This study examined the effects on Parkinson's disease risk estimates of exposure misclassification in proxy-derived data on agricultural work, pesticide use, rural living, well water drinking, head trauma, smoking, and family history of Parkinson's disease or essential tremor. The data were collected in 1989 as part of a population-based case-control ...

To investigate the behaviour of caffeine (CAF) in patients with Gilbert's Syndrome (GS), a combined oral loading test of caffeine and chenodeoxycholic acid was performed in 14 healthy subjects and 71 patients with GS. Indocyanine green (ICG) kinetics was tested in 50 subjects with GS and in all control subjects. ...

The objective was to determine the frequency of augmentation mammoplasty in female patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). Female patients with a clinical diagnosis of SSc were identified from the registry of the Johns Hopkins-University of Maryland Scleroderma Center, Washington D.C. Chapter of the Scleroderma Foundation, and files of practicing rheumatologists ...

The purpose of the study was to determine microscopically the %s of spirochetes at sites without periodontal destruction in subjects with destructive periodontal diseases (cases) and in subjects free of it (controls), who had not received professional prophylaxis. From a sample of 164 individuals aged between 30-44 years living in ...

To determine the modes of transmission of an epidemic caused by Shigella dysenteriae type I (Sd1) in Zambia, a case-control study was conducted. Case-patients were more likely to have recent contact with a person with dysentery (P = .03) and to have a family member with preceding dysentery (P = ...

Previous work has suggested that recall bias in case-control studies may be more serious when the overall study quality is lower. This paper summarizes a systematic literature search to examine the question. All relevant studies published between 1966 and 1990 were included if they met the following criteria: (1) they ...

For many years, it has been assumed that microglandular hyperplasia (MGH) of the cervix occurs almost exclusively in women with endogenous (pregnancy) or exogenous (oral contraceptives) progestational stimulation, but this relationship has never been subjected to rigorous epidemiologic study. All available cases of MGH in our 1990 surgical pathology files ...

Substantial progress has been realized in the global campaign to eradicate dracunculiasis by the end of 1995 since a previous review of the subject was published in this journal a year ago. All known endemic countries are now engaged in the eradication effort, and one or more control measures are ...

Wegener granulomatosis is a rare disease of unknown aetiology. In the majority of these patients the kidney is involved in the disease process. We performed a case-control study to evaluate the role of occupational exposure in the development of Wegener granulomatosis with renal involvement. The occupational histories of 16 cases ...

Post-caesarean endometritis-myometritis (PCEM) was diagnosed in 49 Mozambican women. They were compared with 47 control women without signs of PCEM after caesarean section. The patients and controls were matched for age, parity and days post partum. Features of the socio-economic background and of past and current obstetric history were registered. ...

Eighty-one published papers on the performance of prostheses in total hip replacement were appraised. Sound methodology was demonstrated in 1 of 8 randomized controlled trials and 4 of 17 nonrandomized comparative studies. Of 56 case series without controls, 32 met the appraisal criteria, but these are intrinsically less useful. The ...

MDT programmes for leprosy control have two objectives, controlling leprosy in populations and controlling leprosy in individuals. Evaluation of such programmes needs to address both objectives and this can be done by a review of the trends in key indicators and by site visits. Site visits are more expensive and ...

The association between recreational physical activity and the risk of benign proliferative epithelial disorders (BPED) of the breast was examined in a case-control study conducted in Adelaide, Australia, between 1983 and 1985. The study included 383 incident, histologically confirmed cases of BPED identified through the major private pathology laboratory, 383 ...

The Guillain-Barré syndrome is an inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy with an acute or subacute onset. The current case-control study was performed to investigate the possible role of drugs and other determinants in the causation of the Guillain-Barré syndrome. Patients were included as cases if they fulfilled the criteria for acute Guillain-Barré ...

The uncertain safety of breast implants has been a major controversy of late, both in the lay press and in the scientific literature. A case-control study had been performed in the Philadelphia metropolitan area during 1985-1987 to investigate potential risk factors for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A total of 219 ...

The hypothesis that use of personal electric appliances may be associated with increased risk of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia in adults was tested using interview data from a previously completed case-control study of 114 cases and 133 controls conducted between 1981 and 1984. Cases were obtained from a population-based cancer registry ...

The nested case-control study design (or the case-control in a cohort study) is described here and compared with other designs, including the classic case-control and cohort studies and the case-cohort study. In the nested case-control study, cases of a disease that occur in a defined cohort are identified and, for ...

A case-control study of occupational risk factors for sinonasal cancer was conducted in France in 1986-1988. The study included 207 histologically confirmed cases and 409 controls. Among the male cases were 59 men with squamous cell carcinoma and 82 with adenocarcinoma. The risk of sinonasal cancer in relation to wood ...

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether scientists can detect fraudulent results in published research articles and to identify corrective measures that are most effective in purging fraudulent results from the literature. DESIGN: Retrospective case-control study comparing articles by an author known to have published fraudulent articles, Robert A. Slutsky, MD, to a ...

Case-control studies begin at the end. Two groups of patients, those with disease (cases) and those without (controls), are compared to determine the degree of exposure to a presumed risk factor. This research method is commonly used to study rare diseases or diseases that take years to develop. If a ...

The use of the Anxiety Meter (AM) is taught to clients to reduce anxiety. At first the AM is used as part of the self-control triad. It is then used alone to reduce anxiety. A rationale for the use of the AM is presented together with a description of the ...

I conducted a validation study to examine data collected in a case-control study of child pedestrian injuries for evidence of differential recall. I compared questionnaire responses for variables related to the safety of the home environment with direct observations of the same parameters. A comparison of all child pedestrian injury ...

In a case-control study of occupational and environmental causes of cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis we recently observed a higher prevalence of self-reported symptoms of wheeze, rhinitis or conjunctivitis in cases than in controls. To determine objectively whether this was due to a higher prevalence of atopy amongst cases of CFA, we ...

We report a 39-year-old patient with a huge connective tissue naevus on his back, in association with pseudo-Hurler polydystrophy (mucolipidosis III). As far as we are aware, this is the first report of the coexistence of these two rare conditions. The lesional skin was composed of densely packed, coarse collagen ...

A case-control study was performed to elucidate the strength of the relation between musculoskeletal disorders in the neck and shoulders and physical, organisational, and psychosocial aspects of the work environment. Cases were identified as those persons who consulted a physician in a community in southern Sweden for new musculoskeletal disorders ...

A case control study of locally acquired giardiasis was carried out in a district in East Anglia. Thirty-three primary cases were matched for age and sex with 112 controls selected from Family Health Service Authority registers. An association was shown between giardiasis and contact with farm animals (odds ratio 4.77; ...

In the context of a case-control study of vitamin supplements and neural tube defects, Werler et al. (JAMA 1993;269:1257-61) have argued that respondents who are aware of the etiologic hypothesis might particularly be prone to misreport their exposure status. They suggest that excluding such participants could offer the best chance ...

Between August 1991 and 1992 consecutive pterygium cases and eight normal conjunctival tissues were examined for the presence of polyclonal Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) antigen by the avidin-biotin-complex technique and 16 of the pterygium cases and 25 pc of the control conjunctivas revealed HPV positivity. In six of the HPV ...

A total of 719 thoracoscopic sympathicotomies were performed at our hospital from October, 1989 to December, 1992. We have been practicing single-lumen endotracheal intubation for general anaesthesia in all of our cases. We will review our experience and discuss our anaesthetic technique and the intraoperative complications encountered as well as ...

The cognitive-behavioral treatment of a 24-year-old woman with moderately severe obsessional ruminations is described. The case demonstrates both the effectiveness and limitations of exposure with response prevention techniques for obsessive-compulsive disorder. The client's response raises questions about the clinical utility of viewing obsessions exclusively as conditioned anxiety stimuli. In addition, ...

We assessed the correlation between a self-report questionnaire and an expert-rating including an initial interview and a longitudinal evaluation on the diagnosis of binge eating disorder (BED) in a sample of 100 obese women participating in a treatment program for weight reduction. The level of diagnostic agreement between patient-rating and ...

This paper will explore the concepts of the choice of controls in observational analytic epidemiological case-control studies. An overview of the objects and basic concepts of case-control methodology along with a brief review of its historical development are presented. The definition and purpose of the control group are reviewed. The ...

The case is reported of a 56-year-old man with epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) who developed such severe involvement of the upper respiratory tract that a tracheostomy had to be performed. Control of his disease was ultimately obtained with cyclosporin and the use of this drug in EBA is reviewed.

The association between occupational factors and male breast cancer was investigated in a population-based case-control study conducted in Western New York state. Since 9% of cases and controls were missing occupational information in the tumor registry (usual occupation) and screening clinic (type of work done) files, supplemental occupational data were ...

In 1988, a hepatitis A epidemic began in Baltimore, Maryland. A total of 607 cases were reported to the Baltimore City Health Department between the period November 1, 1988, and December 31, 1989. The health department conducted case investigations to identify factors important to the development of control measures. Immunoglobulin ...

This is a retrospective review of the internal iliac ligations (IAL) done over a period of 3 years. Both gynaecological and obstetric cases were considered. A total of 46 ligations were performed. The additional treatment required was hysterectomy to control haemorrhage. Intra-and post-operative complications were noted. A comparative review of ...

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether erythromycins, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines are associated with an increased risk for acute hepatitis. DESIGN: Case-control study. SETTING: Medicaid billing data from Michigan and Florida between 1980 and 1987. PATIENTS: The 107 cases included patients hospitalized with acute symptomatic hepatitis without an identifiable cause of liver disease ...

The following references encompass a review of recent literature where the in vivo expression of eukaryotic and/or prokaryotic luciferases provide for sensitive reporters of cellular activity. The list is subdivided into prokaryotic and eukaryotic applications. We have included the uses of luciferases in elucidating the control of gene expression or ...

Chlamydia psittaci is an uncommon cause of community-acquired pneumonia. Fewer than 200 cases of psittacosis are reported annually to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; however, many cases are believed to be unreported. Unrecognized cases not properly treated may result in significant morbidity and possibly have a fatal outcome. ...

This article discusses legal issues relating to property ownership. The primary focus is on land use control laws such as zoning ordinances. Cases involving legal questions over the location and operation of veterinary clinics are discussed. An explanation of how land use contracts work and how veterinarians may encounter them ...

Sixty users of the IUD who complained of abnormal menstrual blood loss were evaluated by hysteroscopy, and the findings were compared with a matched group who had this investigation for "missing strings". Submucous fibroids and endometritis were more frequent in the study group whereas malposition of the IUD was commoner ...

We report a child in whom DOC excess secondary to congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH, 11 beta-hydroxylase deficiency) caused malignant hypertension. Clinical and metabolic control could be achieved only by replacement of both glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid, thus confirming in clinical practice the hypothesis that DOC is produced from both the zonae ...

This paper summarizes the results of an effort to identify and rank vehicle collision scenarios in order to create a "collision typology" that could aid in the assessment of the potential benefit of accident avoidance technologies. Data from four computerized accident files were used to construct an 18-level collision configuration ...

A newly described organism called CLB (coccidian-like or cyanobacterium-like body) has been identified in cases of prolonged diarrhoea. To confirm an association of CLB with disease and identify risk factors for transmission, we conducted a case-control study of travellers and foreign residents at two outpatient clinics in Kathmandu, Nepal. Patients ...

To determine the incidence of hemorrhage after retrobulbar nerve block, 12,500 consecutive cases were reviewed. Fifty-five retrobulbar hemorrhages occurred after retrobulbar injection, a prevalence of 1 in 227 (0.44%). This compares favorably with the quoted prevalence of 1%-3% in the literature. Acquired vascular disease was a significant risk factor (P ...

A prospective study of acute diarrhoeal diseases in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia was carried out over a 19-month period to determine aetiology, risk factors and other epidemiological characteristics. Of the 853 subjects studied, 344 were cases and 509 controls. More cases were seen in children than in adults. ...

Psychosomatic theories hold that the obese abnormally increase eating in response to emotional distress. Empirical support for this assertion has come mainly from self-report studies. A review of the literature for methodological rigor reveals that many studies previously considered supportive are substantially flawed with regard to control groups, failure to ...

A method is presented for evaluating the impact of a modification in a surveillance system for an epidemic disease among reporting sources susceptible to the modification. The approach requires a control series with reports from sources that are not affected by the modification. The measure of effect is the reporting ...

How many articles start off by extolling the randomized clinical trial as the pinnacle of scientific evidence? The next sentence typically confronts the practical reality that randomized trials are simply not feasible in most cases. In the absence of definitive trials, technology assessment methodologies have been forced to rely on ...

Thirty-three cases of locally acquired murine typhus were reported in Los Angeles County residents from May 1984 through February 1988. Only eight cases were reported over the previous 20-year period. Thirty (91%) cases resided within a suburban area encompassing approximately 50 km2 in northcentral Los Angeles or had contact with ...