of this study was to temporally and spatially analyze movements of lower facial skin during left- and right-side chewing in order to examine, from the viewpoint of kinematics, whether functional differences existed between these movements on the two sides. Ten healthy young subjects (aged 24-32 years, mean age ...

Measurements of tissue oxygenation and blood supply are of vital importance during photodynamic therapy. The aim of this study was to measure photosensitization responses in healthy mouse skin using non-invasive reflectance spectroscopy and fluorescein angiography. Healthy mouse skin was treated topically with hexylaminolevulinate (HAL) for 3h and then exposed to ...

Crystalline microwires of a phenyleneethynylene (PE) macrocycle self-assembled from solution exhibited superior photoconductive properties. Photoswitches fabricated with single wires afforded nA-scale photocurrents with on/off ratios of ca. 10(3). At a bias of 30 volts highest gain value achieved was up to 4.5. The stable and rapid responses to light qualify ...

Intra-oral prey processing (chewing) using the mandibular jaws occurs more extensively among teleost fishes than previously documented. The lack of muscle spindles, gamma-motoneurons and periodontal afferents in fishes makes them useful for testing hypotheses regarding the relationship between these sensorimotor components and rhythmic chewing in vertebrates. Electromyography (EMG) data from ...

Piscivory in fishes is often associated with the evolution of highly elongate jaws that achieve a large mouth opening, or gape. Belonesox belizanus, the pike killifish, has independently evolved this morphology, which is derived from short-jawed poeciliids within the Cyprinodontiformes. Using kinematic analysis of high-speed video footage, we observed a ...

INTRODUCTION: Mandibular lateral displacement (MLD) is clinically characterized by deviation of the chin, facial asymmetry, dental midline discrepancy, crossbite in the posterior region, and high prevalence of internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint. Morphologic and functional characteristics of MLD should be clarified to correct and prevent this malocclusion. METHODS: We ...

Jerk-cost as a measure of jaw movement smoothness has been used to evaluate the masticatory function of patients with tooth loss and malocclusion. Jerk-cost measuring systems have thus far been unable to determine the jerk-cost of each chewing phase over time. The purposes of this study were (i) to develop ...

Current knowledge regarding the sensitivity of the teeth to forces is based on psychophysical experiments that measured touch detection thresholds under static jaw conditions. It is not known whether jaw movements alter the perception of forces applied to the teeth, but, based on limb movement studies, it is hypothesized that ...

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare chewing cycle kinematics of subjects with better and poorer masticatory performance. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study compared masticatory performance, based on the breakdown of the artificial test food Cuttersil(R), in 30 subjects with Class I occlusion. Individuals with median particle sizes greater and lesser than ...

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the forces and moments delivered to a maxillary central incisor during rotation by three different thermoplastic appliances with identical thickness. Materials and Methods: Five identical appliances were manufactured from each of three materials (Ideal Clear 1.0 mm, Erkodur 1.0 mm, Biolon 1.0 mm). An upper central ...

Bite force, a measure of performance, can be used to link anatomical form and function. Earlier studies have shown bite force to have a significant influence on dietary constraints and ontogenetic shifts in resource utilization. The bonnethead shark, Sphyrna tiburo, is a durophagous member of the family Sphyrnidae. Its diet ...

A key question in evolution is the degree to which morphofunctional complexes are constrained by phylogeny. We investigated the role of phylogeny in the evolution of biting performance, quantified as bite forces, using phylogenetic eigenvector regression. Results indicate that there are strong phylogenetic signals in both absolute and size-adjusted bite ...

To study the initial part of the mouse optokinetic response, OKR (∼500 ms from the onset of visual stimulus motion), we recorded the ocular response to a vertical sinusoidal grating moving at a constant velocity. We found that the magnitude of the response monotonically increased as the stimulus contrast increased. ...

To characterize differences in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) function in mouse strains relevant to disease models. C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA/2J (D2) are the two most common mouse strains; D2 has two mutated genes, tyrosinase-related protein 1 (Tyrp1) and glycoprotein non-metastatic melanoma protein B (Gpnmb), causing iris disease and intraocular pressure ...

During nine consecutive nights in July 2007 (from 18:15-05:45 h), mosquitoes landing-biting on humans were collected outdoors and indoors at the Turkey-Armenia border. A total of 1005 females were collected consisting of nine species. The dominant species was Aedes dorsalis (Meigen) (47.5% of total catch), followed by Anopheles hyrcanus (Pallas) ...

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) plays an important role in the maintenance of the health and function of photoreceptors. Previous studies have shown that the RPE is also involved in the regulation of disc shedding, a process that is vital for photoreceptor health. This process has been shown to be ...

The protrogomorph condition of the rodent masticatory apparatus is thought to be present in only one living species, the mountain beaver Aplodontia rufa. The major anatomical difference between protrogomorphs and sciuromorphs is that the relative size of one part of the masseter muscle, the anterior lateral masseter, is much greater ...

Orthodontic treatments have been modified with each new generation of clinicians. Today the emphasis is on facial esthetics and healthy temporomandibular joints. With orthopedic treatment, we can develop dental arches to get the necessary space to align the teeth and we can reach adequate function and esthetics, all within relatively ...

The purpose of this study was to elucidate the influence of bite force control on oxygenated hemoglobin (OxyHb) levels in regional cerebral blood flow as an indicator of brain activity in the premotor area. Healthy right-handed volunteers with no subjective or objective symptoms of problems of the stomatognathic system or ...

The objective of the present study was to assess the clinical efficacy of a dental bleaching system based on hydrogen peroxide with or without light activation. This randomized controlled trial evaluated the effect of the light when applied to the hydrogen peroxide by using a split-mouth design with 21 patients, ...

How 'control' characteristics of masticatory jaw movement, such as skilfulness of the movement, change after alteration in occlusion remains uncertain. For each of 10 healthy adults with good occlusion, an occlusal interference with artificial 'tooth-cusp' was introduced to the crown of the upper molar tooth on the non-working side of ...

OBJECTIVE: To clarify the relationship between occlusal force and mandibular condyle morphology using clinical data. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The subjects were 40 female patients with malocclusion. The mandibular condyle morphology was assessed by using limited cone-beam CT imaging. The maximum occlusal force was calculated by using pressure-sensitive films. Maxillofacial morphologies ...

Aggression is an important component of behavior in many animals and may be crucial to providing individuals with a competitive advantage when resources are limited. Although much is known about the effects of catecholamines and hormones on aggression, relatively few studies have examined the effects of physical performance on aggression. ...

INTRODUCTION: Orthodontic force magnitude is a primary factor in root resorption. Quantitative studies of root resorption after force application for 4 and 8 weeks have been conducted. In this study, we investigated the root surface topography and the amount of root resorption after the application of controlled light and heavy ...

OBJECTIVE: Expansion screws like Hyrax, Haas and other types, produce heavy interrupted forces which are unfavorable for dental movement and could be harmful to the tooth and periodontium. The other disadvantage of these screws is the need for patient cooperation for their regular activation. The purpose of this study was ...