Covaxis (also licensed as Triaxis or Adacel in individual countries) is a combined tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, five component acellular pertussis (namely detoxified pertussis toxin, filamentous hemagglutinin, pertactin, and fimbriae types 2 and 3) vaccine for the prevention of diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis. It is approved for use in ...

Safety of a sixth consecutive dose of acellular pertussis vaccine in adolescents was assessed in a 2-armed, randomized study. Adolescents who had received 5 doses of acellular pertussis vaccine combined with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids (6-dose group) received 1 dose of reduced 5-component acellular pertussis vaccine combined with tetanus toxoid ...

The epidemiology of whooping cough (pertussis) remains enigmatic. A leading cause of infant mortality globally, its resurgence in several developed nations--despite the availability and use of vaccines for many decades--has caused alarm. We combined data from a singular natural experiment and a detailed contact network study to show that age-specific ...

Pertussis remains a cause of considerable morbidity in children worldwide. Due to the resurgence of the disease, two vaccine doses for schoolchildren were added to the routine Israeli schedule. In 2005 a 5th dose was introduced for second-graders (aged 7-8), and in 2008 an additional catch-up dose in the eighth ...

Pertussis remains endemic across the world, with an estimated 279,000 deaths in 2002, the majority in infants under 1 year of age. Worldwide epidemiologic data indicates increasing infection rates in older children and adults, which act as a source of infection to young infants. The Global Pertussis Initiative (GPI) is ...

Whole-cell pertussis vaccine was introduced in China in the early 1960s. We used standard typing methods to compare 96 Bordetella pertussis isolates collected before and after introduction of vaccination, during 1953-2005. The following vaccine-type alleles of the pertussis toxin (ptx) gene were characteristic for all prevaccination strains: ptxA2, ptxA3, and ...

Pertussis (whooping cough) is one of the commonest vaccine preventable diseases in the UK, despite vaccination coverage being maintained for the last 15 years at over 90% among infants and the addition of a pre-school booster to the UK national immunisation programme in 2001. However, it is known that pertussis ...

Whooping cough, caused by B. pertussis and B. parapertussis, has increased in incidence throughout much of the developed world since the 1980s despite high vaccine coverage, causing an increased risk of infection in infants who have substantial disease-induced mortality. Duration of immunity and epidemically significant routes of transmission across age ...

The common perception that pertussis is only a childhood disease is not correct. Vaccination or infection with Bordetella pertussis provides only short-lived protection against pertussis-and the majority of the population is consequently at risk of contracting pertussis. We evaluated the seroprevalence of pertussis antibodies (IgG against pertussis toxin) in serum ...

Does the literature support universal vaccination of adolescents and adults, reducing disease incidence in infants and young children? An extensive literature review and a meta-analysis of four case-control studies, evaluating effects of missed or late vaccine doses, was conducted. The literature confirms (a) increasing pertussis rates; (b) adults and adolescents ...

Mutants of pertussis toxin (PT) S1 subunit and filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) type I immunodominant domain from Bordetella pertussis (B. pertussis) are considered to be effective candidate antigens for acellular pertussis vaccines; however, the substantial progress is hampered in part for the lack of a suitable in vitro expression system. In ...

Bordetella isolates in the Saint Petersburg region have been monitored since 1998. Over the past ten years, concomitant with the increase in pertussis whole-cell vaccine coverage, the incidence of whooping cough has decreased. However, this decrease exists only for Bordetella pertussis infections, as the incidence of Bordetella parapertussis confirmed cases ...

Despite high vaccine coverage, pertussis incidence has increased substantially in recent years in many countries. A significant factor that may be contributing to this increase is adaptation to the vaccine by Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of pertussis. In this study, we first assessed the genetic diversity of B. pertussis ...

Pertussis is a vaccine-preventable childhood disease characterized by bouts of "whooping cough." In 2006, vaccination guidelines for pertussis were recommended to include Tdap for routine use in adolescents 11 to 18 years of age and single doses for adults 19 to 64 years of age. Despite these revisions in the ...

General practitioner consultation data were used to compare the reactogenicity in infants of a 5-in-1 acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP(5)/Hib/IPV) introduced in the United Kingdom in 2004 to the 4-in-1 whole cell-pertussis vaccine (DTwP/Hib) that it replaced. For each vaccine the incidence in the week following vaccination was compared to other ...

Whole cell pertussis vaccine is still widely used in many countries. An International Standard is needed for its potency control. The Third International Standard for Pertussis Vaccine was prepared about 40 years ago and its replacement was recommended by the Expert Committee for Biological Standardisation (ECBS) of the WHO. Material ...

Duration of vaccine-induced immunity plays a key role in the epidemiology and in the pattern of transmission of a vaccine-preventable disease. In the case of whooping cough, its re-emergence has been attributed, at least partly, to the waning of immunity conferred by current pertussis vaccines. We have recently developed a ...

In industrialized nations, routine use of pertussis vaccines has shifted the burden of pertussis disease from middle childhood to one primarily affecting young infants, adolescents, and adults. Although generally not as severe as observed in infants, pertussis in adolescents and adults can be serious, and these older age groups are ...

Pertussis is among the most poorly controlled bacterial vaccine-preventable diseases in the United States. In 2006, a tetanus, reduced-dose diphtheria, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) booster was recommended for adolescents and adults. Tdap vaccines were licensed on the basis of antibody response without vaccine effectiveness data. From 30 September 2007 through ...

In light of the reemergence of pertussis (whooping cough), the pioneering research of Pearl Kendrick and Grace Eldering is worth revisiting. In the 1930s, working in the Michigan Department of Health laboratory in Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA, they began researching a pertussis vaccine. Their research offers an instructive case study ...

Many respiratory pathogens establish persistent infection or a carrier state in the human nasopharynx without overt disease symptoms but the presence of these in the lungs usually results in disease. Although the anatomy and microenvironments between nasopharynx and lungs are different, a virulence factor with an organ-specific function in the ...

Frequent occurrence of whooping cough in vaccinated populations suggests limited duration of vaccine-induced immunological memory. To investigate peculiarities in B cell memory specific for pertussis antigens P.69 pertactin (P.69 Prn), pertussis toxin (Ptx) and filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA), we monitored the induction and maintenance of specific serum IgG, long-lived bone marrow ...

The introduction of routine vaccination against Bordetella pertussis led to a drastic decline in the number of reported cases of pertussis. Nevertheless, a gradual increase in pertussis notifications has been observed in the last years, and political vaccination changes have been conducted in some countries. Pertussis epidemiology is reviewed, taking ...

The rising incidence of pertussis amongst adults and adolescents in industrialized countries could be reduced by replacing tetanus and diphtheria (Td) boosters with reduced-antigen-content dT-acellular pertussis (dTpa)vaccines. Repeated administration of a dTpa-IPV (dTpa-inactivated poliomyelitis; BoostrixTM Polio, GlaxoSmithKline)booster to adolescents, 5 years after their previous dose was evaluated. Before the second ...

Prior to the introduction of killed whole cell pertussis vaccine [wP] in the 1940s, whooping cough was a major cause of infant death worldwide. Widespread vaccination of children with this vaccine caused a significant reduction in mortality. However in the 1990s and now more recently, there has been a resurgence ...

We conducted surveys to determine factors influencing women's decisions to accept or decline postpartum pertussis (Tdap) vaccination. Survey response rate among eligible individuals was 97%. Of respondents, 53% accepted and 47% declined postpartum Tdap. Women, who declined vaccination were more likely to rate maternal or infant risk of exposure to ...

INTRODUCTION: Pertussis (whooping cough) is a toxic bacterial infection caused mainly by Bordetella pertussis. In mid-January 2006, several cases of pertussis were diagnosed in a military boarding-school. An investigation was carried out at the end of January to identify the risk factors for infection and to evaluate the efficacy of ...

Bordetella pertussis infection remains an important public health problem worldwide despite decades of routine vaccination. A key indicator of the impact of vaccination programmes is the inter-epidemic period, which is expected to increase with vaccine uptake if there is significant herd immunity. Based on empirical data from 64 countries across ...

Despite large-scale vaccination programmes, pertussis has remained endemic in all European countries and has been on the rise in many countries in the last decade. One of the reasons that have been discussed for the failure of vaccination to eliminate the disease is continued circulation of the pathogen Bordetella pertussis ...

The measurement of IgG anti-pertussis toxin (IgG anti-PT) antibodies by ELISA is a frequently used method for studying the antibody responses after pertussis vaccination and after Bordetella pertussis infection. Such responses vary according to the different vaccines used as well as to the immunization and infection history of the participants. ...

BACKGROUND: We conducted a population-based, nation-wide, prospective study to identify who introduced pertussis into the household of infants aged 6 months admitted to the hospital for pertussis in the Netherlands. METHODS: During the period 2006-2008, a total of 560 household contacts of 164 hospitalized infants were tested by polymerase chain ...

Bordetella parapertussis causes typical whooping cough, as does Bordetella pertussis. However, current commercial vaccines are ineffective against B. parapertussis. In an effort to develop vaccines that are effective in protecting against both B. pertussis and B. parapertussis, we examined the protective effects of vaccines prepared from whole-cells and from recombinant ...

BACKGROUND: An outbreak of pertussis occurred in a daycare center with 87.5% vaccination coverage. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness of the acellular pertussis vaccine and prevention of pertussis after chemoprophylaxis with azithromycin. METHODS: We studied 31 daycare children aged 3-5.5 years exposed to a child with pertussis. Nasopharyngeal swabs were ...

Pertactin (PRN) is an autotransporter protein produced by all members of the Bordetella bronchiseptica cluster, which includes B. pertussis, B. parapertussis, and B. bronchiseptica. It is a primary component of acellular pertussis vaccines, and anti-PRN antibody titers correlate with protection. In vitro studies have suggested that PRN functions as an ...

In July 2009, the German Standing Committee on Vaccination (STIKO) modified its recommendations for varicella and pertussis vaccination, based on newly available data on disease epidemiology, vaccine effectiveness (VE) and safety, and an evaluation of the feasibility of the recommended immunisation strategy. The recommendation for varicella vaccine now includes a ...

We measured IgA and IgG antibodies to pertussis toxin (PT) and filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) in sera from 203 1-year-old children who had received one to three doses of a monocomponent PT toxoid vaccine. Ten children (5%) had IgA antibody to PT indicating recent infection; seven of these children had received ...

After a birth dose of acellular pertussis (aP) and diphtheria (DT)aP-hepatitis B virus (HBV)-inactivated polio vaccine (IPV)/Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib) at 2, 4, and 6 months, a booster dose of DTaP-HBV-IPV/Hib at 12 to 23 months induced strong anti-pertussis booster responses. Thus, neonatal aP priming did not lead to ...

Bordetella pertussis is a gram-negative bacillus that causes the highly contagious disease known as pertussis or whooping cough. Antibody response in children may vary depending on the vaccination schedule and the product used. In this study, we have analyzed the antibody response of cellular pertussis vaccinated children against B. pertussis ...

BACKGROUND: Despite the availability of pediatric vaccines against pertussis ("whooping cough"), the disease is poorly controlled. Adolescents and adults with waning immunity, especially immediate family members, are responsible for 76%-83% of pertussis transmission to infants. Adolescent/adult tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) booster vaccines were licensed in the United States ...

The Bordetella pertussis pertussis toxin and pertactin (Prn) are protective antigens and are contained in acellular pertussis vaccines. Polymorphisms in the A subunit of pertussis toxin (PtxA) and pertactin have been proposed to mediate vaccine resistance and contribute to pertussis reemergence. To test this hypothesis, previous studies compared clinical isolates ...

In a previous study, it was found that the antibody response to a nonvaccine pertussis antigen in children who were vaccine failures was reduced compared with the response in nonvaccinated children who had pertussis. In two acellular pertussis vaccine efficacy trials in Sweden, we studied the convalescent-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ...

Despite over 50 years of population-wide vaccination, whooping cough incidence is on the rise. Although Bordetella pertussis is considered the main causative agent of whooping cough in humans, Bordetella parapertussis infections are not uncommon. The widely used acellular whooping cough vaccines (aP) are comprised solely of B. pertussis antigens that ...

The Bordetella species are Gram-negative bacterial pathogens that are characterized by long-term colonization of the mammalian respiratory tract and are causative agents of respiratory diseases in humans and animals. Despite widespread and efficient vaccination, there has been a world-wide resurgence of pertussis, which remains the leading cause of vaccine-preventable death ...

Multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) of 316 Bordetella pertussis isolates collected over 40 years from Australia and 3 other continents identified 66 MLVA types (MTs), including 6 predominant MTs. Typing of genes encoding acellular vaccine antigens showed changes that may be vaccine driven in 2 MTs prevalent in Australia.

A binding assay was recently published that differentiates between pertussis toxin (PTx) and the pertussis toxoid (PTd) used in acellular pertussis vaccines based on the selective binding of PTx to fetuin and detection with a polyclonal antibody. We found that the assay specificity for PTx was affected by both pH ...

Despite the availability of efficacious vaccines, the incidence of whooping cough is still high in many countries and is even increasing in countries with high vaccine coverage. Most severe and life-threatening pertussis cases occur in infants who are too young to be sufficiently protected by current vaccine regimens. As a ...

Current infant vaccination against pertussis in North America and Australia requires three doses of vaccines including diphtheria, tetanus and acellular pertussis antigens (DTaP) at 2, 4 and 6 months of age. Interest is growing in the possibility that vaccination at birth might provide earlier protection of infants, but early vaccination ...

In Japan, the Bordetella pertussis strain Tohama provided by the National Institute of Health, Japan has been used for the production of acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines since 1981. In the present study, in order to verify the genetic consistency of B. pertussis vaccine seed strains, we analyzed the genetic properties ...

Healthcare workers' (HCWs) knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs regarding pertussis immunization were assessed and compared to the rate of vaccine uptake. A questionnaire was distributed to employees at a paediatric and maternity tertiary care centre. Respondents were then offered a dose of the tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap) at ...

OBJECTIVE: To examine pertussis susceptibility and identify factors that might influence commitment to pertussis vaccination plan among Korean health care workers. METHODS: The susceptibilities were examined using Bordetella pertussis IgG ELISA. The individual and related behaviors and cognition and affect factors were measured. RESULTS: Approximately 20% of subjects were susceptible ...