A small band-gap carbon nanotube (SBG CNT) with a large diameter of 4 nm has been used to fabricate ambipolar field-effect transistors (FETs) with ultrahigh carrier mobility of more than 18 300 and 8300 cm(2)/V.s for holes and electrons, respectively. Using a top-gate device geometry with 12 nm HfO(2) being ...

Multiple concurrently presented stimuli are thought to compete for neuronal processing resources. Such competitive stimulus interactions can be investigated by "frequency tagging" each stimulus with an individual temporal frequency. In this case, all stimuli will drive distinct steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs), hence allowing for an assessment of the distribution ...

The frequency profiles and time courses of oscillatory changes when reading words are not fully understood, although there have been many reports that oscillatory dynamics reflect local brain function. In order to clarify oscillatory dynamics, we investigated the frequency and spatiotemporal distributions of neuromagnetic activities during silent reading of words ...

We report the demonstration of single-nanowire photodetectors relying on carrier generation in GaN/AlN QDiscs. Two nanowire samples containing QDiscs of different thicknesses are analyzed and compared to a reference binary n-i-n GaN nanowire sample. The responsivity of a single wire QDisc detector is as high as 2 x 10(3) A/W ...

We report new results about the improvement of delay-bandwidth product in photonic crystal slow light waveguides. Previous studies have obtained large delay-bandwidth product at the price of small average group index. It is pointed out here that the radius and the distance between the two boundary rows of holes have ...

In this paper, evidence is provided that Chilean dolphins (Cephalorhynchus eutropia) produce ultrasonic echolocation clicks of the narrow-band high-frequency category. Echolocation clicks emitted during approaches of the hydrophones consisted only of narrow-band (rms-BW: 12.0 kHz) single pulses with mean centroid frequencies of about 126 kHz, peak frequencies of 126 kHz, ...

Cortical oscillatory activity in the gamma-band range (>30Hz) is a fundamental mechanism of neural coding that arises during a range of cognitive processes in both animals and humans. Since the first report on high frequency oscillatory synchrony between V1 neurons belonging to the same orientation column (Gray and Singer, 1989, ...

The second of two consecutively presented sounds may be perceived as being longer than if that sound had been presented in isolation. We performed five experiments using heterophonic patterns in which a sine tone was preceded by a frequency-band noise. We observed significant overestimations of sine-tone duration, the size of ...

This study examined the redundancy of spectral and temporal information in everyday sentences, which were reduced to 16 rectangular spectral bands having center frequencies ranging from 250 to 8000 Hz, spaced at 1/3 octave intervals. High-order filtering eliminated contributions from transition bands, and the widths of the resulting effectively rectangular ...

Echolocation clicks were recorded from an Atlantic bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus trained to discriminate frequency filtered phantom targets in 1998 and in 2004. These clicks showed consistency within their spectra intensity profiles but only in a certain band of frequencies. In 2004 almost all the clicks were consistent within the ...

We investigated the potential benefits for consonant identification of a form of frequency transposition intended for people with severe or profound hearing loss at high frequencies, but near-normal hearing at low frequencies. Frequency components from a 'source band' in a high-frequency region were transposed downwards to a 'destination band'. All ...

Through the use of a strategy that involves narrowing the TiO(2) band gap by shifting its conduction band positively and utilizing the catalytic activity of photoproduced Cu(I) for oxygen reduction, a novel visible-light-sensitive TiO(2) photocatalyst, Cu(II)-grafted Ti(1-3x)W(x)Ga(2x)O(2), was designed and synthesized. The Cu(II)/Ti(1-3x)W(x)Ga(2x)O(2) photocatalyst produced high activity under visible-light irradiation. ...

Speech stimuli give rise to neural activity in the listener that can be observed as waveforms using magnetoencephalography (MEG). Although waveforms vary greatly from trial to trial due to activity unrelated to the stimulus, it has been demonstrated that spoken sentences can be discriminated based on theta-band (3-7Hz) phase patterns ...

Characterizing how different cortical rhythms interact and how their interaction changes with sensory stimulation is important to gather insights into how these rhythms are generated and what sensory function they may play. Concepts from information theory, such as Transfer Entropy (TE), offer principled ways to quantify the amount of causation ...

We present the experimental visualization of covalent bonding, positional disorders and split anion sites in visible-light responsive photocatalyst (Ga(0.885)Zn(0.115))(N(0.885)O(0.115)). ZnO alloying into GaN reduces the band gap, leading to the visible-light response. DFT calculations indicated no significant difference in band gap between structural models with and without split sites.

The effects of nonlinear interactions between different sound frequencies on the responses of neurons in primary auditory cortex (AI) have only been investigated using two-tone paradigms. Here we stimulated with relatively dense, Poisson-distributed trains of tone pips (with frequency ranges spanning five octaves, 16 frequencies /octave, and mean rates of ...

Studies analyzing sensory cortical processing or trying to decode brain activity often rely on a combination of different electrophysiological signals, such as local field potentials (LFPs) and spiking activity. Understanding the relation between these signals and sensory stimuli and between different components of these signals is hence of great interest. ...

We find that the angle between elementary lattice vectors obviously affects the bandwidth and dispersion of slow light in photonic crystal line-defect waveguides. When the fluctuation of group index is strictly limited in a +/-1% range, the oblique lattice structures with the angle between elementary lattice vectors slightly larger than ...

We demonstrate a novel type of slow light photonic crystal waveguide which can produce unusual "U" type group index - frequency curves with constant group index n(g) over large bandwidth. By shifting the boundaries of this waveguide, flexible control of n(g) (10 < 210) with large bandwidth (1nm <43nm centered ...

In normal hearing, the threshold of a tone masked by a modulated narrow-band on-frequency masker (OFB) can be reduced if correlated modulation is present on spectrally distant flanking bands (FBs), an effect known as comodulation masking release (CMR). Since electric hearing with current cochlear implants is based on envelope information, ...

Research using sine-wave speech suggests that across-formant grouping depends critically on modulation of the frequency but not the amplitude contours of the formants. The generality of this finding was explored using noise-vocoded sentences. Sentences were filtered into six frequency bands, and the amplitude envelope of each band was used to ...

This study examined the redundancy of spectral and temporal information in everyday sentences, which were reduced to 16 rectangular spectral bands having center frequencies ranging from 250 to 8000 Hz, spaced at 13-octave intervals. High-order filtering eliminated contributions from transition bands, and the widths of the resulting effectively rectangular speech ...

The present study evaluated the relative contribution of various regions of the frequency spectrum to consonant recognition in normal-hearing listeners. The method used in this study was specifically designed to provide an estimate of the importance of each band (i) consistent with the frequency resolution of the auditory system and ...

Forward masking has been studied extensively, but the mechanism underlying forward masking is still being debated. The aim of this study was to understand the relative contribution of adaptation and temporal integration on forward masking. In the first experiment, gap detection thresholds were measured for symmetrical and asymmetrical noise markers ...

Comodulation masking release (CMR) has been attributed to auditory processing within one auditory channel (within-channel cues) and/or across several auditory channels (across-channel cues). The present flanking-band (FB) experiment-using a 25-Hz-wide on-frequency noise masker (OFM) centered at the signal frequency of 10 kHz and a single 25-Hz-wide noise FB-was designed to ...

This paper investigates the significance of the magnitude or the phase in the short term Fourier spectrum for speech intelligibility as a function of the time-window length. For a wide range of window lengths (1/16-2048 ms), two hybrid signals were obtained by a cross-wise combination of the magnitude and phase ...

In this paper, we investigate the spectral characteristics of normal incident light reflected by a multilayered structure composed of an alternated sequence of single-pitch cholesteric liquid-crystal (ChLC) and anisotropic layers. Using the Berreman 4x4 matrix formalism, we numerically obtain the reflection spectrum and the chromaticity diagram as a function of ...

The localized coupling between piezoelectric and photoexcitation effects of a ZnO micro/nanowire device has been studied for the first time with the goal of designing and controlling the electrical transport characteristics of the device. The piezoelectric effect tends to raise the height of the local Schottky barrier (SB) at the ...

The existing body of literature regarding the acoustic design of concert halls has focused almost exclusively on classical music, although there are many more performances of popular music, including rock and pop. Objective measurements were made of the acoustics of 20 rock music venues in Denmark and a questionnaire was ...

The purpose of this investigation was to compare kinetic and kinematic variables between squats performed with and without elastic bands equalized for total work. Ten recreationally weight trained males completed 1 set of 5 squats without (Wht) and with (Band) elastic bands as resistance. Squats were completed while standing on ...

Face recognition is thought to rely more on the relative positions of face features (configural information) than on the appearance of the individual face parts (featural information). It also seems to rely on a specific band of spatial frequencies (SFs). In this study, we measured the SFs needed for processing ...

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether (1) the auditory N1 component can be elicited to gaps in continuous narrowband noises, (2) psychophysical and electrophysiological gap thresholds (PGTs and EGTs) are similar to one another, and (3) EGTs are the same for all narrowband noise center frequencies. DESIGN: PGTs and EGTs were obtained ...

A massive bloom of macroalgae occurred in the western Yellow Sea at the end of May, 2008, and lasted for nearly 2 months. The surface-drifting macroalgae was observed to accumulate in a pattern dominated by linear bands. The maximum length of individual algal bands exceeded 10 km and the distance ...

"Noncompensated n-p codoping" is established as an enabling concept for enhancing the visible-light photoactivity of TiO2 by narrowing its band gap. The concept embodies two crucial ingredients: the electrostatic attraction within the n-p dopant pair enhances both the thermodynamic and kinetic solubilities, and the noncompensated nature ensures the creation of ...

Tone detection and temporal gap detection thresholds were determined in CBA/CaJ mice using a Go/No-go procedure and the psychophysical method of constant stimuli. In the first experiment, audiograms were constructed for five CBA/CaJ mice. Thresholds were obtained for eight pure tones ranging in frequency from 1 to 42 kHz. Audiograms ...

Animal studies have led to the view that the acoustic medial olivocochlear (MOC) efferent reflex provides sharply tuned frequency-specific feedback that inhibits cochlear amplification. To determine if MOC activation is indeed narrow band, we measured the MOC effects in humans elicited by 60-dB sound pressure level (SPL) contralateral, ipsilateral, and ...

The number of auditory filter outputs required to identify phonemes was estimated in two experiments. Stimuli were divided into 30 contiguous equivalent rectangular bandwidths (ERB(N)) spanning 80-7563Hz. Normal-hearing listeners were presented with limited numbers of bands having frequency locations determined randomly from trial to trial to provide a general view, ...

A special configuration of white-light scanning interferometer is described for measuring the absolute air gap thickness between two planar plates brought into close proximity. The measured gap is not located in any interference arm of the interferometer, but acts as an amplitude-and-phase modulator of the light source. Compared with the ...

Processing of silent gaps of the order of milliseconds is crucial in speech perception. To investigate such process, we compared gap detection for spectrally symmetrical, slightly or widely asymmetrical markers, using the mismatch negativity (MMN), an index of preattentive change detection in the brain. The slightly asymmetrical markers declined the ...

The choice of processing parameters for vocoded signals may have an important effect on the availability of various auditory features. Experiment 1 varied envelope cutoff frequency (30 and 300 Hz), carrier type (sine and noise), and number of bands (2-5) for vocoded speech presented to normal-hearing listeners. Performance was better ...

The underwater hearing sensitivities of two 1.5-year-old female harbor seals were quantified in a quiet pool built specifically for acoustic research, by using a behavioral psychoacoustic technique. The animals were trained to respond when they detected an acoustic signal and not to respond when they did not ("go/no-go" response). Fourteen ...

Although functional magnetic resonance imaging is an important tool for measuring brain activity, the hemodynamic blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) response is only an indirect measure of neuronal activity. Converging evidence obtained from simultaneous recording of hemodynamic and electrical measures suggest that the best correlate of the BOLD response in ...

Subjects suffering from migraine with aura (MwA) present an altered cerebral autoregulation during migraine attacks. It is still unclear whether MwA sufferers present a normal autoregulation during attack-free periods. In this study, we characterized cerebral autoregulation in the frequency domain by analyzing the spontaneous oscillations superimposed on the cerebral hemodynamic ...

In two experiments, the peak-interval procedure was used with humans to test effects related to gaps in multisecond timing. In Experiment 1, peak times of response distributions were shorter when the gap occurred later during the encoding of the criterion time to be reproduced, suggesting that gap expectancy shortened perceived ...

We report what we believe to be the first demonstration of direct bandgap electroluminescence (EL) from Ge/Si heterojunction light-emitting diodes (LEDs) at room temperature. In-plane biaxial tensile strain is used to engineer the band structure of Ge to enhance the direct gap luminescence efficiency by increasing the injected electron population ...

We are examining the potential for cochlear implant patients who retain some low-frequency residual hearing in both ears to benefit from interaural time differences (ITDs) to improve speech reception. Given the likelihood of asymmetrical loss in the low-frequency region, the relationship between spectral overlap and ITD sensitivity is of interest. ...

The present study investigated the relative influence of on- and off-frequency noise bands on speech recognition. The target speech stimuli consisted of 64 consonant-vowel consonants. The background noise was simplified speech spectrum-shaped noise or a sentence played backward. All stimuli were divided into 30 contiguous auditory filter width bands spanning ...

Dall's porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli) echolocation clicks have not been widely recorded. Concurrent with visual observations, acoustic recordings of free-ranging Dall's porpoise were made offshore of southern California using a towed hydrophone array with two elements of 250 kHz bandwidth. We examined 6035 clicks from 12 sessions totaling more than two ...

Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) has been observed in situ by the Kongsberg TOPAS PS18 parametric sub-bottom profiling sonar, with nearly horizontal transmit and receive transducer arrays mounted flush on the hull of RV G. O. Sars, at N71.4 E16.3. The primary frequencies are in the band 15-21 kHz, with nonlinearly ...

Changes in detection of a silent gap in a noise carrier with increasing carrier bandwidth and level may reveal effects of basilar-membrane nonlinearities on envelope fluctuations. Gap-detection thresholds are higher for narrowband than broadband noise carriers due to increased confusion between the imposed gap and inherent fluctuations of the narrowband ...