PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To discuss issues that affect development of new glaucoma treatments known as neuroprotection. RECENT FINDINGS: There are barriers to neuroprotection trials for glaucoma. SUMMARY: With design features discussed in the review, neuroprotection trials can be effectively carried out.

Cholesterol granulomas are rare inflammatory deposits that can be located corporally, but are classically found in the petrous apex and other pneumatized areas of the temporal bone. Originally thought to be a response to hypoventilation due to mucosal swelling and occlusion of air cells, the pathogenesis of cholesterol granulomas recently ...

Paranasal sinus anatomical anomalies with unknown etiology are common. Maxillary and/or frontal sinus aplasia or hypoplasia are more common than the other types. Although there are some reports about paranasal sinus anomalies in the literature, there is no case similar to ours, with total paranasal sinus aplasia. Here, we present ...

Inflammatory pseudotumor is a well known but poorly understood pathologic entity. It is associated with an unusual growth of fibrotic tissue admixed with varying amounts of inflammation that displaces and compresses normal anatomic structures, resulting in dysfunction. Pseudotumors have been found in multiple locations-the orbit in particular-but to the best ...

Pyknodysostosis is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by the post natal onset of short limbs, short stature, and generalized hyperostosis along with acro-osteolysis with sclerosis of the terminal phalanges, a feature that is considered essentially pathognomonic. Other features include persistence of fontanelles, delayed closure of sutures, wormian bones, absence ...

Dural venous sinus thrombosis, although relatively rare, has the propensity to cause potentially fatal conditions, such as stroke. This review presents the current endovascular treatment and management options for dural venous sinus thrombosis and provides current recommendations. Select databases were utilized for an exhaustive literature search with key search terms ...

We describe a rare case of highly invalidating pulsatile tinnitus associated with both stenosis of the sigmoid sinus and ipsilateral jugular bulb diverticulum. Both conditions were successfully treated by positioning a stent across the sigmoid sinus and jugular bulb. To our knowledge, the present clinical case represents the first report ...

Background:Pathological paranasal sinus expansion secondary to air is uncommon. However, this condition may be symptomatic or cosmetically apparent, requiring surgical intervention. Various terms have been used to describe this condition, and nomenclature is controversial.Method:An 18-year-old man presented with right facial pain, and was subsequently found to have pneumosinus dilatans of ...

Purpose: To review the pacing literature; describe the use of pacing in a specialty headache clinic; and provide client feedback regarding the effectiveness of pacing in headache self-management. Method: The evidence for this report was derived from a structured literature review, an established pacing intervention program for patients with headache, ...

Accessory maxillary jaws are extremely rare occurrences. Currently, there is only 1 report of bilateral accessory maxillary jaws in the English-language literature. We present a case of a 7-year-old girl with bilateral bony exostoses extending from the maxillary tuberosities. The patient also had restricted protrusive and lateral excursive movements of ...

Intracranial extradural hematoma is usually traumatic. Rarely, it can occur spontaneously associated with coagulative disorders (spontaneous or iatrogenic), dural vascular malformation, cranio-facial tumors and infections. In these cases, spontaneous extradural hematoma (SEH) is a serious event that needs to be recognized and managed in time to avoid fatal outcome. The ...

Cementoblastoma is a rare benign tumor that almost always occurs in the premolar or molar region and more commonly in the mandible than in the maxilla. We present a unique incisor maxillary cementoblastoma in an 11-year-old child not previously described. To our knowledge, only 2 maxillary cases, both related to ...

The recognition and the management of headache attributed to autonomic dysreflexia after spinal cord injury (SCI) are challenging issues. Given this, I systematically reviewed the literature to establish the features of the headache attributed to autonomic dysreflexia after SCI. This review included all articles that addressed any feature of headache ...

Adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) patients typically present with arthralgia, fever, lymphadenopathy and a transient salmon maculopapular rash. Only approximately 25 cases of AOSD with urticaria were described in the literature. In this article, the authors report three additional cases of AOSD with urticarial and dermographic lesions who had a good ...

Background: Few descriptions of cluster and cluster-like headache made before the 19th century have been reported. Case description: We present a previously unreported early description of a probable cluster headache case made by Francisco Suárez de Rivera (1686-c.1751), one of the main physicians of the Spanish Age of Enlightenment, writer ...

The term "urticaria multiforme" has recently been proposed to replace acute annular urticaria and refers to a benign cutaneous hypersensitivity reaction characterized by the acute onset of large, polycyclic, and annular wheals with ecchymotic centers. It is associated with acral and facial angioedema, dermatographism, favorable response to antihistamines, and a ...

Intersinus connections and accessory ostia of the maxillary sinus are well known to rhinologic surgeons but are less known for the remaining paranasal sinuses. Probing and dilatation of the natural ostia of diseased sinuses is being popularized currently by the clinical value of balloon catheter dilation (BCD). Although short-term high ...

A CONSORT statement on the content of abstracts of randomised, controlled trials (RCTs) was published in 2008. I therefore reviewed the abstracts from 2009 to 2010 published on RCTs in Cephalalgia, Headache and other (non-headache) journals. The following items were reviewed: number of patients, reporting of response either in percentages ...

Sinus pericranii is a rare vascular abnormality characterised by abnormal connections between the intra- and extracranial venous systems and is usually found in children. In most instances, a sinus pericranii presents as a soft scalp swelling that appears with the patient in the recumbent position and disappears in the erect ...

Headaches and nausea are the 2 most common adverse effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). These adverse effects have been frequently reported in the postictal period and make it difficult for the patient to continue with the following ECTs. Mirtazapine is an antidepressant with a mechanism that involves activating serotonin (5-HT1) ...

Abstract Since the advent of the Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine, no North American case series has described periorbital cellulitis extensively as the main focus in the otolaryngology literature has been the management of orbital abscesses. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiology, underlying causes, clinical presentation, ...

Ossifying fibroma (OF) is a benign fibro-osseous lesion which was first described by Menzel in 1872. It is commonly seen in the head and neck regions and represents an aggressive pattern when the midface and paranasal sinuses are involved. We report a 36 years old white woman with OF in ...

BACKGROUND: "Bougies," otherwise known as endotracheal tube introducers, remain preferred devices for the emergency physician when faced with a difficult airway. Bougies have high success rates for the prehospital provider and the first-time emergency department (ED) user, with few reported complications. Inexpensive, disposable models provide simple yet valuable tools in the challenging ...

Anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune prothrombotic disorder characterised by the predisposition to venous and/or arterial thrombosis and obstetric morbidity. Management of APS centres on attenuating the procoagulant state whilst balancing the risks of anticoagulant therapy. Cases of recurrent thromboses and obstetric complications occur despite optimum therapy. Alternative therapies for ...

Hypertrophy of inferior turbinate is a common condition, especially with nasal septum deviation. Sometimes, the cause of hypertrophy of inferior turbinate can be fibro-osseous lesions. Benign, rare, and non-aggressive fibro-osseous neoplasms such as ossifying fibroma can affect paranasal sinuses. Isolated inferior turbinate involvement is extremely rare in ossifying fibroma. In ...

OBJECTIVES: The present paper aims to review the literature on various approaches in the tray designs and different techniques used to overcome difficulties in making impressions of patients with severely limited mouth opening published from 1984 to 2009. STUDY DESIGN: A search in the National Library of Medicine's Pub Med ...

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), which is characterized by thrombocytopenia and potentially serious thromboses, may develop in patients exposed to heparin anticoagulation. HIT is caused by antibodies to the heparin/platelet factor 4 (PF4) complex. Management of HIT involves discontinuation of heparin and anticoagulation with a nonheparin alternative such as a direct thrombin ...

Anticipated problems with airway management during anaesthesia require careful planning, particularly when they involve a risk of airway obstruction. Advice may be sought from published literature (usually written by experts) or through direct communication with experts. More frequently, expert involvement is through retrospective review following patient harm. We present the ...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The aim of this review is to outline the priorities in the anaesthetic management of the child with facial abnormalities. It presents a practical approach to this, based on the anatomical site of the deformity and degree of mouth opening. RECENT FINDINGS: The literature reviewed primarily consists ...

Headache related to airplane flights is rare. We describe a 37-year-old female patient with multiple intense, jabbing headache episodes over the last 3 years that occur exclusively during airplane flights. The pain manifests during take-off and landing, and is located always in the left retro-orbital and frontotemporal area. It is occasionally ...

We present a 47-year-old woman with inappropriate sinus tachycardia. Initial treatment with beta blockers was not successful. The patient became asymptomatic and tachycardia resolved with ivabradine. In this report we review the potential role of ivabradine in the treatment of inappropriate sinus tachycardia.

Lymphomatosis cerebri (LC) is a rare form of primary central nervous system lymphoma; we report a case of LC mainly involving the brainstem and cerebellum. This diagnosis should be considered in patients presenting with diffuse white matter disease, and a subacute clinical history of cognitive deficits, ataxic gait, and personality ...

Systematic reviews are accepted as a robust and less biased means of appraising and synthesizing results from high-quality studies. This report collated and summarized all the systematic review evidence relating to the diagnosis and management of trauma-related coagulopathy and transfusion, thereby covering the widest possible body of literature. We defined ...

Myasthenia Gravis (MG) in the elderly is an uncommon finding, especially when it is not related to thymoma. A case is presented with late onset Myasthenia Gravis treated with steroids, immunosuppressives and mechanical ventilation. This 61 year Asian hypertensive lady clinically diagnosed as MG presented to emergency room with difficulty ...

BACKGROUND: Möbius sequence implies significant maxillofacial hard and soft tissue anomalies which nevertheless have not been addressed thoroughly in the scientific literature. OBJECTIVES: To report a case of complete Möbius sequence and discuss the management of maxillofacial hard and soft tissue anomalies. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A 15-year-old girl with complete ...

Extracranial epidural emphysema is an uncommon phenomenon that refers to the presence of gas within the epidural space. As an isolated finding, it is typically benign, but it can be a secondary sign of more ominous disease processes, such as pneumothorax, pneumoperitoneum and epidural abscess. Although the phenomenon has been ...

Recently, endovascular management has been reported as a feasible option for Takayasu aortitis. However, few papers have focused on restenosis in the follow-up, and therefore, it is important to predict high-risk cases for restenosis after endovascular treatment. We herein report three cases with Takayasu aortitis showing repeated restenosis after endovascular ...

Chyle leakage post head-and-neck resection is a rare but potentially life-threatening complication. Management may be problematic and prolonged. Recently, thoracoscopic ligation of the thoracic duct has emerged as a promising technique to definitively treat this difficult problem. We present a recent case of a hemimandibulectomy, radical modified neck dissection and ...

Sublingual hematoma secondary to excessive anticoagulation is a rare, life-threatening condition. Reports in the literature have emphasized the importance of a prompt reversal of the causative coagulopathy by intravenous administration of vitamin K and fresh frozen plasma. In the event of an unstable airway, surgical intervention via tracheostomy or cricothyroidectomy ...

Paediatric myocarditis remains challenging from the perspectives of diagnosis and management. Multiple aetiologies exist and the majority of cases appear to be related to viral illnesses. Enteroviruses are believed to be the most common cause, although cases related to adenovirus may be more frequent than suspected. The clinical presentation is ...

Swallow or deglutition syncope is a relatively rare syndrome. It is vagally mediated syncope induced by swallowing. Swallow syncope may occur at all age groups and is treatable when diagnosed. A 60-year-old woman presented with an episode of syncopal attack associated with swallowing a sandwich. She had a 6-month history ...

Effective intervention for low back pain (LBP) can include feedback in one form or other. Although extrinsic feedback (EF) can be provided in a number of ways, most research has not considered how different EF characteristics (e.g. timing and content) influence treatment outcomes. A systematic search related to feedback and ...

The aim of this review is to help physicians tailor targeted treatments for advanced renal cell carcinoma to suit patient needs and ensure maximum overall duration of response to therapy by providing a summary of the frequency and time of onset of adverse events (AEs) and by raising awareness of ...

Labial fusion is described as partial or complete adherence of the labia minora. Adhesions of the labia are extremely rare in the reproductive population with only a few cases described in the literature and none reported with pregnancy. A 24-year-old woman who had extensively fused labia with a pinhole opening ...

The Office of Inspector General published a series of four reports from 2008 to 2010 after investigating the frequency and financial impact of "never events" on Medicare recipients. This series investigated healthcare's ability to identify the occurrence of these events and yielded a detailed analysis of data that must, or ...

Hepatocellular adenoma (HCA) is a benign liver neoplasm with a risk of spontaneous bleeding and malignant transformation. The aim of this review article is to review all the case reports and case series of patients with HCA from 1998 to 2008 in China and other parts of the world in ...

Abstract Pyogenic granuloma (PG) with satellitosis is a rare phenomenon that typically occurs in children and teenagers. It can be seen after excision or trauma to the original lesion. The aim is to review an atypical case of PG with satellitosis and to highlight a conservative approach to management. This ...

The authors reviewed the literature regarding inhalation and ingestion of orthodontic appliances and suggest ways to manage and prevent these events. The authors conducted literature searches of free text and Medical Subject Headings terms by using PubMed and Embase databases and selected appropriate studies. They analyzed retrieved articles according to ...

Idiopathic orbital inflammatory pseudotumor is a chronic neoplasm-like inflammatory reaction, usually affecting the orbital tissues of both eyes and orbit. Isolated optic nerve involvement by the idiopathic inflammatory process is a rare finding and very few reports are available. Here a case of an isolated orbital nerve inflammatory pseudotumor presenting ...

A case of sporadic Burkitt lymphoma (sBL) presenting with jaw and lid involvement in a diabetic adult African American female and a review of adult orbital Burkitt lymphoma cases are presented. Lid edema, visual loss, ophthalmoparesis, proptosis, and sinusitis progressed over 4 weeks despite antibiotic and steroid treatment. Upper lid ...