Mainstream cigarette smoke particles were collected by means of a smoking machine, and sidestream particles were collected from the room in which the smoking took place. The particles were extracted by sonication with acetone, and the extracts were solvent-exchanged to dimethyl sulfoxide. The samples were tested for mutagenicity in the ...

The high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) profiles of mutagenic components were compared for extracts of ground beef patties fried at 200, 250 and 300 degrees C for 6 min/side. The HPLC profiles of the mutagenic samples were similar, although total mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium TA1538 was roughly four times as ...

After nitrite treatment, various kinds of pickled vegetables and sun-dried fishes produced in Japan showed direct-acting mutagenicity on Salmonella typhimurium TA100, inducing 1900-18000 revertants/g. Kimchis, sun-dried fishes, sun-dried squid, soy sauces, fish sauces, bean pastes and shrimp paste produced in Korea, the Philippines and Thailand also showed direct-acting mutagenicity after ...

Levels of volatile N-nitrosamines were determined in 189 samples of rubber nipples for babies' bottles. Domestic (US-manufactured) and imported rubber nipples for consumer and hospital use were analysed to determine compliance with the US Food and Drug Administration's action level of 60 ppb (b = 10(9] for total volatile N-nitrosamines. ...

Microwave-oven technology has been improved by the use of low power. With the utilization of low-power techniques, studies showed equal or better retention of nutrients for microwave, as compared with conventional, reheated foods for thiamin, riboflavin, pyridoxine, folacin, and ascorbic acid. Beef roasts microwaved at "simmer" were comparable with conventionally ...

Fried ground beef has been shown to contain mutagens, and the major mutagenic component has been identified as 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx). Mutagens in feces of 3 adult volunteers were fractionated by treatment of the feces with blue cotton followed by chromatography on a carboxymethyl cellulose column. The chromatographic fraction, corresponding to ...

Laboratory personnel of Eastern Regional Research Center, USDA, are required to wear disposable latex or vinyl gloves for certain analyses involving nitrosamines. In order to assess possible exposure of the wearers of these gloves, a limited survey was carried out on the volatile nitrosamine content in disposable protective gloves. Six ...

Lysinoalanine (N epsilon-(DL-2-amino-2-carboxyethyl)-L-lysine) was tested for mutagenicity in the Ames Salmonella/mammalian-microsome mutagenicity assay. No mutagenic response was detected at doses up to 5 mg/plate when samples were pre-incubated without S-9 mix, nor when they were pre-incubated with S-9 mix prepared from Aroclor 1254-induced rat liver or kidney. The results indicate ...

When a mixture of N-nitrosomorpholine and S. typhimurium TA100 in saline was irradiated with near-ultraviolet light, mutagenesis of the bacteria took place. The same observation was made with S. typhimurium TA1535, E. coli WP2 uvrA, pKM101 and uvrA/pKM101. Several other nitrosamines showed ed the same, but weaker, effect. Evidence is ...

The kinetics of salivary and biliary excretion of inorganic nitrates and nitrites was studied in mongrel dogs after iv injection of these compounds labelled with 15N. There was strong salivary excretion of 15NO-3 after injection of Na15NO3 but little or no nitrites were excreted in the saliva, indicating that the ...

Mutagenic products can be formed during the processing of food and especially as a result of heat treatment. Direct acting mutagenic activity was found in extracts of instant coffee and roasted coffee beans using Salmonella typhimurium TA100 in vitro. The mutagenic activities of the four pure coffee varieties examined (Coffea ...

Thiram, a dithiocarbamate fungicide, is known to evolve to dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA) when associated with nitrites. Conditions of appearance of that carcinogenic compound have been studied in short-term experiments by association of the fungicide, nitrates or nitrites, and species representative of freshwater biota. DMNA has been estimated by GLC equipped with ...

The hypothesis linking nitrate and increased risk of cancer rests on the proposition that nitrate is endogenously reduced to nitrite by bacteria and that carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds are formed. A large number of foods and biological material have been examined for their ability to generate mutagens or carcinogens under simulated ...

Nitrosatable precursors of mutagens that show mutagenicity to Salmonella typhimurium TA100 without S9 mix after treatment with nitrite at pH 3 were found in various foods. From Chinese cabbage, three indole compounds, indole-3-acetonitrile, 4-methoxyindole-3-acetonitrile, and 4-methoxyindole-3-aldehyde, were identified as mutagen precursors. 1-Methylindole and 2-methylindole, which are present in cigarette smoke ...

Identification of mutagenic factors in foods is of concern because they may represent carcinogens to man. Cooked foods, especially their basic fractions containing heterocyclic amines, have high mutagenicity; the neutral fractions containing mutagenic nitropyrenes, however, have not been studied in detail. The mutagenicity of various grilled foods--10 vegetables, 4 fish, ...

Interest has increased recently in the possible human carcinogenic effects of plant metabolites in the diet. Some psoralens, some pyrrolizidine alkaloids and 'bracken carcinogen' may be dietary carcinogens, the latter two via contamination of food products from animals ingesting toxic plants. With the exception of 'bracken carcinogen', the structures of ...

In vitro testing of food products for mutagenic activity presents particular problems, especially in connection with the administration of the test material to the assay system, the possible interference of food components with the genetic end-point used for the assay, the presence in foods of various factors that may modify ...

Beryllium-containing compounds have been studied extensively and have been known to be carcinogenic in animals since 1946. Beryllium salts and alloys were among the first nonradioactive, inorganic substances shown to induce osteogenic sarcoma in experimental animals. Beryllium-containing compounds have been demonstrated to be powerful pulmonary carcinogens in rats. To date, ...

Previous studies have indicated that both herbicide 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyethanol (TCPE) and its contaminant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) enhance liver tumor incidence in male Swiss mice in a dose-dependent manner. In this report the mutagenicity of TCPE (containing 0.1 p.p.m. TCDD) in the Salmonella/microsome assay was studied, and the effect of this herbicide on ...

Mutagens are shown to be present in a variety of commercially heat-processed foods. Since these substances are not present in the unheated raw material, it appears that they are produced during processing. Canned salmon and beef broth showed the highest mutagenicity while other canned beef and fish products yielded lower ...

The sensitivity of a cytogenetic assay, as expressed by the in vitro induction of micronuclei (MN), was compared to the in vitro induction of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs). Chinese hamster lung (V79) cells were exposed to 3 known alkylating agents: methyl methanesulphonate (MMS), ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and to ...

A new N-nitroso compound, N-2-methylpropyl-N-1-methylacetonyl-nitrosamine (MAMPNA), was found in millet and wheat flour inoculated with Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon, a common species of fungi occurring in foods in Linxian County, after 8-day incubation and an addition of a small amount of NaNO2. The compound has been identified by GC-MS and confirmed ...

Sister-chromatid exchange and chromosomal aberrations were measured in vivo in mouse bone marrow following intraperitoneal injection of the cooked food mutagens, Trp-P-2 and IQ. Trp-P-2 produced a significant positive dose response for both endpoints while IQ produced only a weak but significant sister-chromatid exchange response. The relative potency of these ...

N-nitrosamides are known as direct-acting carcinogens at the site of their formation; they do not need any metabolic activation in vivo. The conditions leading to their formation in the stomach, and also their genotoxicity, have been thoroughly studied with some model compounds. Several reports link this type of compound to ...

In a small wood preserving industry spot samples were taken from contaminated surfaces at several places and tested for mutagenicity. The results suggest that the application of a wipe test can give a first indication of occupational exposure to mutagenic and carcinogenic substances, particularly when exposure occurs more from skin ...

The potential toxicity of ronidazole residues present in the tissues of food-producing animals was assessed using the Ames mutagenicity test. Since ronidazole is activated by reduction, reduced derivatives of ronidazole and metabolites formed by enzymatic reduction of ronidazole were tested for mutagenicity. When tested at levels several orders of magnitude ...

Lean pork was pan-broiled at various temperatures between 100 and 290 degrees C. Cooking was performed in an open frying pan common for domestic use in Sweden. No fat was added. Cooking procedures are clearly defined in order to facilitate inter-laboratory comparisons. The crust was extracted with organic solvents of ...

The apparent total N-nitroso content of foods can be measured by a procedure based on chemical denitrosation and chemiluminescent detection of the eliminated nitric oxide. Procedures have been established which substantially reduce the 'apparatus blank' response to the denitrosating agent and allow total nitroso contents down to 10 micrograms (N-NO)/kg ...

It has been well established that human foods may contain trace amounts of carcinogenic N-nitrosamines. Originally, it was thought that the use of nitrite as a curing agent for flesh foods was the major source of these trace compounds in the diet. Subsequent research has clearly shown that other processing ...

Oxygen, oxidizing enzymes such as polyphenol oxidase (tyrosinase) and alkaline pH, irreversibly inactivate the mutagenicity of quercetin in the Ames test. The loss of mutagenic activity correlates with decreases in the ultraviolet absorption maximum of quercetin near 370 nm. The extent of inactivation increases with time but apparently not significantly ...

In a search for possible sources of mutagens in human foods, a study was made of six common foods in the diet of a population at high risk for gastric cancer (in Nariño, Colombia). No mutagenic activity was demonstrated in nonnitrosated foods. After nitrosation, only one of the foods, fava ...

Bis-methylthio-diiron-tetranitrosyl (Roussin's red methyl ester, RRME), recently identified in pickled vegetables consumed in a high incidence area of oesophageal cancer in Northern China, was examined for its activity as a nitrosating agent in vivo and in vitro. Freshly synthesized RRME nitrosated secondary amines (morpholine and pyrrolidine) slowly in the presence ...

Volatile-nitrosamine levels were determined in fish, fish products, meat products, beer and cheese. From the amounts of nitrosamines detected in foods and the average daily intake of foods in Japan, the intake of nitrosamines was estimated to be 0.5 microgram/head/day. Most (88%) of the daily intake of nitrosamines came from ...

Various Japanese foodstuffs show mutagenicity after nitrite treatment at pH 4.2. Among 13 groups of foodstuffs, classified by the 'market basket' method, the group containing fish showed the highest mutagenicity in the absence of metabolic activation. Taking the daily intake of these foodstuffs into consideration, the combination of groups V ...

A survey of the mutagenic potential of a wide variety of food products has been initiated with results for 28 different beverages reported previously [Stoltz et al, 1982b]. Here, results for samples of 46 widely consumed fruits and vegetables from six general categories are given. Each sample was concentrated and ...

Butylated hydroxyanisole (I) is one of the most commonly used food antioxidants. Its use has been suggested to inhibit a variety of carcinogenic responses. The present study on the disposition kinetics of (I) in man indicates that contrary to previous reports, (I) undergoes significant O-demethylation in the body yielding a ...

To determine the role of N-nitrosamines in the known increased cancer risk of rubber workers, air concentrations of such carcinogens were measured by area sampling or personal monitoring in 19 factories. N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR) were found regularly, the air concentrations varying between 0.1 and 380 micrograms/m3 personal monitoring. ...

Nitrosamines are formed by reaction of secondary or tertiary amines with a nitrosating agent. In foods, the nitrosating agent is usually nitrous anhydride, formed from nitrite in acidic, aqueous solution. Food constituents and the physical make-up of the food can effect nitrosamine formation. Ascorbic acid and sulfur dioxide are used ...

Food contains a large number of inhibitors of carcinogenesis, including phenols, indoles, aromatic isothiocyanates, methylated flavones, coumarins, plant sterols, selenium salts, protease inhibitors, ascorbic acid, tocopherols, retinol, and carotenes. The diversity and widespread occurrence of these compounds in food make it virtually impossible to consume a diet that does not ...

4 amebicides (chloroquine diphosphate, diiodohydroxyquin, iodochlorohydroxyquin and dehydroemetine) and 6 anthelmintics (bephenium hydroxynaphthoate, 4-hexylresorcinol, mebendazole, niclosamide, pyrantel pamoate and pyrvinium pamoate) were tested for mutagenicity in the Salmonella typhimurium microsomal test system. Frameshift mutations were induced by dehydroemetine and niclosamide following activation by microsomal enzymes, while pyrvinium pamoate induced both ...

The ability of three kinds of fiber to bind to 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ), a potent bacterial mutagen formed during the cooking of meat, was investigated to determine interactions among important food components. At pH 6.5 corn bran, wheat bran, and alfalfa meal each bound approximately 50% of the available IQ after ...

The UK-permitted, monoazo food colour Red 2G (C.I. 18050) has previously been shown to induce transition mutations in bacteria when tested with metabolic activation. Whilst this result has now been confirmed, later commercial food-grade batches of the dye have also been found to exhibit dose-dependent direct activity in fluctuation tests ...

The cellular metabolism, acute toxicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity of maleic hydrazide have been reviewed. It seems that this chemical is a mutagen and a carcinogen in cell cultures and animals, but no evidence is available on human carcinogenicity regardless of population exposure in manufacturing, agriculture, and the food chain (i.e., ...

Smoke condensates obtained by pyrolysis of the cells of microorganisms isolated from food and cigarettes and of laboratory cultures were shown to be mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 in incorporation with liver microsomal fraction S-9 mix. The smoke condensates from salt-tolerant bacteria, which belonged to Micrococcus, Bacillus and ...

The mutagenic activity of solvent extracts of specific manufacturing lots of saccharin produced by the Sherwin-Williams process was studied in detail. All the individual components identified were found to be non-mutagenic. The mutagenic activity of saccharin lot S-1469 was traced to a moderately polar chromatographic fraction representing impurities present in ...

Sorbic acid and potassium sorbate are widely used Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) food additives with an extremely high (25 mg/kg) acceptable daily intake level. Some children between the ages of 6-24 months may actually ingest this amount. While presently not permitted to be added directly to meat and poultry ...

Malonaldehyde or malondialdehyde (MA) is an ubiquitous dietary constituent formed by the peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids and of the food additive, sorbate. The average US citizen consumes between 0.2 and 0.6 microgram of MA each day from fresh and processed meats alone. This figure might have been considerably higher ...

The mutagenicity of instant and freshly brewed coffee on Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and TA98 without S9 mix was inactivated by sodium sulfite. Sulfite ion at a dose of 200 ppm almost completely inactivated the mutagenicity of coffee made in the ordinary way (5-15 mg dry weight/ml). Sodium bisulfite and potassium ...

Infantile methemoglobinemia is of much more frequent occurrence among hospitalized newborns and young infants than is generally appreciated. When present, acute diarrhoea of different etiologies is almost exclusively the cause of hospitalization. No correlation between this condition and ingestion of food or water containing high concentrations of nitrates or nitrites ...

The mutagenicity in the Ames Salmonella-microsome test of four protein pyrolysate products, formed during the cooking of meat, (Trp-P-1, Trp-P-2, Glu-P-1 and Glu-P-2) was found to be inhibited by the addition of vitamin A in vitro in the form of retinol. The effect is interpreted as an inhibition of the ...