A series of experiments was performed to examine the role of the duodenum in food intake regulation in the fowl. In each of the experiments, birds were surgically fitted with intraduodenal cannulae. In Experiments 1 to 6, Single Comb White Leghorn (SCWL) or Rock Cornish cockerels were infused with isosmotic ...

The intracerebral pattern of diffusion of 3H-morphine was studied autoradiographically following continuous infusion (4, 9, and 18 hr; 1 microliter/hr) into the lateral ventricle during hibernation and euthermia (i.e., not hibernating) in ground squirrels (Citellus lateralis). Morphine diffusion into the parenchyma during both states was extensive, resulting in increased autoradiographic ...

Proglumide, a selective antagonist of exogenous cholecystokinin in vitro, also inhibits the reduction of food intake induced by the systemic administration of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) in food deprived rats. On the basis of an increase in the size of a brief test meal which followed an oral preload and treatment ...

Three benzodiazepines, chlordiazepoxide, diazepam and flurazepam, were demonstrated to reverse the suppressed food intake in mice in response to cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK8). CCK8 (200 ng) was administered intracisternally, and the benzodiazepines intraperitoneally at doses of 0.1 to 1 mg/kg. The three benzodiazepines slightly depressed the feeding by themselves, but significantly ...

Of the many factors that influence food intake, there is strong evidence that opioid and CCK peptides, which stimulate feeding and elicit satiety, respectively, are important components that may act in concert to regulate energy balance. Cholecystokinin peptides have been isolated in both the brain and gastrointestinal tract, and changes ...

The development of learned aversions to the available diet has been shown to contribute to the anorexia and weight loss which accompany the growth of certain tumors, including the Leydig LTW(m) tumor. Estradiol infusions were found to closely mimic the effects on food intake and food preference seen after Leydig ...

The strengths of taste aversion induced by sulphated cholecystokinin 26-33 (CCK-8; 1,2,4 and 8 micrograms/kg IP) and lithium chloride (LiCl; 7.5, 15, 30 and 60 mg/kg IP) were determined in order to assess the relative aversiveness of the two compounds. All doses of LiCl induced strong aversion, but only the ...

Rats ate less food than normal on cyclic-ratio schedules following cholecystokinin and lithium chloride injections. Nevertheless, they defended this lower eating rate in the same way as under control conditions. The pattern of effects produced by cholecystokinin and lithium chloride resembled those following diet adulteration with citric acid and sucrose ...

Five experiments were conducted to determine the effect of hepatic and jugular infusions of amino acid and lipid solutions on short-term food intake of cockerels. Neither jugular nor hepatic infusions of amino acids had any effect on food intake of Single-Comb White Leghorn (SCWL) cockerels. Lipid infusions had no effect ...

Effects of intraportal influsion of glucagon in vehicle concurrent to feeding on meal pattern were studied in rats with reference to the changes of glycogen content in the liver. The feeding of the animal was monitored by an eatometer in the test chamber. The removal of a Noyes peller, 45 ...

The effect of ileal infusion of a lipid emulsion, containing 50% corn oil and 3% albumen, on food intake and satiety was measured in paired experiments carried out in 6 healthy volunteers. Subjects ate for shorter periods of time during ileal infusions of fat emulsion compared with control infusions of ...

Experiments in rats with crossed intestines have shown that signals arising in a 30 cm segment of upper small intestine do not affect the short-term control of food intake. The combined stimulus of neural and hormonal signals arising in the crossed intestinal segment and of absorbed food do not inhibit ...

Cholecystokinin, secreted when ingested food enters the duodenum, may act as a satiety factor. Injection of proglumide, a specific antagonist of cholecystokinin, induced an increase in food intake. The satiety effect of administered cholecystokinin is abolished by bilateral subdiaphragmatic vagotomy. If endogenous and exogenous cholecystokinin act via the same mechanism, ...

Cholecystokinin (CCK) and met-enkephalin (MEK) related peptides have been shown to alter feeding behavior subsequent to their injection into the peripheral circulation or directly into the brains of several species. To evaluate the potential role of endogenous brain pools of these peptides in feeding, groups of sheep were sacrificed either ...

A series of experiments was undertaken to examine the role of the vagus nerve in body weight regulation and the control of ingestive behavior in Syrian hamsters. Body weight, food and water intake, and feeding responsiveness to the putative satiety hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) were studied in hamsters with total subdiaphragmatic ...

Cholecystokinin, bombesin and pancreatic polypeptide are all reported to induce satiety in rodents. To test the hypothesis that cholecystokinin and bombesin induce satiety through release of pancreatic polypeptide, we compared the satiety inducing properties of each peptide in rats trained to eat a liquid diet (Magnacal). Studies were repeated after ...

Capsaicin, the pungent principal in red pepper, has been shown to damage small-diameter peptide-containing sensory neurons. Suppression of feeding by cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK OP) was attenuated after systemic pretreatment with capsaicin. Capsaicin pretreatment did not attenuate suppression of food intake by intragastric preloads. Pretreatment of rats with microgram quantities of ...

Although food intake regulation by the central nervous system in the fowl has received considerable attention, studies examining peripheral regulatory mechanisms are relatively few. The objective of these experiments was to determine the role of the liver in short-term regulation of feeding. Small volumes of isotonic glucose were infused into ...

Intramuscular ceruletide or placebo was given in a randomized double-blind crossover design to 12 non-obese and 12 obese individuals, 30 min before a palatable lunch meal. No significant effects were found on the amount of food intake or the hunger ratings in any group. Although rapid CCK or ceruletide infusions ...

While exogenous administration of cholecystokinin (CCK) decreases food intake in many species, it has not been demonstrated conclusively that CCK is necessary for satiety to occur. In these experiments the role of CCK in eliciting satiety was further investigated by using endogenously produced and exogenously administered antibodies to CCK which ...

Cholecystokinin (CCK) has been shown to produce satiety not only in a variety of animal species but in man as well. In healthy humans, CCK reduces appetite and activation arising from the preparation of a meal, inhibits intake of liquid food in both non-obese and obese subjects, and decreases the ...

Intraperitoneal administration of cholecystokinin (CCK) potently attenuated opiate analgesia produced by footshock. CCK also inhibited opiate footshock analgesia when delivered intrathecally to the lumbosacral spinal cord, a critical site of opiate action in mediating this form of analgesia. However, opiate-independent footshock analgesia was not attenuated by CCK. Morphine analgesia was ...

The decapeptide from the frog Hyla caerulea, caerulein (caerulein diethylammonium hydrate, ceruletide, CER) is chemically closely related to the C-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin (CCK-8). Like CCK-8, CER and some of its analogues produce many behavioural effects in mammals: inhibition of intake of food and water; antinociception; sedation; catalepsy; ptosis, antistereotypic, ...

The effects of bilateral vagotomy at the level of the proventriculus, in immature female fowls (VAG), on body weight, feeding activity parameters, rate of food passage, digestibility, and satiety effects of bombesin (BBS) and cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK8), were compared with those in sham-operated controls (SHAM). SHAM birds gained weight at ...

The mechanism by which peripherally administered cholecystokinin (CCK) reduces feeding and exploration involves a sensory feedback pathway from the gastrointestinal regions, via the vagus nerve through the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). Bilateral dorsal midbrain transections rostral to the NTS abolish the ability of CCK to reduce food consumption, decrease exploratory ...

Roles of brain and intestinal peptides in the control of food intake may vary among species for specific peptides depending on the degree of complexity of the gastrointestinal tract. Cholecystokinin (CCK) in the brain and intestine is the most widely studied of the peptides involved in the control of feeding. ...

Administration of cholecystokinin (CCK) (0.2 - 0.6 micrograms in a volume of 2 microliter) into the lateral cerebral ventricle caused a decrease in intake of food but a relative increase in intake of water (or water-to-food ratio) in rats. To determine whether the anorexic actions of CCK were mediated through ...

Frequently, patients receiving parenteral nutrition (PN) report hunger during the parenteral infusion, yet experience early satiety once PN is tapered off. Post-PN satiety can interfere with the ability to consume enough nutrients to maintain body weight and nutritional status. Factors such as caloric quantity of infusate, gastric motility changes, and ...

Ceruletide (caerulein), a decapeptide extracted from the skin of the frog, Hyla caerulea, is very similar in structure to the C-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin (CCK-8). Although ceruletide and CCK-8 act through similar or identical receptors to produce the same visceral effects, previous studies in the rat suggested that peripherally administered ...

We compared changes in runway performance by rats for sucrose reward following injections of the synthetic C-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin (CCK-8) with those seen after variations in food deprivation and injections of lithium chloride. No effects on running for either 10% or 30% sucrose were found following 0.5 to 4.0 ...

Cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) in doses of 5 or 10 micrograms/kg was injected intraperitoneally to 24 hr food-deprived rats before a 30 min feeding period, and the dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) contents of the hypothalamus, mesencephalon, amygdala, hippocampus and striatum were measured thereafter. The experimental procedure (deprivation + ...

Noradrenergic central and peripheral nervous system mechanisms for the control of food intake and thermogenesis, respectively, have been described in rats and, to a lesser extent, in humans. To examine further the role of the sympathetic nervous system in energy balance modulation during glucoprivation, the alpha 2-adrenoreceptor agonist clonidine was ...

The effects of intraperitoneally (ip.) and intracerebroventricularly (icv.) administered sulfated and nonsulfated cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8-SE and CCK-8-NS) and their N- and C-terminal fragments on the tail-pinch-induced feeding behavior of rats were investigated. After ip. administration, only CCK-8-SE inhibited tail-pinch-induced food intake. After icv. administration, both CCK-8-SE and CCK-8-NS, in doses ...

The hepatic portal veins of cockerels were catheterised to study the effects of 3-h infusions of nutrient solutions on voluntary food intake. An amino acid mixture, infused at rates up to 800 mg N/3 h, depressed intake of a standard diet in a significant linear manner (intakes with the highest ...

Although the incidence of obesity in the domesticated dog is high, few studies have investigated the regulation of food intake in this species. In the present study we investigated the response of the dog to a number of putative satiety agents including cholecystokinin (CCK), bombesin, calcitonin and naloxone. CCK significantly ...

Cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) reduced the amount consumed or the number of licks of several concentrations of sucrose in short-term tests with rats that were hungry, satiated, or fed ad lib. The suppressive effect of CCK-8 was generally smaller in the hungry than in the satiated or ad-lib condition. In the ...

The effects of chronic naltrexone infusions on food intake and energy balance were examined in male rats. Animals were fed either Purina Chow, or chow plus a 32% sucrose solution. After one week of being maintained on these diets, animals were implanted (intrascapularly) with osmotic minipumps infusing either 200 micrograms/kg/hr ...

Food and water intake of free-feeding rats with indwelling intraperitoneal catheters connected to infusion pumps was continuously monitored and recorded by a microcomputer-based data acquisition system. Initially, at the start of every spontaneous meal for 4 days, each rat was infused with 0.27 ml of physiological saline. Saline infusion did ...

Cholecystokinin, secreted in response to ingested food entering the duodenum, may play a role in limiting food intake. Inhibition of cholecystokinin should therefore induce an increase in food intake. Proglumide, a specific antagonist of cholecystokinin was used to block the satiety effect of a food preload in rats. A significant ...

Administration of cholecystokinin (CCK) reduces food intake in rats. This effect of CCK was attenuated in rats with thermal lesions of the area postrema. This result was specific to CCK, as area postrema lesions had no effect on the reduction in food intake produced by amphetamine. The effect of the ...

Previous findings in this laboratory suggest that the cholecystokinin-induced decrease in food intake may be the result of a modulation of the orosensory factors controlling feeding. More recently we have presented evidence indicating that in sated animals the magnitude of cholecystokinin-induced inhibition of intake is proportional to the concentration of ...

The small bowel transit time of 100 ml of lactulose solution infused at the ligament of Treitz was measured by breath hydrogen excretion in paired studies carried out in 43 healthy volunteers during infusion (1.2 ml/min) of equal volumes (100 ml) of isotonic solutions of either fat emulsion (Intralipid, Prosparol, ...

A review of the satiating effect of cholecystokinin in humans reveals that the synthetic C-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin (CCK-8) inhibits liquid and solid food intake in non-obese men and women, and in obese men. Side effects, such as nausea, slight stomach sickness or abdominal cramps are infrequent and transient, and ...

Cholecystokinin (CCK), bombesin and gastrin were stereotaxically injected into catecholamine (CA) innervated areas of the lateral hypothalamus (LH), the nucleus caudatus putamen (NP) and the olfactory tubercle (OT) in male Sprague Dawley rats. Bilateral injections of 100 ng of CCK in 2 microliters of vehicle into the LH produced a ...

The injection of insulin has been used to produce increased food intake and, when given over a period of time, to produce obesity. The hormone, however, is released in 3 distinct phases when subjects encounter and ingest food and one would expect that insulin release would be a correlate, if ...

Decreased body weight and increased pancreas weight which occur in rats fed raw soybeans are thought to be due to the presence of trypsin inhibitors in the soybeans (SBTI). Since trypsin is postulated to be a negative feedback signal for cholecystokinin (CCK) secretion, SBTI may have these effects by increasing ...

Knife-cut lesions were used to assess the participation of the subfornical organ (SFO) in the central pressor action of intravenously administered angiotensin. Knife-cuts of the ventral stalk of the SFO significantly attenuated pressor responses during infusion of 3 doses of angiotensin, although responses to bolus injections were unaffected. These results ...

This paper presents new information about inhibitory effects of intravenous injections of cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-8) on feeding activity in birds, with particular reference to variation in motivational state. With increasing food deprivation (0, 1, 2 or 3 h) before injection, doses of 2 and 8 micrograms/kg CCK-8 became progressively less effective ...

Baboons received a 5-minute intravenous infusion of either saline or bombesin (BBS; 1-4 micrograms/kg) following 3 1/2 or 16 1/2 hours of food deprivation and were then allowed to eat for 30 minutes. Plasma insulin was significantly elevated following five minutes of BBS infusion, but there was no change of ...

Cholecystokinin induces a reduction in exploratory behaviors which could reflect an underlying behavioral state of either satiety or malaise. To investigate these alternative hypotheses, the effects of CCK were compared to the effects of (a) consumption of an extra quantity of palatable food, of (b) bombesin at doses known to ...