Objective: Published guidelines recommend metabolic monitoring for patients prescribed second-generation antipsychotic (SGA) medications. This study determined monitoring rates, and examined predictors of monitoring, for total cholesterol and weight among patients prescribed SGAs during a period when awareness of metabolic side effects was emerging, but prior to the wide promulgation of ...

BACKGROUND: Cytochrome P450 2D6 enzyme (CYP2D6) is an important metabolic pathway for many antipsychotics. Its genetic polymorphism causes pharmacokinetic variability that might lead to adverse drug reactions or treatment failure unless countered by appropriate dose adjustments or shift to CYP2D6-independent antipsychotics. PURPOSE: To investigate the clinical impact of CYP2D6 genotype ...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To review recent articles, published between October 2009 and September 2011, that examined the adverse metabolic consequences of perioperative fasting and interventions that may be utilized to minimize these effects. RECENT FINDINGS: Fasting induces metabolic stress and insulin resistance consequent upon effects on cellular mitochondria, gene and ...

This study examined the association between patients' preexisting metabolic risk factors and the physician's choice of antipsychotic agent based on its propensity to cause metabolic side effects. Data were from the 2005-2007 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS); 1,898 office-based visits were identified during which prescriptions of antipsychotics were mentioned. ...

An economic analysis was performed on treatment options for pig manure in Ireland. Costs were based on a 500sow integrated pig farm producing 10,500m(3) of manure per year at 4.8% dry matter. The anaerobic digestion of pig manure and grass silage (1:1; volatile solids basis) was unviable under the proposed ...

Patients with schizophrenia have a higher risk of developing metabolic abnormalities and their associated diseases. Some studies found that the accumulative number of metabolic syndrome components was associated with the severity of metabolic abnormalities. The purpose of this study was to examine the roles of the ADRA1A, ADRA2A, ADRB3, and ...

PURPOSE: The 2005 American Urological Association Guideline on the Management of Staghorn Calculi suggests that metabolic stones are uncommon in the composition of staghorn calculi. We determined the incidence and treatment outcomes of metabolic stones in patients with complete staghorn calculi compared to infection stones in those undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy. ...

There is currently a global pandemic of obesity and obesity-engendered comorbidities; in particular, certain major chronic metabolic diseases (eg, type 2 diabetes) which markedly reduce life expectancy and quality of life. This review is predicated on the fact that management of the obese patient is a primary concern of all ...

Propionic acidemia or aciduria is an intoxication-type disorder of organic metabolism. Patients deteriorate in times of increased metabolic demand and subsequent catabolism. Metabolic decompensation can manifest with lethargy, vomiting, coma and death if not appropriately treated. On January 28-30, 2011 in Washington, D.C., Children's National Medical Center hosted a group ...

INTRODUCTION: In the almost six decades of bariatric surgery, a variety of surgical approaches to treating morbid obesity have been developed. HISTORY AND EVOLUTION: Rather than prior techniques being continually superseded by new ones, a broad choice of surgical solutions based on restrictive, malabsorptive, humoral effects, or combinations thereof, is ...

Abstract This study is aimed at updating the relationships between physical activity (PA) and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and/or insulin resistance (IR) in youth. Cross-sectional, prospective cohort and intervention studies, which examined the effect of PA on MetS, its components and IR in children and adolescents (<18 yrs), were searched ...

Background: Indirect calorimetry is a noninvasive and reliable means of determining resting metabolic rate in humans. Barriers to obtaining an accurate measure of resting metabolic rate (RMR) in hospitalized patients include the expense and the requirement of technical expertise for maintenance. Methods: A literature search on handheld calorimeters was conducted ...

Bariatric surgery has increasingly been applied for patients with severe obesity. By dramati- cally reducing body weight and producing favorable effects on disorders in endocrine metabolism, bariatric surgery has shown to be able to lower the overall mortality. However, this intervention involves a profound change in digestive physiology and may ...

Objective: Childhood obesity and its sequelae, including metabolic syndrome, are reaching epidemic proportions worldwide. Young people treated with antipsychotic medication are particularly at risk as they experience significant weight gain as a side effect of second generation antipsychotics (SGAs) with consequent increased risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular morbidity and ...

Despite the fact that knowledge of the major biochemical metabolic pathways is essential to understanding the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and management of many human diseases, there is disagreement among medical educators regarding the relevance of intermediary metabolism to the practicing physician and the expectations for medical students to master the ...

Torulaspora delbrueckii starin IFO 0955 was examined with respect to its structural and serological properties of the cell wall mannan (Td-0955-M). Td-0955-M revealed significant reactivities with sera from a commercially available factor serum kit (Candida Check) in ELISA. Td-0955-M was investigated for its chemical structure by acetolysis under conventional and ...

1. Inhibition of p38 MAP kinase has been investigated extensively as a potential therapy for cytokine-mediated diseases such as autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. SB-242235 (1-(4-piperidinyl)-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-(2-methoxy-4-pyrimidinyl) imidazole) is a potent and selective p38 MAP kinase inhibitor; the preclinical pharmacokinetics of SB-242235 have been described previously. The present studies were conducted to ...

The effects of mannose (Man) and glucose (Glc) on central metabolism, proteolysis, and expression of the root starvation-induced protease (RSIP; F. James, R. Brouquisse, C. Suire, A. Pradet, P. Raymond [1996] Biochem J 320: 283-292) were investigated in maize (Zea mays L. cv DEA) root tips. Changes in metabolite concentrations ...

Methacrylonitrile (MAN) is a widely used aliphatic nitrile and is structurally similar to the known rat carcinogen and suspected human carcinogen acrylonitrile (AN). There is evidence that AN is metabolized via the cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. Recently, we identified two biliary conjugates originating from the interaction of MAN and its ...

Although 7-hydroxymethotrexate is a major metabolite of methotrexate during high-dose therapy, negligible methotrexate-oxidizing activity has been found in-vitro in the liver in man. The goals of this study were to determine the role of aldehyde oxidase in the metabolism of methotrexate to 7-hydroxymethotrexate in the liver and to study the ...

The liver S9 head space vial equilibration technique is an in vitro alternative that holds promises for a satisfactory in vivo extrapolation of liver metabolism of volatile organic chemicals. The aim of this study was to investigate the suitability of this methodology for the extrapolation of in vitro metabolic data ...

In this study, we investigated rational and reliable methods of using animal data to predict in humans the clearance of drugs which are mainly eliminated through hepatic metabolism. For 10 extensively metabolized compounds, adjusting the in vivo clearance in the different animal species for the relative rates of metabolism in ...

Liver peroxisomes from three different species, rat, guinea pig and man, have been purified by ultracentrifugation on a discontinuous Nycodenz gradient. Several biochemical parameters were tested in order to compare the basic peroxisomal properties of liver from rat, a species strongly responsive to peroxisome proliferators, and guinea pig and man, ...

Halogenated inhalation anaesthetics interfere with each other's hepatic microsomal metabolism. The increase in plasma inorganic fluoride concentration, caused by the metabolism of a standardised dose of enflurane, was attenuated by isoflurane given either before or after the enflurane exposure. It is concluded that isoflurane inhibits the metabolism of enflurane in ...

It has been proposed that isoniazid-induced hepatotoxicity may be increased by concomitant rifampicin treatment and that this could be mediated by inducing the metabolism of the isoniazid metabolite monoacetylhydrazine to potent acylating agents capable of causing liver necrosis. To investigate this postulated mechanism we studied the kinetics of the metabolism ...

The pharmacokinetics of inhaled n-hexane in rat and man were compared. In the rat metabolism was saturable. Up to 300 ppm, the metabolic rate was directly proportional to the concentration in the atmosphere, reaching 47 mumol/(h X kg). Only 17% of n-hexane was exhaled unchanged. Above 300 ppm, the amount ...

The effect of glucagon on ureteric peristalsis in man, pig, rabbit and rat has been studied using specially shaped perspex blocks containing silver/silver chloride bipolar electrodes. In all subjects the ureteric electrical activity was recorded during laparotomy. Glucagon was administered as a single intravenous dose of 14 micrograms per kilogram ...

Existing data concerning the effects of x-irradiation on spermatogenesis in man were analyzed and the results were compared to published data on the mouse. Testicular x-irradiation produced a transient, but substantial, suppression of sperm counts in man, with an ED50 near 11 rad. The length of time to recovery was ...

Malignant hyperthermia occurs in man and pigs as a hereditary disorder notably as a complication of halothane-induced anaesthesia. It involves an abnormality in the metabolism of Ca2+. A search was made for abnormalities of calcium-binding proteins. Troponin C from normal pig muscle was found to differ in 2 of 159 ...

Sevoflurane is nonexplosive and, in clinically useful concentrations, nonflammable. It is relatively chemically inert in that it can be stored without preservative, and undergoes limited dehydrofluorination in moist alkali. It does not sensitize the heart to epinephrine or cause alterations of hematologic or serum clinical chemistry values after repeated exposures ...

Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is a 5, 12-dihydroxy derivative of arachidonic acid generated by a variety of inflammatory cells via the lipoxygenase enzyme system. In vitro leukotriene B4 is a potent chemotactic and aggregatory agent; enhances neutrophil complement receptors; stimulates membrane calcium changes and causes contraction of lung parenchyma. In vivo ...

The endochondral layer of the osseous labyrinth in the rat, golden hamster, mouse, guinea pig, pig, rabbit, cat, dog and monkey was studied and compared with that of man. (1) With the exception of the mouse and golden hamster, interglobular spaces were found. (2) In all species but the rat, ...

Induction of microsomal enzymes with barbiturates in rats has little effect on the metabolism of metoprolol, compared with propranolol and alprenolol, which undergo extensive hepatic extraction in animals and man. Our study was designed to examine whether the metabolism of metoprolol is inducable by barbiturate in man. In 8 healthy ...

The distribution of purine nucleoside phosphorylase has been assessed by light and electron microscopy in peripheral lymphocytes of man, the rabbit, rat, mouse, guinea-pig, pig and dog. The enzyme activity was detected in the cytosol of the majority of lymphocytes in all species. The amount of reaction product was high ...

Studies in animals have shown that many environmental pollutants induce the synthesis or inhibit the activity of microsomal mixed-function oxygenases that metabolize drugs, carcinogens and normal body constituents such as steroid hormones. These effects on microsomal enzyme activity alter the duration and intensity of action of foreign and endogenous chemicals ...

In the present paper a review of published work on the metabolic fate of phenylbutazone is given, inclusive of results from very recent radiotracer studies in man. Phenylbutazone, 1,2-diphenyl-3,5-dioxo-4-n-butylpyrazolidine, being a highly lipophilic compound, is readily absorbed following oral administration to man, and is re-eliminated mostly in metabolized from via ...

The activation energy and the optimum pH of guanine deaminase in man, the rat, guinea pig and mouse were studied using 8-azaguanine as a substrate. The serum guanase in man and in all the animal species studied differs in activation energy from the guanase of the liver. In man, moreover, ...

Vestibular end organ mapping (surface preparation) was performed in squirrel monkeys by using succinic dehydrogenase staining. Comparing sensory hair cell counts and surface area measurements of the squirrel monkey to those of man and the guinea pig, the values obtained from the squirrel monkey were between those of man and ...

Neutron capture gamma-ray analysis has been applied to the in vivo detection of Cd in man. The technique was designed for the screening of industrial workers at risk. The limit of sensitivity in a liver-sized phantom is 0-5 ppm for a dose of 0-4 rad. Reproducibility and the effects of ...

The infusion of sodium nitroprusside during surgical operations produced plasma levels of cyanide of up to four times the control value. Plasma thiocyanate showed little change except during prolonged infusion of the drug, but total plasma B(12) tended to fall, as did methylcobalamin. Other cobalamins showed little change after nitroprusside ...

1. Utilizing a general stochastic theory of drug kinetics we have demonstrated that from the serum concentration curve derived from a single dose of lithium, it is possible to predict the steady state concentration, the time required to reach steady state, the dependency of these quantities on the time interval ...

A significant rise in plasma gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity (GGT) was observed on 13 out of 14 occasions on which patients on long-term treatment with the oral anticoagulant warfarin were given amylobarbitone, quinalbarbitone, or phenazone (antipyrine) for 30 days. In 13 of these 14 studies there was evidence that drug administration ...

Total urinary excretion of radioactivity after oral or intravenous administration of a test dose of (14)C-imipramine was measured in eight patients. They were tested before, during, and after treatment with neuroleptics. Excretion diminished while the patients were being treated with perphenazine, haloperidol, or chlorpromazine, though not during flupenthixol treatment.Total urinary ...

Rifampicin induces a proliferation of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in guinea-pig and human hepatocytes. This may support the hypothesis of enhancement of drug-metabolizing enzymes induced by the drug. However, the pattern of proliferation is not similar in man and in guinea-pig hepatocytes. Some caution is needed in the study of ...

The purposes of the present investigation were to assess the genetic contribution to thevariability between individuals in the rate at which they metabolize phenylbutazone and to characterize the type of inheritance that controls the metabolism of the drug. The 155 persons investigated included 43 unrelated random individual subjects and the ...

Angiotesin II metabolic clearence rate, arterio-venus extraction, arterial concentration and vascular uptake have been measured and compared with plasma renin activity in 9 normal subject.

Signs of possible chronic intoxication due to insecticides were sought among 441 apple-growers. A group of 170 persons living in the same environment and 162 other persons having no contact with insecticides were used as controls. It was the first attempt to determine signs of chronic intoxication by organic phosphate ...

Bethanidine has been administered intra-arterially and intravenously into normotensive subjects and its effects on the limb blood vessels, arterial blood pressure, vascular sensitivity to noradrenaline and the degree and time course of sympathetic nerve blockade have been studied. The drug caused an initial constriction of hand and forearm vessels which ...

Mixtures of isoprenaline (0.05 mug/min) and noradrenaline (0.05, 0.1 and 0.25 mug/min) were infused into the brachial artery of subjects. The response, an initial transient increase in forearm blood flow followed by a decrease to or below the resting level, resembled the response to an intra-arterial infusion of adrenaline (0.05 ...

In suitable doses dichloroisoprenaline blocks the initial transient vasodilatation, but leaves unchanged the subsequent vasoconstriction, normally seen during intra-arterial infusion of adrenaline to the human forearm. Dichloroisoprenaline blocks both the initial transient large vasodilatation, and the subsequent sustained modest vasodilatation, normally seen in the forearm when adrenaline is infused intravenously. ...