Many guidelines for reporting hearing results use the threshold at 3 kilohertz (kHz), a frequency not measured routinely. This study assessed the validity of estimating the missing 3-kHz threshold by averaging the measured thresholds at 2 and 4 kHz. The estimated threshold was compared to the measured threshold at 3 ...

The rarity of altruistic punishment in small-scale societies should not be interpreted as evidence that altruistic punishment is not an important determinant of cooperation in general. While it is essential to collect field data on altruistic punishment, this kind of data has limitations. Laboratory experiments can help shed light on ...

We report on the formation of photoconductive self-assembled fibres by solvent induced precipitation of a HBC-PMI donor-acceptor dyad. Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy revealed that upon illumination with white light the surface potential of the fibres shifted to negative values due to a build-up of negative charge. When integrated in a ...

The split-gate light emitting field effect transistors (SG-LEFETs) demonstrate a new strategy for ambipolar LEFETs to achieve high brightness and efficiency simultaneously. The SG architecture forces largest quantity of opposite charges on Gate 1 and Gate 2 area to meet in the center of the channel. By actively and independently ...

This manuscript describes a unique class of locomotive robot: A soft robot, composed exclusively of soft materials (elastomeric polymers), which is inspired by animals (e.g., squid, starfish, worms) that do not have hard internal skeletons. Soft lithography was used to fabricate a pneumatically actuated robot capable of sophisticated locomotion (e.g., ...

CONTEXT: Limitations in gastrocnemius/soleus flexibility, which restricts ankle dorsiflexion during dynamic tasks, have been reported in individuals with patellofemoral pain (PFP) and are theorized to play a role in the development of PFP. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of restricted ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM) on lower extremity kinematics ...

This study aimed to examine the effect of shoes with a rounded soft sole (Stretch Walker: SW) on gait. Fifteen healthy male (mean age: 23.2) walked under three conditions (SW, Flat-bottomed Shoe: FS, Barefoot: BF). Including walking speed, stance time, step length were selected as temporal-spatial parameters. The angle of ...

One function of the visual system is to combine the different views of the two eyes so that each object appears in a single direction. Using pairs of isolated dots, previous studies have found that binocular fusion gives way to diplopia if the disparity gradient between the dots is steep. ...

Abstract Research on the function of acoustic signals has focused on high-amplitude long-range songs (LRS) and largely ignored low-amplitude songs produced by many species during close-proximity, conspecific interactions. Low-amplitude songs can be structurally identical to LRS (soft LRS), or they can be widely divergent, sharing few spectral and temporal attributes ...

This research was designed to test the hypothesis that Milton's poem Paradise Lost is meaningfully patterned with respect to sound. Thirty-six segments from 12 Books of Paradise Lost were scored (Whissell, 2000) in terms of their proportional use of Pleasant, Cheerful, Active, Nasty, Unpleasant, Sad, Passive, and Soft sounds. Paradise ...

Ostreococcus tauri, a unicellular marine green alga, is the smallest known free-living eukaryote and is ubiquitous in the surface oceans. The ecological success of this organism has been attributed to distinct low- and high-light-adapted ecotypes existing in different niches at a range of depths in the ocean. Viruses have already ...

Improvements in neuroimaging methods have afforded significant advances in our knowledge of the cognitive and neural foundations of aesthetic appreciation. We used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to register brain activity while participants decided about the beauty of visual stimuli. The data were analyzed with event-related field (ERF) and Time-Frequency (TF) procedures. ERFs ...

The first part of the book (six chapters) is devoted to some selected applications of bright-field microscopy while the second part (eight chapters) to some fluorescence microscopy studies. Both animal and plant biology investigations are presented covering multiple fields like immunology, cell signaling, cancer biology and, surprisingly to me, ecology. ...

Intense Pulsed Light (IPL) is an FDA-approved photo therapy for the treatment of a variety of conditions such as acne and hirsutism. It utilizes the principle of selective photothermolysis. Photothermolysis allows a specific wavelength to be delivered to a chromophore of a designated tissue while leaving the surrounding tissue unaffected. ...

Bat mortality resulting from actual or near-collision with operational wind turbine rotors is a phenomenon that is widespread but not well understood. Because bats rely on information contained in high-frequency echoes to determine the nature and movement of a target, it is important to consider how ultrasonic pulses similar to ...

Recordings of the echolocation signals of landing big brown bats with a two-dimensional 16-microphone array revealed that the source level reduction of 7 dB per halving of distance is superimposed by a variation of up to 12 dB within single call groups emitted during the approach. This variation correlates with ...

The major objective of the study was to evaluate the enhanced germicidal effects of low-frequency pulsed ultraviolet A (UVA)-light-emitting diode (LED) on biofilms. The germicidal effects of UVA-LED irradiation (365 nm, 0·28 mW cm(-2) , in pulsed or continuous mode) on Candida albicans or Escherichia coli biofilms were evaluated by ...

We analyze the coherence properties of supercontinuum generated in photonic crystal fibers by applying the second-order coherence theory of nonstationary light. Using an ensemble of simulated realizations, we construct two-frequency cross-spectral density and two-time mutual coherence functions. This allows us to introduce measures of temporal and spectral coherence. We show ...

We report an experimental demonstration of slow and superluminal propagation of pseudo-thermal (chaotic) light in the Λ-type system of the 5S(1/2)-5P(1/2) transition of (87)Rb atom. The slowed propagation of pulsed pseudo-thermal light was demonstrated in an electromagnetically-induced transparency medium while the superluminal propagation was demonstrated with the enhanced absorption scheme ...

An implantable prosthesis that stimulates vestibular nerve branches to restore sensation of head rotation and vision-stabilizing reflexes could benefit individuals disabled by bilateral loss of vestibular (inner ear balance) function. We developed a prosthesis that partly restores normal function in animals by delivering pulse frequency modulated (PFM) biphasic current pulses ...

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effect that electric pulse frequency has on the perceived magnitude of sensation and to quantify the relationship between electric pulse frequency and perceived magnitude of sensation during low-intensity electrocutaneous stimulation. DESIGN: A repeated-measures research design was applied to evaluate the effect of electric pulse frequency on ...

Muscle force potentiation affects force output during electrical stimulation. Few studies have examined stimulation train parameters that influence potentiation such as pulse number, stimulation frequency, train duration, and force-time integral and peak force produced during the train. Pulse-matched trains (100 pulses) at 7.5, 15, 25, 30, 50, and 100 Hz, and ...

High Intensity Light Pulses (HILP) represent an emerging processing technology which uses short (100-400 μs) light pulses (200-1100 nm) for product decontamination. In this study, model and real foods of differing transparencies (maximum recovery diluent (MRD), apple and orange juices and milk) were exposed to HILP in a batch system ...

We report on an experimental demonstration of applying the beat-note interferometer to simultaneously measure the phase and amplitude variations of light pulses after propagating through an electromagnetically induced transparency medium at femtowatt-light levels. Furthermore, we observe that the measured phase noise approaches the shot-noise level arising from the fluctuations of ...

We propose a simple technique of stopping light pulses using a slow-light device based on photonic crystal coupled waveguide (PCCW). Dynamically tuning the material index chirp in the PCCW adiabatically transforms slow-light pulses into stopped ones. We demonstrate this in finite-difference time-domain simulation assuming ideal and actual tuning of the ...

Low level light (or laser) therapy (LLLT) is a rapidly growing modality used in physical therapy, chiropractic, sports medicine and increasingly in mainstream medicine. LLLT is used to increase wound healing and tissue regeneration, to relieve pain and inflammation, to prevent tissue death, to mitigate degeneration in many neurological indications. ...

The electrophysiological properties of degenerated retinas responding to amplitude-modulated electrical pulse trains were investigated to provide a guideline for the development of a stimulation strategy for retinal prostheses. The activities of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in response to amplitude-modulated pulse trains were recorded from an in vitro model of retinal ...

The authors have indicated no significant interest with commercial supporters.

The domestic market for home-use hair removal devices is rapidly expanding and there are numerous intense pulsed light (IPL) products now available globally to consumers. Technological challenges for the design of such devices include the need to be cost-effective in mass production, easy to use without training, and most importantly, ...

Novel thin-film oscillator biosensors are developed using picosecond ultrasound method. 100-nm silicon-nitride thin films and 16-nm Pt thin films are used, and ultrashort light pulses are focused on their surfaces to excite the through-thickness resonance vibrations, which are detected by the delayed probe-light pulses using the optoelastic effect. Their fundamental ...

Habitual moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity attenuates arterial stiffening. However, it is unclear whether light physical activity also attenuates arterial stiffening. It is also unclear whether light physical activity has the same effects in fit and unfit individuals. This cross-sectional study was performed to determine the relationships between amount of light physical ...

For successful restoration of vision by retinal prostheses, the neural activity of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) evoked by electrical stimulation should represent the information of spatiotemporal patterns of visual input. We propose a method to evaluate the effectiveness of stimulation pulse trains so that the crucial temporal information of a ...

In this paper we report an analysis of the physical phenomena that can affect the frequency stability of optically pumped vapor cell clocks working in pulsed regime. It is well known that the pulsed approach allows a strong reduction of the light shift that is one of the main sources ...

Sonothrombolysis is a promising modality for acute stroke treatment. In vitro data suggest a duty cycle dependence of sonothrombolytic efficacy of low-frequency applications. The aim of our study was to examine its impact on safety issues in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion. Rats were exposed to transcranial ...

The influence of emission parameters in low-level-light therapy on cellular responses is not yet fully understood. This study assessed the impact of various light delivery modes on collagen production in human primary fibroblast cultured in monolayers after three treatments with red light-emitting diode illumination (630 nm, 8 J/cm(2)). Human type ...

In the present study, the efficiency of a broad-spectrum pulsed ultraviolet (UV)-light for the inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A, L. monocytogenes CNL 895807, and Pseudomonas fluorescens MF37 populations as agar seeded or suspended cells was investigated. The bacterial populations were treated by pulsed UV-light at different number of pulses ...

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can be used for studying causal effects on visual phenomenology. Occipitally delivered TMS pulses when applied after a brief spatially extended visual reference stimulus induce a localized degrading effect on the visual quality of the reference, a subjective darkening called scotoma. The stability of the subjective ...

Slow potassium current (I(Ks)) is important in controlling nerve excitability and its impairment is known in various neurological diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). I(Ks) gives rise to the late subexcitability phase of the recovery cycle, which can be amplified by the use of multiple conditioning pulses. The clinical utility ...

Four cochlear implant users, having normal hearing in the unimplanted ear, compared the pitches of electrical and acoustic stimuli presented to the two ears. Comparisons were between 1,031-pps pulse trains and pure tones or between 12 and 25-pps electric pulse trains and bandpass-filtered acoustic pulse trains of the same rate. ...

Acoustic recordings from Palmyra Atoll, northern Line Islands, central Pacific, showed upsweep frequency modulated pulses reminiscent of those produced by beaked whales. These signals had higher frequencies, broader bandwidths, longer pulse durations and shorter inter-pulse intervals than previously described pulses of Blainville's, Cuvier's and Gervais' beaked whales [Zimmer et al. ...

BACKGROUND: Faun tail is a rare cutaneous marker of spinal dysraphism. This neurological abnormality may lead to difficulties such as severe pain and burning sensations in treatment of hypertrichosis of faun tail with laser or laser-like devices. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated outcomes of an intense pulsed light source in two patients ...

When a firefly is made to inhale ethyl acetate vapour, a constant glow appears after a few minutes from its abdominal lantern. This control experiment has been performed by a few workers to record the emission spectrum of the firefly. However, a time-resolved experiment performed by us on this continuous ...

OBJECTIVE: The Neural Response Telemetry (NRT) recovery function measures the electrically evoked compound action potential (ECAP) in response to a second biphasic pulse (the probe) after masking by a first pulse (the masker). The masker-probe interval is varied and the ECAP amplitude is measured at each masker-probe interval, giving an ...

Typical silicon nanocrystal light emitting devices (LEDs) operate under direct current (DC) biasing conditions that require high electric fields or high current densities. The electroluminescence (EL) under these conditions relies on impact excitation that can be damaging to the material. In this work, we present bipolar injection into silicon nanocrystal ...

We investigate the focusing properties of a femtosecond vortex light pulse focused by a high numerical aperture objective. By using the Richards-Wolf vectorial diffraction method, the intensity distribution, the velocity variation and the orbital angular momentum near the focus are studied in great detail. We have discovered that the femtosecond ...

Pulse rates obtained from wearable photoplethysmography (PPG) sensors are important for monitoring cardiovascular condition, especially during exercise. However, it is difficult to precisely count pulse rates during exercise because PPG is sensitive to body movement. The artifacts from body movement are caused by a change in the blood volume at ...

BACKGROUND: In clinical anesthesia, robust surgical stress occasionally causes unintended light anesthesia during operation. To test the hypothesis that neural input condition could modify actions of general anesthetics as a result of presynaptic alteration in the central nervous system, we investigated the mechanisms by which the stimulus frequency modifies synaptic ...

Contractile C(2)C(12) myotube line patterns embedded in a fibrin gel have been developed to afford a physiologically relevant and stable bioassay system. The C(2)C(12) myotube/fibrin gel system was prepared by transferring a myotube monolayer from a glass substrate to a fibrin gel while retaining the original line patterns of myotubes. ...

Bats are highly social and spend much of their lives echolocating in the presence of other bats. To reduce the effects of acoustic interferences from other bats' echolocation calls, we hypothesized that bats might shift the timing of their pulse emissions to minimize temporal overlap with another bat's echolocation pulses. ...

Channelrhodopsins are light-gated ion channels that mediate vision in phototactic green algae like Chlamydomonas. In neurosciences, channelrhodopsins are widely used to light-trigger action potentials in transfected cells. All known channelrhodopsins preferentially conduct H(+). Previous studies have indicated the existence of an early and a late conducting state within the channelrhodopsin ...