AIMS: Physiological responses of marine luminous bacteria, Vibrio harveyi (ATCC 14216) and V. fischeri (UM1373) to nutrient-limited normal strength (35 ppt iso-osmolarity) and low (10 ppt hypo-osmolarity) salinity conditions were determined. METHODS AND RESULTS: Plate counts, direct viable counts, actively respiring cell counts, nucleoid-containing cell counts, and total counts were ...

Choline, a dietary compound present in many foods, has recently been classified as an essential nutrient for humans. There is evidence from animal models that the availability of choline during the prenatal period influences neural and cognitive development. Here we report that choline supplementation during a 6 d gestational period ...

OBJECTIVE: To understand the relative contributions of breast milk and the weaning diet to overall nutrient intake, with a view to designing and implementing appropriate programmes to improve complementary feeding in developing countries. METHODS: Complementary food intake was measured in a sample of 250 toddlers (mean baseline age: 13.9 +/- ...

OBJECTIVE: Based on the data collected in the 1992 national nutrition survey in China, the food consumption and nutrients intake were calculated, and the consumption of some micronutrients was evaluated. METHOD: Dietary data were obtained by using a three days' inventory change plus food weighing in combination with 24 hours ...

Nutrient pollution, now the leading cause of water quality impairment in the U.S., has had significant impact on the nation"s waterways. Excessive nutrient pollution has been linked to habitat loss, fish kills, blooms of toxic algae, and hypoxia (oxygen-depleted water). The hypoxic "dead zone" in the Gulf of Mexico is ...

Synthetic foods varying in protein-carbohydrate ratio and total nutrient concentration were used in food selection experiments to investigate the ingestive and post-ingestive regulation of macronutrients by male and female nymphs of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.) (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae). For both nutrient imbalance and food dilution, food ingestion varied between ...

This study was initiated to examine if the revision of the food composition tables from the 4th version to the 5th version has induced any substantial changes in nutrient intake estimation, and if so, in which nutrient item and to what extent. For this purpose, 24-hour duplicates of food samples ...

The objective of this work was to quantify the contribution of fortification (defined here as adding nutrients beyond traditional enrichment standards) to dietary nutrient intakes in the United States. A list of fortified foods was developed that was relevant at the time of the analyses, and prefortification (naturally occurring) nutrients ...

Understanding the contribution of both organic and inorganic nutrients to biofilm development and the subsequent impact of developed biofilms on disinfectant decay are important requirements for distribution system management strategies. Nutrient limitation may be one way to control biofilm development without increasing disinfectant dosing. Little is known, however, of the ...

OBJECTIVE: To investigate food and nutrient intakes in 8-month-old infants. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood (ALSPAC), south-west England. SUBJECTS: A total of 1131 singleton Caucasian infants (82% of those invited) from a 10% random sample of ALSPAC, known as Children in Focus (CIF). METHODS: ...

Based on a 4-day questionnaire survey for all meals and snacks consumed by female workers in a computer factory in Japan, consisting of 44 daytime workers and 93 weekly-rotating shift workers (of whom 47 and 46 were engaged in, respectively, early-shift work and late-shift work during the survey week), the ...

Reliable estimation of nutrient concentrations is required to manage animal manure for protecting waters while sustaining crop production. This study was conducted to investigate sample variability and reliable nutrient analysis for several manure types and handling systems. Serial samples were collected from dairy, swine, and broiler poultry operations while manure ...

Over the past two decades, new applications of inorganic mass spectrometry have been made possible by the use of stable isotopes as tracers in studies of mineral and trace element metabolism in man. Stable isotope techniques and radioisotope methods are the only reliable tools available for determination of the absorption, ...

OBJECTIVES: To assess how the dental status of older people affected their stated ability to eat common foods, their nutrient intake and some nutrition-related blood analytes. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey part of nation-wide British National Diet and Nutrition Survey: people aged 65 years and older. Data from a questionnaire were linked ...

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine if the food exchange system allows subjects' nutrient intake to remain at recommended levels during a weight-loss program. DESIGN: Subjects in an intervention were prescribed an energy-restriction diet and exercise program lasting 32 weeks, and nutrient intake was measured prestudy and ...

Although dietary guidelines have long advised eating a variety of foods, most nutrition research has focused on specific nutrients and their relationships to health and disease. The recent failure of several randomized trials to confirm results of observational studies linking specific nutrients to disease outcomes, and a growing understanding of ...

OBJECTIVES: The appraisal and acceptance of micronutrient-dense versus identical regular foods among frail elderly are described. METHODS: Four types of dairy and four types of fruit products, either enriched with multiple micronutrients or not, were consumed by 150 frail elders for 4 months. In the first 2 and last 2 ...

Traditional food systems research with Canadian Indigenous Peoples has revealed many aspects of benefits and risks of the use of this food. Traditions based in hunting, fishing and gathering contain a great variety of species of wildlife plants and animals that provide rich cultural and nutritional benefits. Dietary change for ...

Sound food composition databases that are both comprehensive and representative of available foods are an essential basic tool to develop Food Based Dietary Guidelines (FBDG). The main drawbacks of current food composition databases available in the European Union are: partial coverage of foods and nutrients, variability of analytical data, lack ...

For non-metabolizable supplemental nutrients, bioavailability is effectively equivalent to absorbability. Methods for measuring absorbability (balance, pharmacokinetic, tracer, urine increment, evoked physiological responses, and in vitro) are briefly characterized and their utility compared. When intrinsic labeling of a source is possible, tracer methods are generally the most accurate and precise, as ...

OBJECTIVES: To survey existing literature comparing nutrient content of organic and conventional crops using statistical methods to identify significant differences and trends in the data. DESIGN: Published comparative measurements of organic and conventional nutrient content were entered into a database for calculation. For each organic-to-conventional comparison, a percent difference was ...

The nutrient targets derived from analysis of the relation between nutrient intake and disease prevalence or other scientific evidence, have to be translated into food-based guidelines in order to be understood by the general population. Furthermore, Food-Based Dietary Guidelines (FBGD) have to be realistic, attainable and culturally acceptable and should ...

Dietary reference intakes (DRI), like its predecessor, the recommended dietary allowances (RDA) and the Recommended Nutrient Intakes (RNIs), are reference values, based on the best scientific evidence available. They serve as reference amounts of specific nutrients and food components for use in assessing the adequacy of and in planning for ...

Food Based Dietary Guidelines (FBDG), in order to be attainable, should take into account the cultural context of the population for which they are developed. They need to focus on foods that actually determine the intake of nutrients for which desirable changes have been identified. Inter-individual variability of nutrient intakes--a ...

The apports nutritionnels conseillés (ANC) for the French population are the reference which are used in France to assess the nutritional status of the population. These references have been elaborated by a transparent and collective expert process, conferring on them an official reference. The originality of the French method was ...

In old age, the complex relation of food consumption with energy and nutrient requirements finds expression in both single and multiple nutritional problems. Addressing conditions affecting intake -- either from foods or from supplements -- endogenous production, bioefficacy and/or requirements can benefit nutritional health in old age through balancing requirements ...

In the catchment area of the Ruhr, restructuring and upgrading measures in the domain of wastewater and stormwater treatment have been under way since 1990 to successively implement the currently applicable legal requirements for nutrient removal. With 2.1 million inhabitants and a design capacity of 3.7 million population equivalents (PE), ...

A longitudinal survey of health and nutrition in China was undertaken in eight provinces (Liaoning, Jiangsu, Shandong, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Guangxi, Guizhou). Data were collected in 1989, 1991, 1993 and 1997. The 1991 and 1993 data were used to investigate factors affecting intrahousehold food distribution. The discrepancy score and the ...

The National Nutrition Survey (NNS) in Japan has been undertaken annually since 1946. It was originally intended to provide information on the food and nutrient intake of the Japanese people, with a view to acquiring emergency food supplies from other countries when food shortages caused malnutrition in many Japanese. The ...

Modern dietary guidelines set in terms of food groups are easy to use and understand for target populations, but rather complicated from the point of view of quantification, i.e. the correctly set number of recommended servings in different population groups according to age, sex, physical activity and physiological status on ...

OBJECTIVE: To examine the dietary intake of pregnant adolescents during the second and third trimester of pregnancy, and to compare their nutrient intake with that of pregnant adults. DESIGN: Two 7-day food records (14 days) from subjects participating in a larger randomized clinical calcium trial: the first at 19 to ...

This study examines variation in dietary patterns and its influence on physical growth among children under 60 months of age from rural households of highland and coastal Ecuador. Differences in subsistence ecology between the regions appear to influence infant and early childhood feeding patterns. Coastal children are weaned significantly earlier ...

The role of food intolerance in asthma is well recognized, and where food avoidance measures are instituted considerable improvement in asthma symptoms and in reduction in drug therapy and hospital admissions can result. These benefits may have a greater impact in those patients with greater symptoms. However, the promise of ...

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to investigate possible urban-rural differences in food intakes in Jilin province and in continental China as a whole, and to examine possible implications for nutritional status of urban and rural populations. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Communities. SUBJECTS: In total, 499 adult women in ...

BACKGROUND: In Australia good food is abundant and relatively cheap but childhood obesity is increasing and many children are offered suboptimal nutrition. OBJECTIVE: The impediments to healthy food choices and strategies for promoting a healthy diet in childhood are discussed. DISCUSSION: Good nutrition in childhood is important, not only for ...

This paper deals with the succession process of a food web model consisting of one herbivore, two autotrophs and available nutrient in the environment in a closed nutrient flux. The model provides a way of describing successional changes in the form of species replacement with increasing nutrient levels. It is ...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the errors incurred by young adults using single portion size colour food photographs to quantify foods and nutrients consumed at six meals on two non-consecutive days. DESIGN: Breakfast menus remained the same for the 2 days; but lunch and dinner menus varied. The amounts of food eaten ...

OBJECTIVE: To examine the perceived knowledge and attitudes of dietitians licensed in Oregon (LDs) regarding the effectiveness and safety of functional foods, nutrient supplements, and herbs as complementary medicine as well as their personal use, recommendations for the use of others, and training needs. DESIGN: A mailed survey was used ...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether a nutrient-fortified fluid-thickening agent (Pablum, H. J. Heinz Co of Canada, North York, Ontario, Canada) replaces nutrients lost to food displacement associated with its use. DESIGN: Seven-day, investigator-weighted, food intake records were evaluated to determine the prevalence of nutrient inadequacy. Nutrient intakes, including and excluding those ...

OBJECTIVE: To understand how days with atypical food intake affect estimates of usual nutrient intake from 4-day food records. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING: Secondary analyses of 4-day food records (4DFRs) (n = 2,560) collected from 1,090 women, aged 50 to 79 years, who participated in the Women's Trial Feasibility Study in Minority Populations, ...

A simple food chain which consists of nutrient, prey and predator in which nutrient is growth limiting at low concentrations but growth inhibiting at high concentrations is investigated in this study. It is assumed that the nutrient concentration is separated into internal and external nutrient concentration and only the internal ...

The remarkable increase over the past 40 years in some chronic diseases, including the metabolic syndrome, has increased the demand for government and international policies to encourage various approaches to decrease the risk of these disease. There are some prerequisites for working out successful national food and nutrition policies. Firstly, ...

AIM: To verify whether malnourished inpatients receiving a typical Brazilian diet meet their food requirements. METHODS: Thirty-five consecutive surgical and medical hospitalized adults, able to feed themselves, received rice and beans based diets for 3 consecutive days. All served food was weighed before and after the meals. Nutrient intake was ...

The study analyses 10-year trends (1984/1985-1994/1995) in southern Germany in the food sources of nutrients. In two phases of the MONICA Project in Augsburg, dietary surveys were conducted in subsamples of 45 to 64 year-old men. Responses in 1984/1985 and 1994/1995 were 69.8% and 70.8% with eligible samples of 603 ...

In 1991, dietary reference values were published in the UK. These refer to nutrients and provide the basis for dietary advice. To complement this, practical food-based guidance on how to plan a healthy and balanced diet has been developed. Interest continues in how best to establish guidance which helps individuals ...

An inadequate nutrient intake during space flight may compromise the crewmembers' health status. In fact, during recent European missions (D-2, EuroMIR 94 and EuroMIR 95), monitoring of the astronauts' food intake revealed that they had a deficient energy, fluid, and calcium intake and an excessive sodium consumption compared to the ...

Although coastal eutrophication is generally recognised as a recent phenomenon related to the well-documented increase in riverine nutrient delivery during the last 30 or 40 years, a few historical records paradoxically show that, in some places like the Southern Bight of the North Sea, or the Northern Adriatic, algal proliferation ...

OBJECTIVE: A novel system for nutrient analysis has been developed and tested over 5 years. Its key features are a nutrient database of 600 commonly eaten foods (95% of foods eaten in 7-day surveys); a booklet identifying each food with a bar code, bar codes for gram weight and for ...

OBJECTIVE: To assess the degree of underestimation of nutrient intakes caused by missing data in McCance and Widdowson's food tables and supplements, the standard food tables used in the UK. SUBJECTS: 1026 children aged 18 months. SETTING: A research clinic in Bristol. INTERVENTIONS: A 3-day dietary diary was completed for ...

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the approach of the US Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) to daily nutrient requirements and its relevance for Europe. SETTING: A workshop for experts from academia and regulatory bodies, together with members from the FNB Dietary Reference Intakes Subcommittee on Upper Reference Levels of Intake, and from ...