Residues of pharmacological active substances or their metabolites might be found in food products from food-producing animals. Maximum Residue Limits for pharmacological active substances in foodstuffs of animal origin are established to assure high food safety standards. Each year, more than 20,000 samples are analysed for the presence of antibacterial ...

Aldehyde oxidase (AO) is a molybdenum-containing enzyme distributed throughout the animal kingdom and capable of metabolising a wide range of aldehydes and N-heterocyclic compounds. Although metabolism by this enzyme in man is recognised to have significant clinical impact where human AO activity was not predicted by screening in preclinical species, ...

The BioCyc database collection at BioCyc.org integrates genome and cellular network information for more than 1,100 organisms. This method chapter describes Web-based tools for browsing metabolic and regulatory networks within BioCyc. These tools allow visualization of complete metabolic and regulatory networks, and allow the user to zoom-in on regions of ...

We have developed a flow-through fast liver investigation packet (FLIP) to quantitatively measure the amount of exhaled (13)CO(2), as a result of liver metabolization processes. The FLIP system allows investigation of every single breath in real time. Line width variations due to interactions with other gas components disturb traditional measurements ...

Hepatic arteriovenous malformations (HAVMs) in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) have long been considered to have scarce clinical significance in most cases. Nevertheless, data are lacking regarding the influence of HAVMs on the liver first-pass effect on drugs in HHT patients. To gain insight into the effect of HAVMs on hepatic ...

Network modularity is an important structural feature in metabolic networks. A previous study suggested that the variability in natural habitat promotes metabolic network modularity in bacteria. However, since many factors influence the structure of the metabolic network, this phenomenon might be limited and there may be other explanations for the ...

A 3-year-old, intact female guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) was presented for anorexia and abdominal distention of 24 hours' duration. Radiographs revealed a severely distended stomach, suggestive of severe gastric dilatation or gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV). Exploratory surgery was recommended, but the owners elected euthanasia. On necropsy, the guinea pig was found ...

Patients suffering from acute or chronic liver disease require on-going assessment of disease progression in terms of the degree of hepatic fibrosis and overall liver impairment. This assessment is pivotal for determining the prognosis and for making decisions about medical treatment and liver transplantation. Currently available methods are either invasive, ...

BACKGROUND: Ghrelin stimulates gastric motility in rats, mice and humans. Although ghrelin and the ghrelin receptor are known to be expressed in the guinea-pig gastrointestinal tract, the effects of ghrelin on gastric motility have not been examined. Aim of the present study was to clarify the motor-stimulating action of ghrelin ...

Glutamate is a main constituent of dietary protein and is also consumed in many prepared foods as an additive in the form of monosodium glutamate. Evidence from human and animal studies indicates that glutamate is a major oxidative fuel for the gut and that dietary glutamate is extensively metabolized in ...

Gelatin-gum arabic spherical multinuclear microcapsules (SMMs) encapsulating peppermint oil were prepared by complex coacervation. Transglutaminase (TG) was used to harden the SMMs by complex coacervation instead of traditional reagents such as formaldehyde or glutaraldehyde. The effect of various cross-linking parameters on the hardening effectiveness of SMMs containing peppermint oil was ...

AIM: To determine whether the natriuretic peptide receptor (NPR) is present in the stomach of guinea pigs and to investigate the effect of dendroaspis natriuretic peptide (DNP) on the gastric motility of guinea pigs and its mechanism. METHODS: The distribution of the NPR was analyzed by autoradioimmunography. The spontaneous contraction ...

We evaluated combinations of voriconazole (VRC) and liposomal amphotericin B (L-AMB) in a guinea pig invasive aspergillosis model. Simultaneous VRC and L-AMB was most effective, although VRC monotherapy was also effective. These regimens as well as sequential L-AMB followed by VRC were more effective than L-AMB alone or VRC followed ...

One of the major factors limiting the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is gastrointestinal toxicity. Gaultherin, 2-[(6-O-beta-D-Xylopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy] benzoic acid methyl ester, a natural salicylate derivative extracted from Gaultheria yunnanensis, has been shown to have analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects and lack gastric ulcerogenic effect compared to aspirin in our primary study. ...

AIM: To study the effects of magnolol and honokiol on isolated smooth muscle of gastrointestinal tract and their relationship with Ca2+, and on the gastric emptying and the intestinal propulsive activity in mice. METHODS: Routine experimental methods using isolated gastric fundus strips of rats and isolated ileum segments of guinea ...

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether 2 isolates of recently isolated swine-origin Helicobacter pylori-like bacteria are pathogenic in pigs and compare the signs of gastric disease induced by these isolates with those detected in H pylori- and Helicobacter heilmannii-infected pigs. ANIMALS: 36 neonatal gnotobiotic pigs. PROCEDURE: Groups of separately housed pigs were ...

OBJECTIVE: To develop a model based on mean residence time for better understanding the effect of grapefruit juice on the metabolism of nifedipine (NIF). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixteen healthy volunteers from an urban population were included. For each trial, the subjects drank water, fresh grapefruit juice or bottled grapefruit juice. ...

Obesity is recognized as an inherited disease state, and attributes of modern civilization have enhanced its phenotypic penetrance greatly. Two thirds or more of obese persons suffer comorbidities,many of which are characteristic of (dys)metabolic syndrome of insulin resistance. Unfortunately patients with body mass index over 35 infrequently can achieve or ...

We previously reported that several gastric irritants, including ethanol, hydrogen peroxide, and hydrochloric acid, induced both necrosis and apoptosis in cultured gastric mucosal cells. In the present study, we examined the effects of sucralfate, a unique gastroprotective drug, on gastric irritant-induced necrosis and apoptosis produced in vitro. Sucralfate strongly inhibited ...

The effect of fenugreek seeds (Trigonella foenum graecum) compared to omeprazole was studied on ethanol-induced gastric ulcer. The aqueous extract and a gel fraction isolated from the seeds showed significant ulcer protective effects. The cytoprotective effect of the seeds seemed to be not only due to the anti-secretory action but ...

Motilin has never been isolated from rodents, the most frequently used laboratory animals, despite several attempts. We have isolated and sequenced the motilin precursor from duodenal mucosa of guinea pig (GenBank accession number AF323752) and studied its expression in several tissues. The percent homology with human motilin is the lowest ...

AIM: To study the effect of exogenous nitric oxide (NO) on electric and mechanical activities of gastric antral circular muscle in guinea pigs in vitro. METHODS: Mechanical and electric activities of gastric antral circular muscle in guinea pigs were recorded simultaneously. RESULTS: Sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 0.5 mumol.L-1), an NO donor, ...

Blood sample collection and gastric intubation of guinea pigs have been considered difficult techniques that require anesthesia. We developed methods to sample blood and gastric juice from manually restrained, unanesthetized guinea pigs. To collect gastric juice, the guinea pig is restrained in vertical position by an assistant, who keeps the ...

A selection experiment was carried out to study genetic and physiological factors influencing meat quality in lines of Large White pigs selected for lean (L) or fast (F) growth. Second and fourth generation pigs were used to determine effects on fibre type composition, fibre diameters and capillary density in the ...

PURPOSE: Colonic mucosal metabolism of butyrate may be impaired in ulcerative colitis. In this study we sought to confirm this observation, to determine if a similar change occurs in Crohn's colitis, and to establish whether a panenteric disorder of butyrate metabolism exists in either condition. METHODS: With use of a ...

KW-5092 (2-[1-[2-[[5-(piperidinomethyl)-2-furanyl] methylamino]ethyl]imidazonylidin-2-ylidenene]malononitrile fumarate) is a novel gastroprokinetic agent with both acetylcholine release facilitatory and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. We have investigated the effects of KW-5092 on antroduodenal coordination and gastric emptying in guinea-pigs. In the guinea-pig isolated gastroduodenal preparation, KW-5092 at 3 x 10(-7) to 3 x 10(-6) M significantly ...

The secretion of zinc and the level of carboxypeptidase A and B activity in pancreatic juice were studied in three pigs fitted with a pancreatic pouch re-entrant cannula (PM pigs) and three different pigs with a catheter surgically implanted in their pancreatic duct (CM pigs). The zinc in the pancreatic ...

Ulceration of the gastric pars oesophagea is a common problem in intensive pig production that is often detected at slaughter. A survey was carried out at the Pietersburg abattoir in the Northern Province during a 6-month period. In total, 4320 pig stomachs were examined. Gastro-oesophageal ulcers were observed in 5.1% ...

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The bioavailability of orally administered alcohol is incomplete, indicating first-pass metabolism. There is debate regarding the site of first-pass metabolism and specifically whether the stomach has the metabolic capacity to account for first-pass metabolism. The aim of this study was to assess ethanol metabolism by human gastric ...

The subtype of the functional presynaptic autoreceptor in adrenergic nerves of the male guinea-pig urethra was pharmacologically characterised. The urethra was incubated with 3H-noradrenaline and superfused with Tyrode solution in vitro and the fractional secretion of 3H-noradrenaline evoked by 300 electrical shocks at 5 Hz was measured. alpha-Adrenoceptor antagonists enhanced ...

Urease activity is a feature of gastric helicobacters, and its abundant production provides an indirect means of detecting their colonization. A method for mapping urease-positive areas directly on the gastric mucosa was developed, and 57.8% of pigs had evidence of Helicobacter colonization based on urease assay. Moreover, 89.2% of urease-positive ...

The effects of cold and restraint and of some of the antiulcer drugs on adenosine nucleotide content in the gastric glandular mucosa were examined. A bioluminescence technique was used to measure the amount of ATP and its metabolites in gastric mucosal tissue. Cold-restraint produced gastric lesions and increased the gastric ...

The inhibitory effect of cicletanine was studied, in comparison to the effects of nifedipine and sodium nitroprusside (SNP), in various types of smooth muscle: portal vein and iliac artery of rabbit; gastric fundus and antrum of rabbit and guinea pig; guinea pig taenia coli and uterus. In all types of ...

1. Epinephrine induced plasma gastrin concentration increased linearly in dogs, and significantly in pigs. 2. Epinephrine induced gastric secretion rate increased in dogs and decreased in pigs, and yet significantly reduced gastric pH only in dogs. 3. Statistical differences in heart and respiratory rate with epinephrine versus saline infusion were ...

The effects of esaprazole on gastric secretion (volume, pepsin and acid output) were investigated on animal models, both in vivo and in vitro. In conscious rats whose vagal activity was stimulated by pylorus ligation, esaprazole decreased volume, acid output and pepsin secretion. In anaesthetized stomach-perfused rats, esaprazole inhibited gastric acid ...

We have shown previously that gastric sodium loading releases vasoactive intestinal peptide from the intestine and in rabbits on a low sodium diet it appears to decrease vasoactive intestinal peptide metabolism by the liver. To determine the contributions of the low sodium diet and the acute sodium load to changes ...

Gastric mucosal lesions are an inevitable complication in patients with liver cirrhosis. Their etiology, however, is as yet unknown. The present study investigated phospholipid metabolism in the gastric mucosa of rats with cirrhosis induced by carbon tetrachloride. Gastric mucosal lesions were induced by taurocholic acid (TCA) which was given through ...

Six experiments were made in growing pigs to investigate the effects of substituting bran, oatmeal byproduct, pectin and guar gum for barley on gastric emptying rate, pH and dry matter of digesta and on the dry matter content and rate of passage of digesta to the terminal ileum and overall. ...

Gastric formation of N-nitrosotrimethylurea (NTMU) was quantified by repeated sampling of the gastric contents of full-sized fistulated pigs after the addition of 250 mumol trimethylurea (TMU) and 25-125 mumol nitrite. Maximum gastric nitrite concentration was 100-500 microM based on the gastric volume and amount of added nitrite, which is within ...

Administration of 6-aminoindazole (6-AIN) and 5-aminoindazole (5-AIN) to rats depressed gastric acid secretion, both basal and carbachol-stimulated. 6-AIN proved to be more active than 5-AIN in decreasing the stimulated secretory process. The antisecretory activity of 6-AIN appears to be partially an antihistamine effect, since this compound antagonized the stimulatory action ...

To assess the hypothesis that cholecystokinin (CCK) induces satiety by constricting the pylorus and inhibiting the rate of gastric emptying, we impaired pyloric function in 8 experimental animals using a Heincke-Mikulicz pyloroplasty procedure. Liquid phase gastric emptying was measured with a double-sampling procedure. We found that pyloroplasty did not disrupt ...

The TXA2/PGH2 receptor antagonistic activity of azuletil sodium (KT1-32), a new anti-ulcer agent, was examined. KT1-32 competitively antagonized the contraction of canine gastric arteries induced by U-46619, PGF2 alpha, and PGE2, whereas it had no effect on the PGF2 alpha-, PGE2- and LTD4-induced contraction of guinea-pig ileum, which was not ...

2-Benzimidazolylurea (BIU) decreases gastric acid secretion. The antisecretive activity appears to be associated with antihistaminic and antimuscarinic effects. The antihistaminic activity of BIU appears from its inhibitory effects on betazole stimulated gastric acid secretion and from its inhibitory activity on the isolated guinea pig auricle stimulated by betazole. The antimuscarinic ...

We evaluated the effect of a single dose of ionizing radiation on gastric secretion in awake guinea pigs equipped with a permanent gastric cannula. Changes in gastric secretion were measured using a dye dilution technique. Infusion of histamine increased acid and fluid output and there was a positive correlation (r ...

Capsaicin induced a release of substance P-like immunoreactivity (SP-LI) in superfusates from gastric fundic mucosa of guinea pig in vitro and from gastric perfusates of anaesthetized guinea pigs in vivo. Tissue SP-LI from the gastric fundus was reduced (43.4%) by systemic capsaicin desensitization. These findings provide direct neurochemical evidence which ...

The antiulcer effects of 3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-benzopyrylium chloride (IdB 1027) were assessed in various experimental models. Given orally, IdB 1027 antagonized gastric ulcerations induced by pylorus ligation, stress, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, ethanol, reserpine, histamine and duodenal ulceration induced by mercaptamine (cysteamine). Moreover it antagonized chronic gastric ulcers induced by acetic acid. Given ...

Roxatidine acetate is a specific and competitive H2-receptor antagonist, as shown in isolated rabbit gastric glands or guinea pig atria preparations. The antisecretory effect of roxatidine acetate is mediated by its main metabolite, roxatidine. In the rat, roxatidine acetate was equipotent after intraduodenal and intraperitoneal administration, indicating excellent bioavailability. Roxatidine ...

Rats were intraperitoneally injected with 115 or 230 nmol/kg pancreatic glucagon or equimolar doses of glucagon-(1-21) just before refeeding at the beginning of the dark phase after a 12 hr period of food deprivation. Glucagon-(1-21) and pancreatic glucagon have been reported to have similar visceral effects, but glucagon-(1-21) does not ...

Neurogenesis was studied in the medial preoptic area of the guinea pig by the method of tritiated thymidine autoradiography. Eight cytoarchitectonic divisions were examined, 4 of which display sexual dimorphism and 4 that do not. Neurogenesis in the nonsexually dimorphic divisions was found to end at embryonic day (E) 27, ...

The effects of GR38032F a novel, selective and potent 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT3)-receptor antagonist on gastric emptying in the guinea-pig were investigated and compared to those of metoclopramide and haloperidol. Both GR38032F and metoclopramide increased gastric emptying in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, haloperidol was ineffective. GR38032F was about 200 times more ...