Male-specific bacteriophage (MSB) densities were determined in animal and human fecal wastes to assess their potential impact on aquatic environments. Fecal samples (1,031) from cattle, chickens, dairy cows, dogs, ducks, geese, goats, hogs, horses, seagulls, sheep, and humans as well as 64 sewerage samples were examined for MSB. All animal ...

Experimental amnio-allantoic fluid (AAF) exchange has been shown to prevent intestinal damage in the chicken embryo gastroschisis model. AAF contains both urinary and gastrointestinal waste products (UWP and GIWP). An experimental study was performed to find the waste products responsible for this intestinal damage. Gastroschisis was created in 20 chick ...

1. Movements of the gastrointestinal tract are required for the digestion of food and the expulsion of waste products. 2. The present paper will discuss the nature of electrical rhythms underlying some intestinal motility patterns. 3. The rhythms are generated by pacemakers with cycle rates appropriate to controlling individual contractions, ...

Food wastes are valuable resources to be recycled into new added-value products through animal production. The determination of energy and digestibility values of these wastes is essential for feed formulation. Corn, soybean meal (SBM), and a total of nine industrial food waste ingredients were tested in a comparative metabolic study ...

A field study was made on 17 workers collecting unsorted household waste, eight workers collecting organic/nonorganic separated waste, and 24 controls. Measurements of airborne endotoxin and (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan were made in their working environments. Examinations consisted of a questionnaire for symptoms, spirometry, airway responsiveness, and blood and sputum sampling for determination ...

Animal production results in conversion of feeds into valuable products such as meat, milk, eggs, and wool as well as into unavoidable and less desirable waste products. Intensification of animal numbers and increasing urbanization has resulted in considerable attention to odorous gases produced from animal wastes. It is clear that ...

The microbial changes during thermophilic composting of food waste were investigated at 50 degrees C using a laboratory-scale composter. The results showed that an early increase in the growth of yeast was followed by the growth of thermophilic bacteria, and that subsequently, the yeast declined rapidly. The growth interactions of ...

Environments that are crowded with larvae of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, exhibit a temporal deterioration in quality as waste products accumulate and food is depleted. We show that natural selection in these environments can maintain a genetic polymorphism with one group of genotypes specializing on the early part of ...

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is conducting a series of closed chamber environmental tests, called the Lunar Mars Life Support Test Project (LMLSTP), which is designed to provide data for the development of surface habitats for the Moon and Mars. These surface habitats will be closed loop environmental ...

Recent times have seen the emergence of a number of new or emerging pathogens. Research is needed to establish the mechanisms underlying their emergence in foods, and their interactions with traditional food production processes. The paper reviews the general relationships between environmental stresses and pathogen emergence. Non genetic mechanisms of ...

The Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft has sponsored the development of a conceptual and flexible, computer aided tool to perform the impact assessment within LCA (life cycle assessment) for technical products and processes. The developed general framework "Ela 1.0" (environmental loads analysis) consists of four elements: the selection of appropriate impact categories, the categorization ...

A heterotrophic Arthrobacter oxydans CH8 that was capable of removing NH3 from NH3 containing gas was isolated from livestock farming wastewater. The A. oxydans CH8 was immobilized with calcium alginate packed into filter column. Metered NH3-containing gas was partially humidified and passed through the glass column. Extensive tests including the ...

A two-phase partitioning bioreactor containing Pseudomonas putida ATCC 11172 was used to degrade high concentrations of phenol in batch and fed-batch mode. The 2-1 (nominal volume) partitioning bioreactor employs a 1-1 cell-containing aqueous phase, and a 500-ml immiscible and biocompatible second organic phase (2-undecanone), which partitions the toxic substrate into ...

Chitosan is a partially deacetylated polymer of N-acetyl glucosamine. It is essentially a natural, water-soluble, derivative of cellulose with unique properties. Chitosan is usually prepared from chitin (2 acetamido-2-deoxy beta-1,4-D-glucan) and chitin has been found in a wide range of natural sources (crustaceans, fungi, insects, annelids, molluscs, coelenterata etc.) However ...

"Any human activity that absorbs resources but creates no value," says Maureen Bisognano of the Institute for Healthcare Improvement, "is waste." At war with waste--in healthcare as well as in the automobile industry--is General Motors Corp. The battle plan is an accelerated change process known as PICOS. In a four-step, ...

Westland petrels Procellaria westlandica breed only near Punakaiki on the West Coast
of New Zealand. About 80 km offshore from their breeding colony, New Zealand's largest commercial fishery (for hoki Macruronus novaezelandiae) operates from mid June to early September, coinciding with the Westland petrel's breeding season.
It has been assumed that Westland ...

Without some form of regenerative life support system, long duration space habitation or travel will be limited severely by the prohibitive costs of resupplying air, water, and food from Earth. Components under consideration for inclusion in a regenerative life support system are based on either physicochemical or biological processes. Physicochemical ...

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the marginal contribution of pasteurization of waste milk and colostrum to gross margin per calf at weaning and to estimate the minimum number of cattle on a dairy farm for pasteurization to be profitable. DESIGN: Randomized, controlled, clinical trial. ANIMALS: 300 Holstein calves. PROCEDURE: The performance of ...

This paper describes the results of a study aimed at improving the efficiency of anaerobic digestion of salty cheese whey in combination with poultry waste or cattle dung. Best results were obtained when salty cheese whey was mixed with poultry waste in the ratio of 7:3, or cattle dung in ...

The production of gibberellic acid by Aspergillus niger and the possibility of utilizing food industry waste and residues as the sources of carbon in media were investigated. Media prepared from molasses, vinasse, whey, sugar-beet waste and fruit pomace were used and GA3 yields were found in concentrations 310, 273.14, 120, ...

Weight loss is a potent stimulus to food intake in normal individuals. The persistence of anorexia in wasting disorders, therefore, implies a failure of this adaptive feeding response. We describe a model for the normal hypothalamic response to starvation composed of the stimulation of neuronal pathways that promote energy intake ...

Chlorinated solvents and their natural transformation products are the most frequently observed groundwater contaminants in the United States. In situ bioremediation using anaerobic or aerobic co-metabolic processes is a promising means of cleaning up contaminated aquifers. Studies show that under natural conditions trichloroethylene can be anaerobically degraded to dichloroethylene, vinyl ...

Aerobic, thermophilic composting is a widely practiced method for disposal of organic wastes. The wastes which are composted include biosolids from waste water treatment plants (WWTP), and biowastes (food scraps and yardwaste). Important hygiene issues are involved in composting since many potential pathogens may be present in the fresh wastes. ...

The anticipated evolution of life support technologies for ESA, considering both the complementary life support system requirements and the missions' characteristics, is presented. Based on these results, promising biological life support technologies for manned space missions have been selected by ESA either for their intrinsic ability and performance in effecting ...

To put waste-to-energy (WTE) in perspective, it is important to see how it measures up environmentally to other power generation utility sources. This paper compares actual WTE facility emissions with those from fossil fuel combustion utility sources. This comparison is made on an electricity production basis, such as a pound ...

Since 1971 unshaded leaves from the top of marked beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.) in the vicinity of a regional waste incinerator have been sampled every year in early September. The unwashed leaf samples were analyzed for the concentration of Cl- and, in some years, for 16 other elements. The ...

The phenomenon of metal biosorption by microorganisms has been thoroughly documented. Although this phenomenon is exhibited by both living and non-living forms of biomass, the purpose of this chapter will be to review biosorption by the latter. In addition, the application of various technological processes required for exploitation of this ...

The use of powdered cellulose instead of microcrystalline cellulose in the extrusion/spheronization process was investigated. The aim of the study was to assess differences between two types of powdered cellulose using a 2(4-1) fractional factorial design. Water content and amount of binder were found to be most important while type ...

Heart rate and behaviour during and following velvet antler removal were monitored in yearling red deer stags to determine the extent to which this procedure was perceived by the deer to be aversive. Nine stags normally kept at pasture were habituated over 5 weeks to the following daily handling procedure. ...

The Department of Energy Rocky Flats Plant has numerous ongoing efforts to minimize the generation of residue and waste and to improve safety and health. Spent polypropylene liquid filters held for plutonium recovery, known as "residue," or as transuranic mixed waste contribute to storage capacity problems and create radiation safety ...

The disposal of polymer solid waste by means other than landfilling is necessary. The various approaches-source reduction, incineration, degradation, composting, and recycling-all have their roles and must be employed in an integrated manner. Where appropriate, recycling has ecological advantages, but its application is dependent upon the feasibility of collection, sorting, ...

The design of a bioregenerative life-support system (a Controlled Ecological Life-Support System or CELSS) for long-duration stays on the moon, Mars, or in a space craft poses formidable problems in engineering and in theory. Technological (hardware) problems include: (1) Creation and control of gas composition and pressure, temperature, light, humidity, ...

The present in-vitro study was designed to investigate the chemical efficacy of N-monochloro-D,L,-2-aminobutyrate (NMAB, GK 101E) in removing carious material under clinically relevant conditions, using objective methods of measurement. Assuming that the chemical effectiveness of water in caries removal is minimal, a comparison of the efficacy of GK-101E with that ...

Consumables for human spaceflight include oxygen, water, food and food packaging, personal hygiene items, and clothing. This paper deals with the requirements for food and water, and their impact on waste product generation. Just as urbanization of society has been made possible by improved food processing and packaging, manned spaceflight ...

During long-duration space missions that require recycling and regeneration of life support materials the major human wastes to be converted to usable forms are CO2, hygiene water, urine and feces. A Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS) relies on the air revitalization, water purification and food production capabilities of higher ...

Short-time spatio-temporal variations of planktonic ciliates in a eutrophic lake were examined for evidence of diel vertical migration in relation to food supply (bacteria, nanoplankton, and detritus) and physico-chemical parameters. Two campaigns were conducted during successive summers in Lake Aydat, France. Ciliates were less abundant during the first campaign (July ...

We investigated food hygiene-related behaviour as well as other risk factors for diarrhoea in children 6-36 months of age in Iwaya community in Lagos, Nigeria. Between April and July 1989, a bi-weekly diarrhoea surveillance was maintained in 672 households. Following the surveillance, 273 (case = 67 and control = 206) ...

Current United States military chemical protective ensembles do not provide for feeding, removing body wastes, or ensuring the hygiene of troops operating in a contaminated environment. As part of a nuclear-biological-chemical life support demonstration program, systems were developed to provide these capabilities. The nutrient system consisted of foods packaged in ...

A six-point visual estimation scale developed by Comstock was used by qualified dietitians to rate amounts of 978 servings of 117 different food items remaining as plate waste. Consumption of the food items was estimated as the difference between the weight of a randomly selected full serving of each item ...

Regulation to control air emissions of toxic organic compounds require the collection and analysis of effluent gas from low level sources such as hazardous waste incinerators. The standard SW-846 Method specifies the use of Tenax and Tenax/charcoal adsorbent traps for collection of volatile organics from incinerators. This study evaluates passivated ...

A steady state chemical model and computer program have been developed for a life support system and applied to trade-off studies. The model is based on human demand for food and oxygen determined from crew metabolic needs. The model includes modules for water recycle, waste treatment, CO2 removal and treatment, ...

Landfill leachate was collected in March and July, 1984, at the Gin Drinkers' Bay Landfill Site, and the properties of the two leachates were examined. The leachate collected in March contained higher contents of total solid, ammonia, and metals than that collected in July. The leachates were treated with EDTA ...

The production rate and solid content of waste streams found in a life support system for a space habitat (in which plants are grown for food) are discussed. Two recycling scenarios, derived from qualitative considerations as opposed to quantitative mass and energy balances, tradeoff studies, etc., are presented; they reflect ...

Studies for every level of CELSS: Waste processing, food production, photosynthesis system, and so on ..., imply an automatic system to control, command and quantify gases, water and chemical compounds. Used for many years in plant physiology studies, the C23A system monitors the analysis and quantifies gases (O2, CO2. N2, ...

The possibility of utilizing industrial, urban, and other wastes for the growth of a product which is directly edible by humans is fascinating. However, it is possible that many wastes containing toxic substances, for example, heavy metals, could reach the food chain and produce adverse effects on human health. To ...

Picture yourself a million miles from earth; it's lunch time. What will you eat: meat, fish, bread, fresh vegetables (cooked or uncooked), or food from a tube? What will happen to the waste products from the processed food or even from yourself? What will you breathe? These and hundreds of ...

Design decisions to aid the development of future space-based biological life support systems (BLSS) can be made with simulation models. Here we develop the biochemical stoichiometry for 1) protein, carbohydrate, fat, fiber, and lignin production in the edible and inedible parts of plants; 2) food consumption and production of organic ...

This survey of food waste in a Midwestern university hospital provides resource data for evaluation of a cook-freeze production system with a restaurant-type menu featuring pre-plated combinations of an entrée and/or starch/vegetable. Data were collected over a 4-week period and included one breakfast, lunch, and dinner from each of 20 ...

The ever-rising cost of energy provides incentives for the utilization of low-cost waste crankcase oil (WCO) for space heating. Although WCO is known to contain toxic heavy metals, the potential health hazards of emissions and waste products resulting from the combustion of WCO are unknown. Thus, the toxicity of the ...

The removal of intestinal nematode eggs in waste stabilization ponds treating domestic waste-water was studied in northeast Brazil. Anaerobic and primary facultative ponds achieved Ascaris spp. removals of 88-98% and 99-100%, and hookworm removals of 91-97% and 98-100%, respectively. Egg-free effluents were produced by a single primary facultative pond with ...