Human activities are significantly altering nutrient regimes and the abundance of consumers in coastal ecosystems. A field experiment in an open-coast, upwelling ecosystem showed that small increases in nutrients increased the biomass and evenness of tide pool macrophytes where consumer abundance and nutrient loading rates were low. Consumers, when abundant, ...

Foods are not purified compounds acting on single molecular targets, but complex mixtures of molecules that modulate many biochemical pathways simultaneously. Diet affects the probability of developing various diseases. Nevertheless, specific recommendations for individual diets are not simple. Recommending nutrient intakes above and beyond those needed to provide adequacy requires ...

A routine activity for a sports dietitian is to estimate energy and nutrient intake from an athlete's self-reported food intake. Decisions made by the dietitian when coding a food record are a source of variability in the data. The aim of the present study was to determine the variability in ...

A host of bioactive food components have been proposed to promote health and reduce the risk of disease states. It is clear that not all individuals respond identically to these essential and nonessential food components. Genetic polymorphisms may influence absorption, metabolism and accumulation of bioactive food components, thereby influencing their ...

The riverine grass shrimp (Palaemonetes paludosus) and eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) consume periphyton and small invertebrates, potentially affecting periphyton through negative effects (i.e., consumption) and/or positive effects such as nutrient regeneration, physical stimulation, and trophic cascades. We performed field experiments in the Everglades in which omnivores and periphyton were maintained ...

This paper reviewed the findings from a national survey in Great Britain which assessed whether dental status affected older people's food selection, nutrient intake, and nutritional status. The survey analyzed national random samples of free-living and institution subjects for dental examination, interview, and four-day food diary as well as blood ...

The essential design and quality control aspects of dietary assessment, randomized controlled trials (RCT) in developing countries and their subsequent meta-analysis are reviewed. Dietary assessment protocols consist of three stages: measurement of food intakes using a method appropriate for the study objectives, calculation of nutrient intakes and finally an evaluation ...

OBJECTIVE: To describe how a risk analysis can be applied to food fortification, with emphasis on voluntary fortification and intake levels that might exceed usual dietary levels. DESIGN: Use of the risk analysis model as a frame to classify nutrients according to the risk of exceeding upper safe intake levels. ...

A wealth of nutrition information has been published during the past decade on the healthful nature of nuts. As nut consumption increases, cardiovascular disease risk decreases. This cardioprotective effect of nut consumption is beyond what would be predicted from the fatty acid profile alone. Nuts are a rich source of ...

For many nutrients, a systematic determination of the effects of high intakes over extended periods of time has not been conducted. Governments and scientific bodies have just begun to establish the methodology for, and to conduct, nutrient risk assessments for setting 'tolerable upper levels of intake' (UL) for nutrients. Nutrient ...

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether nutrient intake from food alone was adequate across trimesters for middle- to upper-income pregnant women when compared with estimated average requirements (EAR), and to determine whether food intake exceeded the tolerable upper intake level (UL) for any nutrient. DESIGN: Observational study in which pregnant women completed ...

In a coral reef environment, a slight increase in dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN;> or =1.0 micro M) can alter the ecosystem via macroalgal blooms. We collected seagrass leaves from the tropical and subtropical Pacific Ocean in five countries and examined the interactions between nutrient concentrations (C, N, P), molar ratios ...

Mixotrophy, a combination of phototrophic and phagotrophic nutrition, has been found in several classes of phytoplankton (Booras et al. 1988, Jones 2000) and appears to be a successful evolutionary strategy. Heterotrophic nutrition of phytoplankton has been suggested to be an important source of mineral nutrients (Nygaard and Tobiesen 1993). Potentially ...

This paper provides an update to the 1998 WHO/UNICEF report on complementary feeding. New research findings are generally consistent with the guidelines in that report, but the adoption of new energy and micronutrient requirements for infants and young children will result in lower recommendations regarding minimum meal frequency and energy ...

The intake of food and nutrients differs between urban and rural areas in China. To develop a practical semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire to cover both the urban and rural areas, we conducted diet surveys and compared food and nutrient intake between the two areas. We recruited 198 urban and 214 ...

The issue of estimating usual intake distributions using daily intake data as collected by nationwide food consumption surveys is discussed. Of interest are not only the usual nutrient intake distributions based on food intake alone, but also the total nutrient intake distributions that must be based on information on food ...

Relative strengths and potential approaches for improvement of food and dietary supplement databases used for tabulating intakes from the dietary component of the What We Eat in America-National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) are discussed. The U.S. Department of Agriculture's Nutrient Data Laboratory develops and maintains the Nutrient Databank ...

This paper describes the major food sources of selected nutrients for an ethnically diverse sample of older adults in rural North Carolina. A representative sample of 130 elders (> 70 years) completed semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaires. Percentages of foods most frequently consumed as the lead source of seven nutrients were ...

Nutrition risk, nutrient intake, and selected socioeconomic characteristics of elderly food stamp recipients were compared with elderly people who were eligible for food stamps but did not participate in the program. Data were collected by survey using a convenience sample of 200 low-income elderly people living in subsidized housing. Although ...

Day-to-day variability in dietary intake makes it difficult to measure accurately the "usual" intake of foods and nutrients. The objectives of the present study were to estimate within- and between-subject variability for foods and nutrients by adjusted and unadjusted models and to assess the number of days required to assess ...

Food fortification with minerals is often undertaken without consideration of the bioavailability or nutrient-nutrient interactions related to its use. Stable isotopes provide a safe and accessible approach to providing direct evidence regarding these issues. Studies can be applied in all areas of the world and in all population groups. Mineral ...

OBJECTIVE: Children's self perception of body weight and the medical definition of obesity show poor correlation. This study examined the independent associations of body mass index (BMI) and self-perceived weight status (considered self over-, under-, or right weight) with food reporting, nutrient intake estimates, and biomarkers of dietary exposure. RESEARCH ...

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of inadequate nutrient intakes among the homebound elderly and their correlation with individual characteristics and health-related factors remain poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: We assessed the extent of inadequate dietary intakes of key nutrients among the homebound elderly by using the newly released dietary reference intakes and examined the ...

Heterotrophic organisms rely on the ingestion of organic molecules or nutrients from the environment to sustain energy and biomass production. Non-motile, unicellular organisms have a limited ability to store nutrients or to take evasive action, and are therefore most directly dependent on the availability of nutrients in their immediate surrounding. ...

OBJECTIVES: To share experience on the development of national and regional food composition tables (FCTs) and the issues and problems involved. DESIGN: Food composition data analysed at national and regional levels were compiled. Systematic development of FCTs detailing specific criteria and characteristics following the INFOODS and ASEANFOODS guidelines was conducted. ...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether there was food and nutrient equality across occupational social classes and geographical region for members of the 1946 British birth cohort at age 4 years. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis of selected food groups, energy and nutrients from one-day recall diet records. SETTING: England, Scotland and Wales in ...

Fluxes of dissolved inorganic nutrients: NH4+, NO2-, NO3-, PO4(3-) and Si(OH)4 from nearshore sediments of Gazi Bay were measured in situ within mangrove, seagrass and coral reef biotopes using benthic flux bell-jar chambers of cross-sectional area 0.066 m2 and volume 0.0132 m3. The objectives were: (1) to determine the influence ...

Food systems and meal components are constantly under review and development at the National Aerospace and Space Administration. The goal of this work is to generate a diet that meets the nutrient requirements of astronauts and satiates them. The constraints involved in shorter- and longer-term missions are described. The insight ...

The National Nutrition Survey is a unique survey that provides nationwide information on nutrient intake in Japan. Descriptive statistical data of nutrient intake, which has not been described in annual reports, are summarized in this report. A dataset from the National Nutrition Survey between 1995 and 1999 was used for ...

BACKGROUND: Limited food choices and inadequate nutrient intake are linked to poor oral health. The authors describe relationships between dietary variety, nutrient intake and oral health measures in community-dwelling, rural Iowans aged 79 years and older. METHODS: Dental examinations were conducted by trained and calibrated examiners, and trained interviewers completed ...

High intakes of added sugars have often been suspected of lowering nutrient density, especially in the diet of children and adolescents. Because fortified foods, which currently contribute considerably to the intake of vitamins and minerals, are often also sweetened with added sugars, they could counteract this nutrient dilution. Data from ...

BACKGROUND: In the last decade, research in the field of nutrition has grown both in width and depth, and has incorporated the advances of other scientific fields, like artificial intelligence theories. Specifically in the case of recommended nutrient intakes, the fuzzy theory is an interesting contribution to the development of ...

New Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are being set by the Institute of Medicine, and represent a new way of defining nutrient intake recommendations. For the first time, the recommendations for the United States and Canada allow the calculation of the probability of adequacy for an individual, and the prevalence of ...

Nutrition is undergoing a revolution owing to the recognition that some foods contain trophic, health-promoting factors distinct from essential nutrients. In this revolution, whey is increasingly being viewed as more than a source of proteins with a particularly nutritious composition of essential amino acids. Milk evolved under continuous Darwinian selection ...

The objective of this study was to assess agreement on nutrient intake between the nutrient database of the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I) and an up-to-date (December 1998) nutrient database, the ESHA Food Processor. Analysis was conducted among 11,303 NHANES I participants aged 25-74 years in ...

The present report describes seasonal variability (postharvest, preharvest, harvest) in the dietary adequacy of highland Karen farmers (38 Pwo and 51 Sgaw mother-weaned child pairs) in Thailand. Both the Pwo and Sgaw exhibit little functionally significant seasonal variation in either energy or protein intakes, although there is significant seasonal variation ...

Conventional wisdom suggests that because there is less variety in food intake, fewer days may be needed to capture "usual intake" of individuals in developing countries, but it is also known that intakes may vary considerably across seasons. Because few studies have examined the sources of variation in nutrient intake ...

Although breastmilk is adequate to meet the energy and nutrient requirements of an infant up to four to six months of age, thereafter it is insufficient to sustain normal growth and needs to be supplemented with other foods, such as weaning foods. However, the capacity of a weaning diet to ...

The identification of an increasing number of substances in foods that have health-related biologic activity has opened a serious debate concerning the definition of a nutrient. Although there may be advantages to differentiating these food-borne substances as nutrients and non-nutrients, it is important to recognize that these substances have both ...

An analysis of current dietary intakes of preschool and school children and adolescents belonging to poor income groups in India indicate that they suffer from deficiencies of several nutrients with associated clinical and functional consequences. The observed deficiencies include energy, calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin A, riboflavin, ascorbic acid, and folate. ...

OBJECTIVE: To harmonize food classification and food composition databases, allowing comparability of consumption at both food and nutrient levels in Europe. DESIGN: To establish the level of comparability at the food level, the EFCOSUM group benefited from the work already carried out within other European projects, which established a Euro ...

Epithelial and other cells of the gastrointestinal mucosa rely on both luminal and bloodstream sources for their nutrition. The term functional food is used to describe nutrients that have an effect on physiologic processes that is separate from their established nutritional function, and some of these nutrients are proposed to ...

The owners of 135 pet birds were surveyed by questionnaire to determine their birds' weekly food consumption. The birds were divided into six food groups on the basis of the amounts of seeds, formulated products and human food they consumed. The formulated products and seeds were analysed for their nutrient ...

Aquatic ecosystems respond variably to nutrient enrichment and altered nutrient ratios, along a continuum from fresh water through estuarine, coastal, and marine systems. Although phosphorus is considered the limiting nutrient for phytoplankton production in freshwater systems, the effects of atmospheric nitrogen and its contribution to acidification of fresh waters can ...

Models are examined in which two prey species compete for two nutrient resources, and are preyed upon by a predator that recycles both nutrients. Two factors determine the effective relative supply of the nutrients, hence competitive outcomes: the external nutrient supply ratio, and the relative recycling of the two nutrients ...

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficiency of breakfast consumption patterns in terms of nutrient-to-cost comparisons. DESIGN: Twenty-four-hour dietary recalls were collected and food items named were priced (prices from local grocery stores and restaurants were averaged). Three breakfast consumption groups were identified: restaurant foods (fast foods), ready-to-eat (RTE) cereal, and other ...

BACKGROUND: Food consumption surveys are often used to detect inadequate nutrient intakes but not to determine whether inadequate nutrient intakes are due to suboptimal use of locally available foods or to insufficient availability of nutrient-dense foods. OBJECTIVES: The objectives were to describe the use of linear programming as a method ...

OBJECTIVE: To investigate food and nutrient intakes in 3-year-old children. SUBJECTS: Eight hundred and sixty-three children resident in South West England (69% of those invited at this age), a randomly selected sub-sample of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood (ALSPAC). METHODS: Diet was assessed using a 3-day descriptive ...

We determined the sources of nutrient intake of 59 men and 60 women in two rural towns in the Miyagi Prefecture, a northeastern part of Japan. Four 3-day food records were collected in four seasons within a year. The total dishes and recipes were classified into 197 items. Their percent ...

A weaning food based on malted foxtail millet flour (30%), malted barnyard millet flour (30%), roasted soybean flour (25%) and skim milk powder (15%) was prepared. The mix contained 18.37 g protein and 398 kcal energy per 100g. The nutrient composition of this unfortified weaning (UW) mix met the Prevention ...