Intra-articular entrapment of the median nerve following reduction of a pediatric posterior elbow dislocation is a rare complication but has been reported in the literature.This article describes a case of a 7-year-old girl who sustained a posterior elbow dislocation associated with a medial epicondyle fracture and the subsequent intraosseous entrapment ...

The purpose of this study was to determine in vivo moment arm lengths (MAs) of three elbow flexors at rest and during low- and relatively high-intensity contractions, and to examine the contraction intensity dependence of MAs at different joint positions. At 50°, 80° and 110° of elbow flexion, MAs of ...

BACKGROUND: Declines in 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)(2)D) levels and physical functioning follow the course of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Although the molecular actions of vitamin D in skeletal muscle are well known, and muscle weakness and atrophy are observed in vitamin D-deficient states, there is little information regarding vitamin D and ...

To determine the frequency of phrenic nerve abnormalities in Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), and evaluate the value of phrenic nerve conduction studies in predicting ventilation failure. During a study period of one year between July 2008 and July 2009, 28 GBS patients referred to our tertiary university hospital (Alzahra Hospital, Isfahan ...

To systematically review and quantitatively synthesize the effect of vitamin D supplementation on muscle strength, gait, and balance in older adults. Systematic review and meta-analysis. MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, bibliographies of selected articles, and previous systematic reviews were searched between January 1980 and November 2010 for eligible articles. Older adults ...

The objective of this review is to consider the mechanisms by which vitamin D affects muscle and the evidence that vitamin D status is important for muscle performance and fall prevention in older adults. Vitamin D receptors have been identified in human skeletal-muscle cells. Activation of these receptors by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin ...

Equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy (EDM) is a neurodegenerative disorder that has been previously associated with low vitamin E concentrations. To describe the clinical, electrophysiologic, and pathologic features of EDM in a group of related Lusitano horses. Fifteen Lusitano horses. Neurologic examinations were conducted, and serum vitamin E concentrations were measured. Three ...

This review will summarize the impact of vitamin D deficiency on muscle health. Mechanistic evidence regarding the presence of the specific vitamin D receptor in muscle tissue and muscle biopsy abnormalities observed with deficiency will be reviewed, as well as molecular and non-molecular effects of vitamin D in muscle tissue. ...

Musculoskeletal pain affects nearly half of all adults, most of whom are vitamin D deficient. Previous findings demonstrated that putative nociceptors ("pain-sensing" nerves) express vitamin D receptors (VDRs), suggesting responsiveness to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. In the present study, rats receiving vitamin D-deficient diets for 2-4 weeks showed mechanical deep muscle hypersensitivity, ...

Supra-physiological levels of vitamin D induce skeletal muscle atrophy, which may be particularly detrimental in already sarcopaenic elderly. Neither the cause nor whether the atrophy is fibre type specific are known. To obtain supraphysiological levels of circulating vitamin D (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)) 27.5-month-old female Fischer(344) × Brown Norway F1 rats were orally treated for ...

ABSTRACT: A 23-year-old woman known to have methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) since birth suffered bilateral visual loss within 5 days. Multiple sclerosis, Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, vasculitis, infections (in particular treponema), and vitamin deficiency were ruled out. The optic nerve head changed from normal in appearance to atrophic. Treatment attempts with ...

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that creatine (Cr) supplementation may promote an additional hypertrophic effect on skeletal muscle independent of a higher workload on Cr-supplemented trained muscle compared with Cr-nonsupplemented trained muscle. Male Wistar rats (2-3 months old, 250-300 g) were divided randomly into 4 ...

Nutrition is regarded as one important contributing factors in the complex etiology of sarcopenia. Associations between several nutritional factors and muscle mass, strength, function and physical performance were reported in a growing number of studies in recent years. Accordingly, the avoidance of weight loss is crucial to prevent the concomitant ...

The causes of sarcopenia are multidimensional. The loss of fast-twitch muscle fibres exceeds the loss of slow-twitch muscle fibres and ends as a clinical relevant loss of muscle power. On a sub-cellular level, age associated changes in the mitochondria lead to functional decline of the muscle. The reduction of motor ...

Norwegian reindeer of Finnmark county live under harsh conditions on extensive feed sources. Thus the meat may have special qualities. M. longissimus lumborum from 30 animals was investigated with respect to carcass and meat quality and compositional/nutritional characteristics. Meat from calves had a higher myofibrillar fragmentation index and tenderness, and ...

Skeletal muscle tissues have complex geometries. In addition, the complex fibre orientation arrangement makes it quite difficult to create an accurate finite element muscle model. There are many possible ways to specify the complex fibre orientations in a finite element model, for example defining a local element coordinate system. In ...

Fibrosis of the extraocular muscles can be an acquired or congenital disorder (CFEOM). The congenital disorder(1) is a complex strabismus with congenital restrictive ophthalmoplegia with or without ptosis. The surgery is challenging because the eye muscles are replaced by fibrous tissue or fibrous bands and in most cases the results ...

Damage to the peripheral nervous system is surprisingly common and occurs primarily from trauma or a complication of surgery. Although recovery of nerve function occurs in many mild injuries, outcomes are often unsatisfactory following severe trauma. Nerve repair and regeneration presents unique clinical challenges and opportunities, and substantial contributions can ...

Purpose:  To examine the concentrations of elastic fibres in Whitnall ligament and the intermuscular transverse ligament (ITL), and to examine the anatomic relationships between Whitnall ligament and its surrounding structures. Design:  Observational anatomic study. Samples:  Full thickness sagittal sections of 12 upper eyelids (6 right and 6 left), fixed in ...

Physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) is used to compare force-producing capabilities of muscles. A limitation of PCSA is that it cannot be measured directly from a specimen, as there is usually no area within the muscle traversed by all fibres. Traditionally, a formula requiring averaged architectural parameters has been used. The ...

Photogenic organs (photophores) of the velvet belly lantern shark (Etmopterus spinax) are under hormonal control, since melatonin (MT) and prolactin (PRL) trigger luminescence while α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) prevents this light to be emitted. A recent study supported, however, the presence of numerous nerve fibres in the photogenic tissue of this ...

The aim of the present study was to assess the function of the isolated muscle component in retracted rotator cuff tears. Muscle biopsies were harvested from the supraspinatus and the ipsilateral deltoid in seven patients undergoing surgery for a large, retracted rotator cuff tear. Single fibres and fibre bundles were ...

We illustrate here microCT images in which contrast between muscle and connective tissue has been achieved by means of staining with iodine. Enhancement is shown to be dependent on the concentration of iodine solution (I(2)KI), time in solution and specimen size. Histological examination confirms that the arrangement of individual muscle ...

The possible therapeutic benefits of using steroids to enhance muscle strength and slow disease progression in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) has been examined previously. In this investigation, it was hypothesised that steroid therapy is associated with morphological changes in the dystrophic muscle. To test this ...

Accurate and fast measurement of muscle fibre size and evaluation of fibre type proportions in large cross-sectional areas remains challenging as existing methods require extensive manual measurements. In this study, we assessed the fibre morphometry of approximately 1000 fibres in mouse and human control and diseased muscle cross-sections. We compared ...

BACKGROUND: It has been recently observed that small fibre neuropathy (SFN) may present as distal symmetrical polyneuropathy and with atypical non-length-dependent pattern. OBJECTIVE: To describe a small series of patients with non-length-dependent SFN, investigating corneal innervation with corneal confocal microscopy (CCM). METHODS: Evaluation of the corneal nerve fibre density using ...

The objective of this study was to examine the occurrence of microstructural changes in aged LM from Norwegian Red cattle, and to investigate how these changes relate to pH decline, calpain and calpastatin activities, and tenderness (Warner-Bratzler shear force; WBSF). Samples of the LM from 403 Norwegian Red dual-purpose bulls ...

In the past 30years, the study of nociception has relied mostly on thermal stimulation to activate nociceptors selectively. However, thermal stimulation suffers from some important limitations. For this reason, investigators have proposed intra-epidermal electrical stimulation (IES) as an alternative method to activate nociceptors selectively. This method relies on the fact ...

In a series of previous works we studied the ratio between the amplitudes of the second and first phases (the peak-to-peak ratio) of single fibre action potential (SFAPs) using the Dimitrov-Dimitrova SFAP convolutional model as a reference. From experimental potentials extracted from both healthy and diseased muscles, we determined typical ...

Identifying and distinguishing between natural textile fibres is an important task in both archaeology and criminology. Wool, silk and cotton fibres can readily be distinguished from the textile bast fibres flax, nettle/ramie, hemp and jute. Distinguishing between the bast fibres is, however, not easily done and methods based on surface ...

OBJECTIVE: To assess the temporal relationship between skin nerve denervation and regeneration (dermal and intra-epidermal fibres, IENF) and functional changes (CO(2) laser-evoked potentials, LEPs, and quantitative sensory tests, QST) after topical cutaneous application of capsaicin. METHODS: Capsaicin (0.075%) was applied to the lateral calf for three consecutive days. QST, LEPs ...

Snakes possess a unique sensory system for detecting infrared radiation, enabling them to generate a 'thermal image' of predators or prey. Infrared signals are initially received by the pit organ, a highly specialized facial structure that is innervated by nerve fibres of the somatosensory system. How this organ detects and ...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability of ultrasonography for the quantification of gastrocnemius muscle architecture in healthy young children. The variation and reliability of measurement of muscle thickness, pennation angle and fibre length of the medial gastrocnemius were determined, using stationary and portable ultrasound machines, in ...

To evaluate proprioceptive potential in residual remnants, tissue harvested from ruptured ACLs in 63 consecutive patients was examined for evidence of residual proprioceptive fibres using H&E, and monoclonal antibodies to S-100 and NFP (neurofilament protein). Histological examination showed good subsynovial and intra-fascicular vascularity with free nerve endings in the majority. ...

In the dystrophinopathies, skeletal muscle fibres undergo cycles of degeneration and regeneration, with regenerated fibres displaying a branched morphology. This study tests the hypothesis that regenerated branched fibres are mechanically weakened by the presence of branches and are damaged by contractions which do not affect unbranched dystrophin-negative fibres. Experiments were ...

An abdominal fibrosarcoma surrounding a retained surgical swab was identified in a 3-year-old neutered female rottweiler dog presented with chronic inappetence and lethargy. Laparotomy revealed a mass within the omentum, multiple hepatic masses and enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes. The dog was humanely destroyed and submitted for necropsy examination. Microscopically, the ...

Effects of Pi (inorganic phosphate) are relevant to the in vivo function of muscle because Pi is one of the products of ATP hydrolysis by actomyosin and by the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) pump. We have measured the Pi sensitivity of force produced by permeabilized muscle fibres from dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula) ...

It is generally believed that steroid hormones have both genomic and non-genomic (rapid) actions. Although the latter form an important component of the physiological response of these hormones, little is known about the cellular signalling pathway(s) mediating these effects and their physiological functions in adult mammalian skeletal muscle fibres. Therefore, ...

Fibres were transferred to the bare arms of living subjects and their persistence determined at intervals up to 24 h, during which normal daily activity was undertaken. Decay curves showed an initial rapid loss followed by an apparently exponential decay. No target fibres were found to remain after 24 h. ...

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to check the theoretical predictions of the small changes in the rise-time of human single muscle fibre action potentials (SFAPs) experimentally when the recording electrode is in the proximity of the fibre. METHODS: Using a single-fibre electrode, 93 sets of consecutive SFAPs were recorded under needle ...

The mammalian genome contains three ancient sarcomeric myosin heavy chain (MYH) genes, MYH14/7b, MYH15 and MYH16, in addition to the two well characterized clusters of skeletal and cardiac MYHs. MYH16 is expressed in jaw muscles of carnivores; however the expression pattern of MYH14 and MYH15 is not known. MYH14 and ...

Musculus longissimus dorsi (L) originating from 6 genotype groups of pigs was examined. Three among these were parental lines: Pietrain (Pi), Duroc (D), Polish Large White x Polish Landrace (PLW x PL), the other three crossbreeds obtained by crossing the aforementioned parental lines: (PLW x PL) x Pi, (PLW x ...

Muscle fibres that cross the proposed line of incision of the flexor retinaculum at carpal tunnel decompression can be a source of confusion, particularly for the less experienced surgeon. We investigated how frequently muscle fibres crossed the line of incision on the palmar surface of the flexor retinaculum at carpal ...

Differential A-fibre block of human peripheral nerves changes the sensation evoked by innocuous cooling (approximately 24 degrees C) of the skin from 'cold' to 'hot' or 'burning', and this has been attributed to activity in unidentified unmyelinated fibres that is normally masked or inhibited by activity in Adelta cold fibres. ...

In critically ill patients, ventilator-induced diaphragm muscle fibre dysfunction (VIDD) contributes to weaning problems, increasing hospitalisation time and related costs. VIDD pathophysiology remains partially unknown, especially the characterisation of the contractile dysfunction. In the present study, it was hypothesised that Ca(2+) activation is affected during VIDD. Ca(2+) sensitivity of contraction ...

We present single fibre heart activity model (SFHAM) based on the current flow through the five bunches of fibres of the cardiac muscle (CM). The five effective fibres are identified and assigned to the appropriate segments of CM. Analytical functions describing ionic flows along the fibres are derived and proposed. ...

Study Type - Therapy (case series) Level of Evidence 4 OBJECTIVE: To evaluate, using quantitative and qualitative methods, the changes in the corpora cavernosa of patients with ischaemic priapism. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We obtained samples of corpora cavernosa from seven patients with ischaemic priapism (mean age 38 years, range 28-44) ...

Patients with idiopathic small fibre neuropathy (ISFN) have been shown to have significant intraepidermal nerve fibre loss and an increased prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). It has been suggested that the dysglycemia of IGT and additional metabolic risk factors may contribute to small nerve fibre damage in these patients. ...

BACKGROUND: Diagnosis of endometriosis currently requires a laparoscopy and this need probably contributes to the considerable average delay in diagnosis. We have reported the presence of nerve fibres in the functional layer of endometrium in women with endometriosis, which could be used as a diagnostic test. Our aim was to ...

To determine near-infrared tissue oximeter responses to muscle fibre orientation, display time, and surface colour differences of beef longissimus lumborum steaks, beef loins were cut into steaks either perpendicular or parallel to the muscle fibre orientation. Surface colour differences were created by packaging steaks in vacuum (VAC), 80% O(2) and ...