BackgroundSince 1988, Brazil's Unified Health System has sought to provide universal and equal access to immunisations. Inequalities in immunisation may be examined by contrasting vaccination coverage among children in the highest versus the lowest socioeconomic strata. The authors examined coverage with routine infant immunisations from a survey of Brazilian children ...

BACKGROUND: Currently there are three pneumococcal conjugate vaccines with different coverage of serotypes for use in children under one year. We evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines of 7, 10, and 13 valences in the Colombian EPI. METHODS: A Markov model, which followed a cohort of ...

Background. We investigated antibody persistence in children 1 year after 2 doses of either an AS03(B)-adjuvanted split-virion or nonadjuvanted whole-virion monovalent pandemic influenza vaccine and assessed the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a subsequent dose of trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV).Methods. Children previously immunized at age 6 months to 12 years in the original ...

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Although lower uptake rates of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine among socioeconomically disadvantaged populations have been documented, less is known about the relationships between awareness and acceptability, and other factors affecting HPV vaccine uptake. The current study aimed to estimate the potential effectiveness of increased HPV vaccine awareness ...

In 2000, Ontario, Canada introduced a universal influenza immunization program (UIIP) to provide free vaccines to its residents, whose ages are six months or older. The current study sought to measure the effect of the UIIP on influenza vaccination uptake in Ontario compared with other provinces combined. Data from the ...

OBJECTIVE: To determine the feasibility of using direct observation of provider-parent immunization discussions and to characterize provider communication practices with vaccine-hesitant parents. METHODS: Over a 6 month period in 2010, we videotaped immunization discussions between pediatric providers and vaccine-hesitant parents during health supervision visits involving children 2-15 months old (N=24) ...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Public concern about an unsubstantiated link between MMR vaccine and autism stemmed from a 1998 paper by Dr Andrew Wakefield and colleagues, and the substantial media coverage which that work attracted. Though the Wakefield paper is now discredited and an MMR-autism link has never been demonstrated empirically, ...

INTRODUCTION: Since 1977, vaccinations to protect against tuberculosis, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, and measles (and rubella since 2009) have been offered to children in Haiti through the routine immunization program. From April to July 2009, a national vaccination coverage survey was conducted to assess the success of the routine vaccination ...

Children with chronic conditions have an increased risk of complications from influenza and have low influenza vaccination rates. To assess the feasibility and effectiveness of using a statewide immunization information system (IIS) for seasonal influenza vaccine reminders from local health departments (LHDs) targeting children with high-risk conditions. A randomized community ...

To increase adult caregiver Tdap vaccination rates by offering Tdap vaccine during infant well-child visits. We developed a pilot vaccine initiative wherein pediatricians offered Tdap vaccine to mothers and non-mother caregivers attending the 2-week well-child visit at a hospital-based clinic serving predominantly low-income families. We evaluated this initiative by asking ...

Influenza is frequent among otherwise healthy day-care and school-aged children. Recent studies have demonstrated its significant effect on various outcome factors, including significantly more school and parental work abseenteism, and secondary illnesses among family members. Other studies have shown that the potential benefit of vaccinating children against influenza extends to ...

Based on an increasingly extensive literature expressing the large interest in the field, this paper gives an overview of different aspects of influenza prevention in children. It relies on paradoxes. First, the heaviest part of the burden is well demonstrated in the youngest infants by sound and numerous epidemiological data ...

Annual vaccination is the most effective means of preventing and controlling influenza epidemics, and the traditional trivalent inactivated vaccine (TIV) is by far the most widely used. Unfortunately, it has a number of limitations, the most important of which is its poor immunogenicity in younger children and the elderly, the ...

Understanding the epidemiology of pneumococcal co-colonization is important for monitoring vaccine effectiveness and the occurrence of horizontal gene transfer between pneumococcal strains. In this study we aimed to evaluate the impact of the seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) on pneumococcal co-colonization among Portuguese children. Nasopharyngeal samples from children up to ...

Additional strategies are needed to protect children from vaccine-preventable diseases. In particular, very young infants, as well as children who are immunocompromised, are at especially high risk for developing the serious consequences of vaccine-preventable diseases and cannot be immunized completely. There is some evidence that children who become infected with ...

The study aimed to assess the determinants of immunization coverage in children born in 2008-2009, living in Zhejiang Province. The World Health Organization's cluster sampling technique was applied. Immunization coverage of 5 vaccines was assessed: BCG vaccine, diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine, poliomyelitis vaccine, hepatitis B vaccine, and ...

High vaccine coverage at the district level may not translate with the same vigor to subdistrict levels; therefore, it is important to understand coverage inequalities. This study underscored vaccine coverage inequalities at subdistrict levels and explored reasons for immunization failure in a high-performing rural district of Pakistan. Parents of children ...

OBJECTIVES: This study investigates parental decisions to vaccinate their children against measles, mumps and rubella (MMR). Parent and provider survey data allow the analysis of interactions between these major players in decision making. METHODS: Three datasets are used for analysis: (a) the basic population of the school entry-level health checkup ...

OBJECTIVE: Concern over the rise of vaccine preventable diseases (VPD) coupled with the increasing popularity of homeschooling makes understanding the attitudes and behaviors of homeschoolers regarding immunizations a critical area of investigation. This study was a pilot to investigate the immunization attitudes of homeschooling parents and the vaccination status of ...

Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is one of the most commonly administered vaccines worldwide. In countries with high TB prevalence, it is generally given shortly after birth. In a number of low TB prevalence countries, BCG is used as a travel vaccine, typically given to children outside the neonatal period prior ...

Aim:  To provide data on the immunisation status of recently arrived East African children and adolescents in Australia. Methods:  A prospective audit was conducted at a hospital-based paediatric immigrant health clinic, in Melbourne, Australia, over the time period November 2000-January 2002. Study subjects were consecutive children and adolescents born in ...

Pandemic influenza A H1N1 infections occurred worldwide from 2009. Children were particularly vulnerable. Novel vaccines were used during the pandemic. To assess the persistence of antibody to H1N1 influenza 1 year after children aged 6 months to 12 years had been immunised with two doses of either a non-adjuvanted whole-virion ...

Background. We assessed the impact of 12 years of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) use on pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage and serotype-specific invasive disease potential among Native Americans.Methods. Families were enrolled in a carriage study from 2006 to 2008; nasopharyngeal specimens and risk factor information were collected monthly for 7 visits. Pneumococcal carriage prevalence ...

BACKGROUND: A shortage of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine that occurred in the United States during December 2007 to September 2009 resulted in an interim recommendation to defer the booster dose, but to continue to vaccinate as recommended with the primary series during the first year of life. OBJECTIVES: ...

Objective:To examine effects of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families welfare cash assistance and maternal work requirements on "on-time" childhood vaccination rates.Methods:A stratified random sample of Illinois children from lowincome families affected by welfare reform was monitored from 1997 to 2004. Medical records from pediatricians' offices and Medicaid claims data were ...

Please cite this paper as: Mohamed et al. (2011) Communicability of H1N1 and seasonal influenza among household contacts of cases in large families. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00308.x. Background  Quantitative knowledge of the transmissibility of influenza is crucial to its prevention and control. Objectives  To quantify the transmission of ...

INTRODUCTION: South Africa started routine infant immunization against Haemophilus influenzae serotype b (Hib) disease in 1999 with an accelerated three-dose schedule of Hib conjugate vaccine (HibCV) without a booster dose. Following initial declines in Hib disease, national surveillance has identified increasing numbers of Hib disease episodes in fully vaccinated children. ...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the mass measles vaccination campaign of 2009 in Guangdong Province, China. METHODS: Data on the campaign implementation, measles surveillance, and serological surveillance were reviewed and analyzed by statistical methods. RESULTS: Rapid coverage surveys showed that 98.09% of children were vaccinated during the campaign. The coverage of migrant ...

In August 2010 the United States Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended that the 2010-11 CSL seasonal vaccine (Afluria®) not be administered to children 6 months through 8 years of age because of the risk of febrile convulsion following immunization. This study reports a low rate (6-7%) of fever following ...

BACKGROUND: Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) of pneumococcal isolates collected during an efficacy trial of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) among Navajo and White Mountain Apache children from 1998 to 2000 showed a non-differential expansion of pre-existing sequence types (STs) and only one capsule-switching event in the PCV7-randomized communities. PCV7 ...

BACKGROUND: Introduction of new private, voluntary immunizations often results in low vaccine uptake among certain sub-groups within the population. Revealing factors associated with underimmunization is crucial in vaccine endorsement and distribution. OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to investigate the effect of child's birth order on private voluntary varicella vaccination. METHODS: A ...

Mouse brain-derived, purified inactivated Japanese encephalitis vaccine (MB JEV) has been locally produced and introduced into Thai National Immunization Program (NIP) since 1990. However, MB JEV effectiveness has been concerned, since 30-40% of JE cases received JE vaccines were recently reported in two descriptive studies. Therefore, in 2010, a case-control ...

On March 12, 2010, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) published recommendations for use of a newly licensed, 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) to replace the 7-valent vaccine (PCV7) for all children and for a supplemental dose for those aged 14 through 59 months. PCV is given routinely to ...

Few studies have examined potential factors that contribute to low influenza vaccination rates among minority children. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of early childhood influenza vaccination among young black and Latino children, living in inner-city neighborhoods, and examine the effects of child, caregiver and health system factors. Secondary ...

OBJECTIVE:: To estimate the impact of missed opportunities on influenza vaccination coverage among 6- through 23-month-old children who sought medical care during the 2004-2005 influenza season. DESIGN:: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING:: Fifty-two primary care practice sites located in Rochester, New York, Nashville, Tennessee, and Cincinnati, Ohio. PARTICIPANTS:: Children 6 through ...

Influenza is a viral disease of the upper respiratory tract, which is manifested in seasonal epidemic waves associated with excess morbidity and mortality. Although efforts at prevention have traditionally been focused on the elderly, interest is growing on the specific features of influenza disease in children and the opportunities for ...

Hepatitis B is a major burden in Pakistan. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Peshawar, from 9th June to 19th June 2010. Cluster random sampling was done. Confidence level of 95% and confidence interval of 5 was used to derive sample size. Parents of 506 children were asked about their ...

This annual report, the second in the series, documents trends in immunisation coverage in NSW for children, adolescents and the elderly, to the end of 2010. Methods: Data from the Australian Childhood Immunisation Register, the NSW School Immunisation Program and the NSW Population Health Survey were used to calculate various ...

BACKGROUND: Few studies have investigated the effect of the history of vaccination on the current influenza vaccine uptake. The objective of this paper is to study the effects of vaccine history, for each sex separately, on the likelihood of vaccine uptake among single-head households and two-person households, controlling not only ...

OBJECTIVE: To assess practices regarding the expanded Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommendations for influenza vaccination in children among US pediatricians and family medicine physicians (FMs) and strategies to promote vaccination. STUDY DESIGN: We administered a survey between July and October 2009 to 416 pediatricians and 424 FMs from ...

The monovalent H1N1 (2009) pandemic influenza vaccine used predominantly in the UK in 2009/10 was a split virion vaccine with a novel oil-in-water adjuvant (ASO3). While this was highly immunogenic it was also reactogenic especially for fever in children. There is a paucity of comparative data on reactogenicity of trivalent ...

An ongoing phase 3 study of the efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of candidate malaria vaccine RTS,S/AS01 is being conducted in seven African countries. From March 2009 through January 2011, we enrolled 15,460 children in two age categories--6 to 12 weeks of age and 5 to 17 months of age--for vaccination ...

BACKGROUND: Despite frequent use of self-reported information to determine pediatric influenza vaccination coverage, little data are available on the validity of parental reporting of their child's influenza vaccination status and on factors affecting its accuracy. METHODS: We compared parent reported influenza vaccination of children to documented reports of vaccination collected ...

To estimate the proportion of children in day-care centres with incomplete vaccination and to identify associated risk factors, we conducted a cross-sectional study among 258 children less than 18 months of age attending public and philanthropic day-care centres in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Interviews, blood collection and anthropometry ...

A new 13-valent conjugated polysaccharide vaccine (PCV13) against Streptococcus pneumoniae infections, which replaced the 7-valent vaccine (PCV7) in the regional immunization programmes for newborns and children who started but not completed the 3 doses schedule of PCV7, is available in Italy since 2010. The opportunity of administering a further dose ...

The first conjugate vaccine was approved for use in the US in 1988 to protect infants and young children against the capsular bacteria Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). Since its introduction in the US, this vaccine has been approved in most developed countries, including Denmark and Israel where the vaccine ...

To explore influenza-related information needs of primary care providers, given expanded influenza vaccine recommendations and new influenza vaccine products. A cross-sectional, mailed survey of a national sample of primary care physicians (family physicians, general internists, pediatricians), conducted in July-October 2010. The overall response rate was 70%. Among respondents who offer ...

Two vaccines against human papillomavirus (HPV), a necessary cause of cervical cancer, are currently licensed and recommended for routine administration in the U.S. to girls in a three-dose series. This study examined effects of race/ethnicity, poverty, and year on completion of the three-dose HPV vaccine series among those who initiated ...

Vaccination of adults aged 60 years and older against Streptococcus pneumonia is not recommended in Brazil. The 23-valent polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine (PPV23) is only available for institutionalized persons or with underlying diseases despite the substantial medical and economic burden related to pneumococcal infections in adults over than 59 years. The ...

Vaccination is a key deterrent to influenza and its related complications and outcomes, including hospitalization and death. Using 2006-09 data, we found a small improvement in vaccination rates among nursing home residents, particularly for blacks. Nonetheless, overall vaccination rates remained well below the 90 percent target for high-quality care, and black ...