Estimation of influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) is complicated by various degrees of mismatch between circulating and vaccine strains each season. We carried out a cohort study to estimate VE of trivalent (TIV) and pandemic influenza vaccines (PIV) in preventing various respiratory outcomes among general practice (GP) patients in England and ...

Efficacy of the new serotypes in the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) against invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) was based on a putative correlate of protection. In England and Wales, PCV13 replaced PCV7 in the 2, 4, and 13 month schedule in April 2010. Using non-vaccine type IPD cases as controls, ...

SUMMARYThe effectiveness of influenza vaccination programmes is seldom known during an epidemic. We developed an internet-based system to record influenza-like symptoms and response to infection in a participating cohort. Using self-reports of influenza-like symptoms and of influenza vaccine history and uptake, we estimated vaccine effectiveness (VE) without the need for ...

Background. Information on measles vaccine effectiveness (VE) is critical to help inform policies for future global measles control goals. Methods. We reviewed results of VE studies published during 1960-2010. Results. Seventy papers with 135 VE point estimates were identified. For a single dose of vaccine administered at 9-11 months of age and ≥12 ...

Immunization information systems (IIS) contain individual vaccination records and have potential use for evaluating post-licensure vaccine effectiveness (VE). A matched case-control study was performed by using the Connecticut state IIS to calculate rotavirus VE against hospitalization; results were compared with pre-licensure efficacy and with estimates previously obtained by traditional case-control ...

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Antigenic variation of influenza virus necessitates annual reformulation of seasonal influenza vaccines, which contain two type A strains (H1N1 and H3N2) and one type B strain. We used a test negative case control design to estimate influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) against influenza by type and subtype over two ...

Conventional vaccine design strategies mainly focus on live-attenuated vaccines, inactivated microorganisms, and subunits thereof comprising purified components or recombinantly expressed proteins, mostly formulated with adjuvants. Although generally very efficient, these approaches are suboptimal or unfeasible for some infectious diseases. Over the past years new technologies to vaccine development have evolved, ...

BACKGROUND: Estimation of Influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) varies with study design, clinical outcome considered and statistical methodology used. By estimating VE using differing outcomes and statistical methods on the same cohort of individuals the variability in the estimates produced can be better understood. The Pandemic Influenza Primary Care Reporting (PIPeR) ...

During 1982-83, 1161 sera were examined for the presence of haemagglutinating antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii. The Indirect Haemagglutination Test (IHAT) was positive in 416 (35.8%). Fourteen patients were judged to be suffering from acute acquired toxoplasmosis (active disease). In addition, 11 patients were also found to have glandular fever.

Constipation is a common problem that affects not only the young, but the elderly as well. Treatment in the elderly, however, may cause more problems than the constipation itself. A review of the prevalence of constipation in the elderly and its etiology and suggestions for treatment are presented. Some of ...

The purpose of two weeks spent in a developing country at relatively low cost ( pound145 each) was to have an enjoyable holiday while seeing something of the child health, culture, and economy of the country. Its deeper significance was to attract some participants to giving time and support to ...

Fluorescein-labeled rabbit serum globulin was injected into vitellogenic oocytes of the cecropia moth. Though the label spread throughout the ooplasm in less than 30 min, it was unable even after 2 h to cross the complex of intercellular bridges connecting the oocyte to its seven nurse cells. After injection into ...

The blood hemoglobin of the sea lamprey presents a curious mixture of primitive and highly specialized properties. Like muscle hemoglobin, it has a molecular weight of about 17,000, and apparently contains a single heme. Its isoelectric point is like that of a typical invertebrate hemoglobin. Its amino acid composition is ...

1. The photochemical theories of vision cannot provide a valid interpretation of the facts over the whole range of brightness. The fact that liminal excitation is increased by the absorption of a very small number of quanta, each absorbing rod receiving a single quantum, excludes the intervention of the mass ...