In man, only little is known about the site of origin of satiety signals within the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, it was the aim of this study to examine the role of the stomach and the small intestine as a source of satiety signals. 8 overnight fasted healthy volunteers received intraduodenal ...

The role of cholecystokinin (CCK) in food intake was investigated in rats by using BIM-18216, a novel CCK receptor antagonist. In rats fed 6 hr/day, BIM-18216 antagonized the reduction of food intake induced by exogenous CCK octapeptide (CCK-8; 4 micrograms/kg) in a dose-dependent manner and had a maximum effect at ...

Hunger and satiety appear to reflect the postabsorptive and absorptive phases of caloric homeostasis, respectively. However, only some of the signals that inhibit food intake can be related to caloric homeostasis. For example, decreases in food intake also are observed after administration of nauseogenic chemical agents, treatment with cholecystokinin (CCK), ...

In the present study, the relations between acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors (aFGF and bFGF, respectively), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and food intake were studied. When aFGF-, bFGF-, and PDGF-like activity in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was examined by bioassay, the activity of those factors significantly increased in postfeeding CSF, ...

We determined the site at which the fructose analogue 2,5-anhydro-D-mannitol (2,5-AM) acts to increase food intake in rats. Rats began eating sooner and ate more food during hepatic portal than during jugular infusions of 2,5-AM (50, 100, or 150 mg/h). After rats were intubated with 2,5-[14C]AM (1.15 microCi in 200 ...

To determine whether feeding-generated gut signals act in conjunction with intravenous nutrients to suppress food intake, nutrients were infused intravenously to dark-fed rats during different portions of the 12:12 h light-dark cycle. During 4-day test periods rats received 35.5-37 kcal/day of a solution containing 25% glucose-4.25% amino acids. Food intakes ...

The immunocytochemical distribution of the putative satiety peptides bombesin (BBS) and cholecystokinin (CCK) were studied in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of male and female Djungarian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) held under either long (light/dark, LD 16:8 h) or short (LD 8:16) photoperiod. The animals were killed by perfusion with a ...

To assess the role of cholecystokinin (CCK) receptors in mediating the satiating effect of an oral preload, overnight food-deprived rats (n = 7) were given access to a high-carbohydrate liquid diet for 40 min. At the end of 40 min, food was removed and rats were injected subcutaneously (SC) with ...

Cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) or saline was intravenously infused for 5 min before and 5 min during a meal of macaroni and beef, served 20 min after a preload of either 100 or 500 g of soup to 12 nonobese men. Intake of the test meal was significantly lower when CCK-8 ...

It was reported previously that the dipeptide sweetener aspartame suppresses food intake in humans by a postingestive action. The present study examined the hypothesis that this is due to an effect of phenylalanine, one of the primary breakdown products of aspartame (phenylalanine is a potent releaser of the so-called satiety ...

It was previously reported that cholecystokinin (CCK) immunization of swine increased food intake 8.2% and rate of growth 10.6%. This report compares carcass yields of lean, fat and bone tissues of CCK-immunized vs. human serum globulin (hSG) control animals. The experiment involved 24 castrated pigs, age 75 d, weight 25.6 ...

Dietary stimulation has trophic effects on the gastrointestinal tract, whereas prolonged fasting causes mucosal atrophy. Whether gastrointestinal endocrine cells within the mucosa are similarly affected is unknown. The present study was designed to determine the effects of food deprivation and refeeding on cholecystokinin (CCK) and somatostatin in the rat small ...

Sodium and water intake and excretion of wild rabbits was studied during intracerebroventricular (icv) infusion of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF). Icv infusion of 200 and 600 pmol/h for 22 h induced changes in the ingestive and general behavior of animals. Increased consumption of 0.5 M NaCl solution was observed during the ...

The present study was designed to determine in humans the dose of CCK which suppresses food intake. 18 male subjects received in randomized order either i.v. saline or Thr28 Nle31 CCK 25-33 (CCK-9) at 100 or 500 pmol/kgh, respectively. In addition, 7 subjects received CCK together with the opiate receptor ...

Long-term records of the number of food approaches per 30 min were obtained from 16 rabbits in constant light and after blinding. Optic nerve sectioning usually resulted in a shortening of the free-running period (tau; mean reduction = -0.26 hr) of the oscillator governing the rabbit's food intake pattern. Subsequent ...

Intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of CRF, for 22 h, induced five- to seven-fold increase in the daily intake of sodium chloride solution in wild rabbits. The increased sodium intake persisted for 3 days after the infusion stopped and was accompanied by increased sodium excretion, water turnover and decreased food intake. ICV ...

From the perspective presented in this minireview, it is clear that a variety of psychological and physiological factors interact to regulate feeding behavior. The hunger-satiety cycle involves preabsorptive and postabsorptive humoral and neuronal mechanisms. Psychological, social and environmental factors, nutrients and metabolical processes and gastric contractions originate hunger signals. Eating, ...

The present study investigated whether cholecystokinin (CCK), an intestinal hormone that is a putative satiety agent, can condition flavor preference in rats. In experiment 1 food-deprived rats were trained to consume two different-flavored saccharin solutions in separate one-bottle tests. One flavor (the CS+) was paired with intraperitoneal injections of CCK ...

1. The development of endogenous cholecystokinin (CCK) effects on food intake was studied in normal and undernourished growing rats of postnatal day 1-22. 2. Food intake was estimated by recording the gain in body weight before weaning. 3. l-phenylalanine, a potent stimulant of endogenous CCK release, suppressed 30 min food ...

In food-deprived male rats IP injection of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8, 5 micrograms), ingestion of food or ejaculation caused a comparable increase in plasma concentrations of CCK-8 and inhibited food intake. IV injection of 0.1 microgram CCK-8 interrupted ongoing feeding and greatly increased plasma CCK-8 levels. Osmotic minipumps delivering 0.5 micrograms ...

Glutaryl-CCK-8 (Glt-CCK-8, 16-160 pmol) suppressed food intake dose dependently when injected into the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) bilaterally, but not when injected unilaterally. In contrast, CCK-8 (160 and 320 pmol) did not suppress food intake when injected into the VMH bilaterally. When injected intraperitoneally, Glt-CCK-8 significantly decreased food intake at a ...

Preabsorptive satiety has been hypothesized to occur as the result of food activating oral and gastrointestinal receptors that cause the release of catecholamines in the liver. The catecholamines were then proposed to hyperpolarize hepatic glucoreceptors and produce satiety. In the present study the hepatic portal vein was chronically cannulated in ...

The effects of a thromboxane A2 (TxA2)-endoperoxide receptor antagonist, SQ 29548, on jejunal blood flow, oxygen uptake, and capillary filtration coefficient (Kfc) were determined in anesthetized dogs under resting conditions and during the presence of predigested food in the jejunal lumen in three series of experiments. In series 1, 2.0 ...

The effect of peripheral parenteral nutrition (PPN) on voluntary food intake was examined in healthy male subjects. Each study (lasting 17 to 19 days) was divided into three phases: Ringer's lactate (RL); PPN administered as a combination of glucose, fat, and amino acids; and finally RL. During the middle phase, ...

Studies on animals that drastically reduce their food intake after having a jejunoileal bypass or an ileal transposition surgery suggest that the lower ileum may play a major role in the control of daily food intake. In this study, eight rats were given slow continuous infusions of either 18, 28, ...

Experimental superalimentation at 30% above ad libitum intake increased growth 40% and confirmed that voluntary food intake is a growth-limiting factor in swine. A sequence of contingent hypotheses was proposed for swine: cholecystokinin (CCK) is a regulator of food intake; food intake is enhanced by reduction of serum CCK; serum ...

A novel intake testing paradigm, allowing explicit adjustment of the rate of sucrose ingestion via intraoral delivery, was used to investigate the effects of ingestion rate on ingestion duration and amount consumed. In experiment I, 12 rats were tested under each of three sucrose concentrations (0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 M) ...

If adenosine mediates postprandial intestinal hyperemia, increases in local adenosine release must accompany the hyperemia. We tested this by determining jejunal venous and arterial plasma adenosine concentrations, jejunal blood flow, and oxygen consumption before and during placement of normal saline or predigested food plus bile into the jejunal lumen of ...

The effects of injections of either bombesin (BBS) or cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) on patterns of food intake of macronutrients were examined in adult male rats, and compared to the effects following saline injections. The animals were food deprived for 18 hours and then offered one of three isocaloric dietary components ...

The pH of third ventricular CSF was altered by infusing acidic or alkaline solution of artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) through chronically implanted stainless steel cannula. In two separate group of rats (n = 18 each) water and food consumptions were recorded 30 min, 1 hr, and 24 hr after intraventricular ...

The putative satiety peptide cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) has been shown to reduce ethanol intake induced by prior fluid deprivation. Since fluid-deprived animals tend to reduce their food intake and consequently become hungry, the ability of CCK-8 to reduce ethanol intake might be limited to conditions where the motivation for food ...

Ten children with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) were given two 90-min infusions of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) (100 pmol.kg-1.h-1) counterbalanced with two saline infusions. Thirty minutes into each infusion, a 60-min appetite test was given. Tests were done after an overnight fast and 1 h after a 275-kcal breakfast meal. Serum assays ...

In this study, an examination was made of the sites in the brain of the rat at which the injection of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) would alter food intake. Rats fasted for 24 hr received intracerebral injections of CCK-8 (1 nmol) or an equal volume of saline (0.5 microliters), into various ...

JMV 236, a new cholecystokinin-octapeptide-sulfate (CCK 8 S) derivative (Boc-Tyr (SO3)-Nle-Gly-Trp-Nle-Asp-Phe-NH2) has been synthesized in the Centre de Pharmacologie-Endocrinologie (Montpellier). This peptide has been shown to present the same activity as CCK 8 S on pancreatic amylase secretion and has the advantage of a better chemical stability. With a view ...

This study was designed to determine the specificity and physiological nature of short-term satiety effects of cholecystokinin (CCK) in rats with intact and transected vagal nerves. Rats with-the gastric fistulas, closed or open, were used for normal feeding or sham feeding of liquid meal offered for 30 min. CCK-8 (0.5-10 ...

Adult sheep were infused with depilating doses of epidermal growth factor (EGF) at 4 micrograms/kg per h for 24 h. Food was available ad libitum during recording of integrated electromyographic (EMG) activity of the gastrointestinal tract. In comparison with control sheep infused with saline, EGF reduced the frequency of A ...

The cholecystokinin (CCK) receptor antagonist MK-329 (previously L364,718) was administered intravenously (IV) (17.5-140 micrograms/kg) to pigs trained to make operant responses for food reinforcements after 4 hr of food deprivation. MK-329 produced a dose-related increase in food intake during the 2-hr test period, with maximum increases occurring at a dose ...

To investigate the hypothesized inhibitory effect of cholecystokinin (CCK) released from the small intestine on food intake and gastric emptying, we infused soybean trypsin inhibitor (STI) into the stomach or duodenum of male rats deprived of food for 17 h. Intraduodenal infusions of STI (100-200 mg) before real or sham ...

CCK appears to regulate short-term control of food intake by acting as a satiety signal. Larger doses of CCK may decrease food intake by aversive actions (malaise, nausea, cramps), presumably by effects on gastrointestinal motility. In rats and most likely humans CCK is released from the upper intestine after a ...

The role of prostanoids in regulation of jejunal blood flow (JBF) was studied in anesthetized dogs. Intra-arterial infusions of arachidonate produced biphasic changes and dose-dependent decreases in jejunal vascular resistance (JVR) in untreated and aspirin-pretreated dogs, respectively; mefenamate abolished these responses. The jejunum released prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) greater than PGE2 ...

In order to compare effects of circulating CCK-8 and glucagon on food intake, rats were provided with a permanently implanted catheter in the right atrium. Another cannula was implanted into the hepatic-portal vein by a new technique. After a standard fasting period graded loads of CCK-8 and glucagon were infused ...

Cholecystokinin octapeptide, administered into the third cerebral ventricle (icv), suppresses feeding in sheep, pigs, chicken, rats, and dogs. Because of the species differences in the feeding response to cholecystokinin (CCK), we studied the pharmacological characterization of this peptide on feeding in 16-h-fasted dogs. We examined the effects of CCK-(26-33)-NH2 (CCK-8) ...

The amount of immunocytochemically detectable vasopressin in the brain of the European hamster (Cricetus cricetus) shows a seasonal variation; i.e., dense vasopressin immunoreactivity is present in the lateral septum during summer but is absent in autumn and winter [Buijs, R. M., Pévet, P., Masson-Pévet, M., Pool, C. W., De Vries, ...

The bladder of 6 lion-tailed macaques was emptied and flushed with sterile saline. TALP-Hepes buffer was infused and the animals were electroejaculated. After electroejaculation, the semen quality was determined in the ejaculate and the bladder infusate. Of the 15 ejaculates analysed, a mean (+/- s.e.m.) sperm count of 133.8 (+/- ...

interactions of cholecystokinin COOH-terminal octapeptide (CCK-8) and somatostatin-14 (SS-14) on food intake in dogs were examined by administration of graded doses of these peptides alone and in combination. In animals fasted 19 h, SS-14 (2,000 or 20,000 pmol.kg-1.h-1) had no effect on food intake. In animals fasted 4 h, food ...

To assess the effect of gut signals on food intake two types of nutrients were infused intravenously for 17.5 hours in 17 hour fed rats. In the first experiment a solution of 25% d-glucose and 4.25% amino acids (Travasol) was infused at levels of 26 and 52 kcal/day for two ...

The existence of a relationship between cholecystokinin (CCK)-induced satiety and the serotoninergic system was evaluated. The food intake of 3-h-fasted male rats was studied after treatment with the COOH-terminal octapeptide of CCK (CCK-8) alone or in combination with one of two blockers of serotonin (5-HT) receptors, metergoline (MET; 1.0 or ...

The influence of the cholecystokinin (CCK) antagonist L-364,718 (0.1 mg/kg) on short-term control of food intake was studied in 6 pigs. Arterial injection of L-364,718 abolished the inhibition of intake to CCK octapeptide infusion (4 micrograms/kg/hr; from 42% p less than 0.001, to 97% of control intake), but did not ...

Food intake of four adult male baboons (Papio c. anubis) was monitored during daily experimental sessions lasting 22h. Food was available under a two-component operant schedule. Following completion of the first "procurement component" response requirement, access to food, i.e. a meal, became available under the second "consumption component" during which ...

Intraperitoneal injection of 5 micrograms cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) into male rats deprived of food for 48 h produced a transient (less than 15 min) increase in plasma levels of CCK-8 but suppressed food intake for an extended period (45 min). Plasma concentrations of CCK-8 after i.p. injection of CCK-8 were ...