Detailed studies of the mechanisms driving life history effects of food availability are of prime importance to understand the evolution of phenotypic plasticity and the capacity of organisms to produce better adapted phenotypes. Food availability may influence life history trajectories through three nonexclusive mechanisms: (i) immediate and long-lasting effects on ...

Attempts to simultaneously control food intake and smoking may lead to smoking cessation failure. We sought to model this relationship using a human laboratory paradigm of smoking lapse behavior. We examined the combined effect of food and nicotine deprivation, compared to nicotine deprivation alone, on the ability to resist smoking ...

The intensity of selection exerted on ornaments typically varies between environments. Reaction norms may help to identify the conditions under which ornamented individuals have a selective advantage over drab conspecifics. It has been recently hypothesized that in vertebrates eumelanin-based coloration reflects the ability to regulate the balance between energy intake ...

Most whitefly parasitoids kill whiteflies in one of two ways, by piercing the whitefly body with the ovipositor and laying an egg or by piercing the body and feeding on host fluids. The effects of food deprivation on host-feeding and parasitizing capacity of the whitefly parasitoids Eretmocerus melanoscutus and Encarsia ...

The European corn borer reportedly promotes the infection of maize by Fusarium spp. Stalk and ear rots caused by Fusarium spp. are often related to mycotoxin accumulation in maize kernels. As a result, food and animal feed from maize are more severely contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins: e.g. fumonisins (FUM), deoxynivalenol ...

We tested the hypothesis that food deprivation alters body temperature (T(b)) responses to bacterial LPS by enhancing inflammatory signaling that decreases T(b) (cryogenic signaling) rather than by suppressing inflammatory signaling that increases T(b) (febrigenic signaling). Free-feeding or food-deprived (24 h) rats received LPS at doses (500 and 2,500 microg/kg iv) ...

The specific growth rate (SGR) of a cohort of 2000 tagged juvenile European sea bass was measured in a common tank, during two sequential cycles comprising three-weeks feed deprivation followed by three-weeks ad libitum re-feeding. After correction for initial size at age as fork length, there was a direct correlation ...

The present research investigated the hypothesis that the hippocampus is involved with the control of appetitive behavior by interoceptive "hunger" and "satiety" signals. Rats were trained to solve a food deprivation intensity discrimination problem in which stimuli produced by 0-hr and 24-hr food deprivation served as discriminative cues for the ...

Subcutaneous administration of oxytocin (OT) increases water intake and sodium/urine excretion in food-deprived male rats. This study analyzes the effect of OT administration (at 0830 and 1430h) on the consumption of water and hypertonic NaCl (1.5%). In the first experiment, injections of OT increased the intake of hypertonic NaCl (but ...

A water-soluble chicken extract is popularly consumed as a traditional health food. The studies made revealed that it could increase the survival time and inhibit the increase of locomotor activity in rats loaded with food-deprived activity stress. The mechanism for this might be related to an elevation of the brain ...

Hepatic lipidosis is a common pathological finding in the American mink (Neovison vison) and can be caused by nutritional imbalance due to obesity or rapid body weight loss. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the timeline and characterize the development of hepatic lipidosis in mink in response ...

Exposure to the visual and olfactory characteristics of food can elicit a desire to eat and can stimulate food intake. This study sought to determine the extent to which sensitivity to reward and impulsivity are associated with this 'food-cue reactivity' in two motivational states (food deprived and non-food deprived). Female ...

Stressful events typically induce glucocorticoid production that suppresses unnecessary physiological and behavioural functions. The glucocorticoid production also temporally activates alternative behavioural and physiological pathways. These responses are generally adaptive changes to avoid the negative effects of stressors. However, under low food availability, these behavioural and physiological modifications might lead to ...

Biometric parameters, glycemia and activity levels of plasma neutral aminopeptidase (APN) and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) were measured in monosodium glutamate obese and food-deprived rats (MSG-FD), to analyze the involvement of these enzymes in such situations. Plasma APN was distinguished as sensitive (PSA) (K(m) = 7.8 x 10(-5) mol/l) and ...

The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) innervation of white adipose tissue (WAT) is the principal initiator of lipolysis. Using pseudorabies virus, a transneuronal viral tract tracer, brain sites involved in the SNS outflow to WAT have been identified previously by us. One of these sites, the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVH) that ...

OBJECTIVES: To assess the validity of a publicly available list of food stores through field observations of their existence, in order to contribute to research on neighbourhood food environments and health. METHODS: All multiple-owned supermarkets, and a 1 in 8 sample of other food outlets, listed in 1997 and 2007 ...

This study was conducted to understand the factors influencing changes in the food habits of south Indian Brahmin immigrants in State College, PA. Data was collected from participants (n = 28) using a semi-structured interview based on the PRECEDE framework, and participant observations. Analysis of the data used grounded theory ...

Avian response to fasting has been examined intensively in penguins (Aptenodytes spp.) adapted to long-term food deprivation but less in species experiencing shorter fasts. Thus, the selectivity in (i) incorporating different fatty acids (FA) from diet into total lipids of white adipose tissue (WAT) and liver and (ii) mobilizing FA ...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main psychoactive constituent of cannabis, accumulates in adipose tissue where it is stored for long periods of time. Here we investigated whether conditions that promote lipolysis can liberate THC from adipocytes to yield increased blood levels of THC. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: In vitro studies involved ...

Opioid agonists and antagonists respectively increase and decrease food intake. That selective mu opioid antagonists are more effective than antisense probes directed against the mu opioid receptor (MOR-1) gene in reducing deprivation-induced feeding suggests a role for isoforms. Both food restriction and deprivation alter protein and mRNA levels of opioid ...

BACKGROUND: The 'deprivation amplification' hypothesis suggests that residents of deprived neighbourhoods have universally poorer access to high-quality food environments, which in turn contributes to the development of spatial inequalities in diet and diet-related chronic disease. This paper presents results from a study that quantified access to grocery stores selling fresh ...

The present study used event-related brain potentials to examine deprivation effects on visual attention to food stimuli at the level of distinct processing stages. Thirty-two healthy volunteers (16 females) were tested twice 1 week apart, either after 24 h of food deprivation or after normal food intake. Participants viewed a ...

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of food restriction (FR) and paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD), either alone or in combination, on sexual behaviours (mount, intromission and ejaculation) in adult male rats. Diet restriction began at weaning with 6g/day of food, and the amount of food was ...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Endocannabinoids in tissues controlling energy homeostasis are altered in obesity, thus contributing to metabolic disorders. Here we evaluate endocannabinoid dysregulation in the small intestine of mice with diet-induced obesity (DIO) and in peripheral tissues of Zucker and lean rats following food deprivation and re-feeding. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Intestinal ...

The production of milk is closely linked to nutritional state in many mammalian species, but the mechanisms by which changes in nutritional state are signaled to the mammary glands are poorly understood. Simultaneous measurements of mammary blood flow and glucose arterio-venous difference were made across the inguinal mammary glands of ...

Food deprivation induces a repression of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle in part due to reduced signaling through the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). Previous studies have identified upregulated expression of the protein Regulated in DNA Damage and Development (REDD1) as an important mechanism in the regulation of ...

The main purpose of this study was to examine if disgust toward unpalatable foods would be reduced among food-deprived subjects and if this attenuation would occur automatically even under moderate levels of food deprivation. Subjects were either satiated or food deprived for 15 hours and electromyographic activity was recorded at ...

OBJECTIVE: To describe homeless youths' experiences of food insecurity and examine the relation between chronic food deprivation and food acquisition practices. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey of homeless youths was conducted in 2003 to assess their nutritional vulnerability and describe their food acquisition practices. SETTING: Toronto, Canada. SUBJECTS: Two hundred and ...

The present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of food deprivation in brain oxidative status of Wistar and Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats. For this purpose, we evaluated several oxidative stress parameters: lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances [TBARS]) and protein oxidation markers, hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) levels, nonenzymatic (reduced [GSH] and ...

Full-length complementary deoxyribonucleic acid sequences encoding pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP)/PACAP-related peptide (PRP) and preprosomatostatin 1 (PPSS 1) were cloned from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) hypothalamus using reverse transcription and rapid amplification of complementary deoxyribonucleic acid ends. Semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction shows that PRP/PACAP mRNA and PPSS ...

OBJECTIVES: To describe trends in the distribution of New Zealand's major ethnic groups by small area deprivation and trends in the ethnic composition of each deprivation category. METHODS: Data sources were the 1996, 2001 and 2006 New Zealand Census of Population and Dwellings. Ethnicity (Māori, Pacific, Asian or European/Other) was ...

Balancing the acquisition, allocation and storage of energy during periods of food deprivation is critical for survival. We show that natural variation in the foraging (for) gene, which encodes a cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, affects behavioral and physiological responses to short-term food deprivation. Rover ...

Food deprivation stimulates foraging and hoarding and to a much lesser extent, food intake in Siberian hamsters. Leptin, the anorexigenic hormone secreted primarily from adipocytes, may act in the periphery, the brain, or both to inhibit these ingestive behaviors. Therefore, we tested whether leptin given either intracerebroventricularly or intraperitoneally, would ...

Lesions in the median eminence (ME) produce a well-known neurological model of polydipsia and polyuria in rats. The effect of food availability (ad lib/deprivation) on the polydipsic/polyuric behaviour of animals was tested. As expected, all lesioned rats developed strong polyuria and polydipsia during the first postoperative 24h. This effect was ...

It has been shown that mice and rats treated with antimuscarinic drugs, scopolamine or atropine, after fasting for 48 h develop convulsions soon after refeeding. The present study was performed to evaluate whether mice also develop convulsions after being deprived of food for 1-24 h. The effect of day-night fasting ...

We examined the pattern of temperature fluctuations in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), temporal muscle, and skin, along with locomotion in food-deprived and nondeprived rats following the presentation of an open or closed food container and during subsequent eating or food-seeking behavior without eating. Although rats in food-deprived, quiet resting conditions ...

Activation of micro-opioid receptors makes animals hyperphagic and increases their preference for a high-fat diet. Previous studies have suggested that this receptor population plays a role in mediating the hyperphagia that is associated with food deprivation. In this paper, we tested the hypothesis that food deprivation will increase the expression ...

The aim of this work was to evaluate, by comet assay, the possible inducing of DNA lesions in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of rats subjected to acute or chronic food deprivation. Wistar male rats were subjected to 72 h of partial (50%), or total acute food deprivation, and then allowed ...

Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were used to examine whether the processing of food pictures is selectively modulated by changes in the motivational state of the observer. Sixteen healthy male volunteers were tested twice 1 week apart, either after 24 hr of food deprivation or after normal food intake. ERPs were ...

Previous work in our laboratory has shown that food deprivation and food presentation produce different patterns of neuronal activity (as measured by c-Fos immunoreactivity) in the medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens of rats. Since the amygdala has been implicated in both motivational and reinforcement processes and has neuronal connections ...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Control of food intake is a complex behaviour which involves many interconnected brain structures. The present work assessed if the noradrenergic system in the lateral septum (LS) was involved in the feeding behaviour of rats. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: In the first protocol, the food intake of rats was ...

Food deprivation is known to affect physiology and behavior. Changes that occur could be the result of the organism's monitoring of internal and external nutrient availability. In C. elegans, male mating is dependent on food availability; food-deprived males mate with lower efficiency compared to their well-fed counterparts, suggesting that the ...

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is one of the anorexigenic neuropeptides, and indeed the expression of hypothalamic CRH is known to be inhibited by starvation. To clarify whether elevated plasma glucocorticoid during starvation is responsible for the CRH suppression, we examined the expression level of hypothalamic CRH mRNA after food deprivation in ...

Food deprivation is associated with increased self-administration of nicotine and other substances in laboratory animals, although little is known about the effects of food deprivation on substance use in humans. A within-subjects design was utilized to test the primary hypotheses that smoking rate and expired carbon monoxide (CO) levels would ...

We collected cigarette butts in a range of residential areas, to assess differences in the length of unburnt tobacco in the butts, and in proportions of roll-your-own (RYO) cigarettes. Two high, two medium, and two low deprivation areas, as classified by deciles of the New Zealand Deprivation Index, were selected ...

Dopamine has a critical role in drug reinforcement and the reinstatement of drug seeking due to priming or exposure to drug-associated cues. In contrast, the role of dopamine in stress-induced reinstatement is not clear. We have previously demonstrated that acute food deprivation, a clinically relevant stressor, reinstates heroin seeking in ...

We studied life history responses of larvae of three coccinellid species, Coleomegilla maculata (DeGeer), Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville, and Harmonia axyridis (Pallas), when deprived of food for different periods of time during the fourth stadium. The coccinellid species did not differ in starvation resistance when larvae were starved throughout the stadium; ...

Apostichopus japonicus is a common sea cucumber that undergoes seasonal inactivity phases and ceases feeding during the summer months. We used this sea cucumber species as a model in which to examine phenotypic plasticity of the digestive tract in response to food deprivation. We measured the body mass, gross gut ...

Surplus energy is principally stored in white adipose tissue (WAT) as triacylglycerol and mobilized via lipolysis through norepinephrine (NE) released from sympathetic nervous system terminals innervating WAT. We demonstrated that central melanocortin receptor agonism provokes differential sympathetic drives across WAT pads and interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT). Here we tested ...

Little is known about spatial inequalities and potential access to the food environment in rural areas. In this study, we assessed the food environment in a 6-county rural region of Texas (11,567 km2) through ground-truthed methods that included direct observation and on-site Global Positioning System technology to examine the relationship ...