We propose guidelines to evaluate the cumulative evidence of gene-environment (G × E) interactions in the causation of human cancer. Our approach has its roots in the HuGENet and IARC Monographs evaluation processes for genetic and environmental risk factors, respectively, and can be applied to common chronic diseases other than cancer. We ...

Pancreatic cancer is a lethal disease for which only a small number of risk factors have been identified. In addition to older age, male gender, and black race, risk factors include smoking, obesity, long-standing diabetes and pancreatitis, and heavy alcohol use; allergies such as hay fever are related to lowered ...

Recent advances in genotyping and sequencing technologies have provided powerful tools with which to explore the genetic basis of both Mendelian (monogenic) and sporadic (polygenic) diseases. Several hundred genome-wide association studies have so far been performed to explore the genetics of various polygenic or complex diseases including those cancers with ...

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Individuals who carry deleterious BRCA mutations face significantly elevated risks of breast, ovarian, and other cancers. These individuals are also responsible for informing relatives of their increased risk for carrying the family BRCA mutation. Few interventions have been developed to facilitate this family communication process. METHODS: We developed ...

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a self-help coping intervention in reducing intrusive negative thoughts while waiting for cancer genetic risk information. METHODS: Between August 2007 and November 2008, 1958 new referrals for cancer genetic risk assessment were invited to participate in a randomised ...

BACKGROUND: Animal models and a few human studies have suggested a complex interaction between cancer risk and longevity indicating a trade-off where low cancer risk is associated with accelerating aging phenotypes and, vice versa, that longevity potential comes with the cost of increased cancer risk. This hypothesis predicts that longevity ...

Practice changes in cancer genetic counseling have occurred to meet the demand for cancer genetic services. As cancer genetics continues to impact not only prevention strategies but also treatment decisions, current cancer genetic counseling models will need to be tailored to accommodate emerging clinical indications. These clinical indications include: surgical ...

Abstract Background: Known risk factors for secondary lymphedema only partially explain who develops lymphedema following cancer, suggesting that inherited genetic susceptibility may influence risk. Moreover, identification of molecular signatures could facilitate lymphedema risk prediction prior to surgery or lead to effective drug therapies for prevention or treatment. Recent advances in ...

Testicular cancer incidence appears to be increasing. In many regions, industrialization results in the production of potentially carcinogenic environmental toxins. We review the available data linking environmental toxins to testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT). A PubMed review of the English literature was performed to identify studies evaluating the relationship between ...

The aim of this study was to examine the patterns of disclosure of BRCA1/2 genetic test results to employers by unaffected carriers. In a national prospective cohort study on unaffected BRCA1/2 mutation carriers, disclosure to employers was assessed prospectively, using self-administered questionnaires, up to 2 years after their test results ...

Prostate cancer is the commonest cancer in the developed world. There is an inherited component to this disease as shown in familial and twin studies. However, the discovery of these variants has been difficult. The emergence of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) has led to the identification of over 46 susceptibility ...

The recognition of an inherited component to breast cancer has led to an increase in demand for information, reassurance, and genetic testing, which has resulted in the creation of genetic clinics for familial cancer. The first step for patients referred to a cancer genetic clinic is a risk assessment. To ...

The genetic risk factors that contribute to pancreatic cancers are largely unknown. A new next-generation sequencing study by Roberts and colleagues now adds ATM to the list of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma predisposition genes. Cancer Discovery; 2(1); 14-5. ©2012 AACR.

Unravelling the molecular mechanisms underlying gastric carcinogenesis is one of the major challenges in cancer genomics. Gastric cancer is a very complex and heterogeneous disease, and although much has been learned about the different genetic changes that eventually lead to its development, the detailed mechanisms still remain unclear. Malignant transformation ...

Developing twinning programmes in paediatric oncology between African countries is possible, encouraging and rewarding. The development of centres of excellence in Africa could serve as a means of disseminating the knowledge and channelling international support for the surrounding countries in their effort to cure children's cancer.

Nitric oxide (NO˙) is a short-lived, endogenously produced gas that is highly diffusible across cell membranes and acts as a signaling molecule in the body. The redox state and chemistry of NO˙ facilitate its interaction with various proteins thus regulating various intracellular and intercellular events. One of the key mechanisms ...

To investigate whether mutant stem cells participate in inflammation-related carcinogenesis, we performed immunohistochemical analysis to examine nitrative and oxidative DNA lesions (8-nitroguanine and 8-oxodG) and a stem cell marker Oct3/4 in bladder tissues obtained from cystitis and bladder cancer patients infected with Schistosomahaematobium (S. haematobium). We also detected the expression ...

Study Type - Prognosis (retrospective cohort) Level of Evidence 2b What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? Statin use may reduce the risk of developing prostate cancer. Studies also suggest that the protective effect of statins may be beneficial for prostate cancer patients following treatment. Statin users ...

The National Health Insurance (NHI) covers Western medicine and Chinese medicine (CM) in Taiwan. The present study aimed to investigate the trends and characteristics of CM use among prostate cancer patients before and after diagnosis. A retrospective longitudinal cohort study was carried out using the NHI research database. The present ...

: Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. The disease accounted for 7.4 million deaths (or around 13% of all deaths worldwide) in 2005. A sharp increase in new cases to 15 million is predicted to occur by 2020. Recently, the National Cancer Intelligence Network showed that men have ...

Obese men appear to have an increased risk of being diagnosed with advanced prostate cancer and of dying from the disease. Few studies have examined the impact of weight gain during adulthood on prostate cancer risk and mortality and these have reported conflicting results. We analysed data from 20,991 Norwegian ...

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in American men. Although the use of the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test for prostate cancer screening since the 1990s has led to increased early diagnoses, the most recent studies are in conflict about the risks ...

As an evolutionary response to prevent malaria infection, most Africans do not express the Duffy Antigen/Receptor for Chemokines (DARC) on their red blood cells. Results from experimental studies suggest that DARC expression inhibits prostate-tumor growth. We tested the hypothesis that men of African descent who lack DARC expression are at ...

Introduction and aim: Prostate cancer (Pc) is a major public health problem, affecting 679,000 men and causing 221,000 deaths every year. Over the past decade, there has been a marked decline in Pc mortality corresponding to the introduction of prostate specific antigen (PSA) test as a screening tool (1986). Despite ...

Oxidative damage and inflammation have been pointed out in preclinical studies as the root cause of cancer and other chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, Alzheimer's disease, etc. Epidemiological and clinical studies have suggested that cancer could be prevented or significantly reduced by treatment with anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory drugs, therefore, ...

The incidence of prostate cancer among African-Caribbean men in the UK is three times that among men from the majority population. Little attention, however, has been given to the perceptions and experiences of treatment and care of men from these communities with prostate cancer. This qualitative study is the first ...

We sought to evaluate the impact of socioeconomic status (SES) on the likelihood of undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP) or external beam radiation therapy (XRT) and the ensuing effect on cancer-specific survival (CSS) after treatment for men with low-risk prostate cancer. Using the California Cancer Registry database, we identified 123,953 men ...

The European Randomized study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC) has recently reported a 20% reduction in death from prostate cancer in a population-based prostate cancer screening (core age group: 55-69 years of age). The effect of screening may be diluted by noncompliance in the screening arm and contamination by ...

The capacity of an individual to process DNA damage is considered a crucial factor in carcinogenesis. The comet assay is a phenotypic measure of the combined effects of sensitivity to a mutagen exposure and repair capacity. In this paper, we evaluate the association of the DNA repair kinetics, as measured ...

Preference (prospective cohort). 1b. What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? In general the literature suggests that there is a need for improvement in aiding men diagnosed with early prostate cancer in their decision making about treatment options and that our understanding of this process is ...

National guidelines recommend that primary care providers discuss the risks and benefits of prostate cancer screening with their patients but give little guidance on how to fit such a complex discussion into a busy clinic encounter. The authors propose a process-oriented approach (Ask-Tell-Ask) that promotes tailored conversations and value-based recommendations. ...

Because no adequate randomized trials have compared active treatment modalities for localized prostate cancer, the authors analyzed risk-adjusted, cancer-specific mortality outcomes among men who underwent radical prostatectomy, men who received external-beam radiation therapy, and men who received primary androgen-deprivation therapy. The Cancer of the Prostate Strategic Urologic Research Endeavor (CaPSURE) ...

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified numerous prostate cancer susceptibility alleles, but these loci have been identified primarily in men of European descent. There is limited information about the role of these loci in men of African descent. We identified 7,788 prostate cancer cases and controls with genotype data for ...

BACKGROUND:: To the authors' knowledge, few studies to date have examined racial differences in prostate cancer survival while controlling for socioeconomic status (SES). No such studies have examined this association in Texas, a large state with significant ethnic and racial diversity. The objective of this analysis was to determine whether ...

To assess the agreement between the causes of death assigned by a blinded and uniform review panel of the Rotterdam section of the European Randomised Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer and the official vital statistics and to explore the possible effect of the use of either of these two ...

Lead-time is defined as the time by which screening advances the diagnosis compared with absence of screening. A sufficiently long lead-time needs to be achieved so that cancer can be detected while still curable. A very short lead-time may indicate poor sensitivity of the screening test, while a very long ...

The European Randomised Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC) demonstrated a significant reduction in prostate cancer-specific mortality. The ongoing Comparison Arm for ProtecT (CAP) cluster randomised controlled trial (RCT) evaluates prostate cancer screening effectiveness by comparing primary care centres allocated to a round of prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing ...

Prostate cancer screening has become very prevalent in most countries around the world since the early 1990's. A national interview study in the United States has reported 75% and the Bureau of Statistics of The Netherlands between 25% and 40% of PSA-use in men above the age of 50. PSA-driven ...

To investigate the knowledge, attitudes and practices of primary care physicians towards prostate cancer counseling and screening. This cross sectional study was conducted in May 2009 to October 2009 through a survey questionnaire, which was distributed to all licensed primary care physicians in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The study took place ...

Prostate cancer is a key medical and public health challenge. Though it is currently the most common cancer among men in Europe, its natural history, prognosis and treatment are poorly understood in comparison to breast cancer. Prostate cancers diagnosed are very small and prediction of their progression at the individual ...

This article presents the incidence of prostate cancer, isolated high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and atypical lesions suspicious for prostate cancer (LSPC) during subsequent screening rounds in the centres of five of the countries participating in the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC). The incidence and ...

A pressing clinical issue in prostate cancer is to distinguish which men will have an indolent or aggressive course of disease. Clinical variables such as Gleason grade and stage are useful predictors of lethal cancer; however, the low predictive values of the common Gleason scores, changes in grading over time, ...

This study describes urologist recommendations for treatment among local-stage prostate cancer patients presenting for initial management consultations versus second opinions. We hypothesized that urologists present a wider range of management recommendations and are less likely to consider the patient preference during the initial consultation. Newly diagnosed local-stage prostate cancer patients ...

We describe the establishment of the Urological Surgery Quality Collaborative including our pilot project to improve radiographic staging for men with prostate cancer. The Urological Surgery Quality Collaborative comprises more than 60 urologists from 3 group practices. From May through September 2009 Urological Surgery Quality Collaborative surgeons collected a uniform ...

Prostate cancer ranks high in mortality. Only 18% of men entitled for screenings take advantage of this. Social-cognitive models of health psychology describe and predict health behavior. This study investigates what barriers men perceive that impede the utilization of cancer screenings. Semistructured interviews were conducted in 2 general practices and ...

Active surveillance is becoming a more widely accepted management strategy in men with low-risk localized prostate cancer. This is in recognition of the knowledge that most men with such cancer are likely to die from other causes. The obvious benefits of active surveillance are reduced morbidity by delaying or avoiding ...

Patients turn to their physicians for information and guidance when making a prostate cancer treatment decision. The objectives of this study were to determine the likelihood of men consulting with and receiving treatment recommendations from different providers (urologists, radiation oncologists, and primary care physicians), the content of these recommendations, the ...

The exposure rate of screening for prostate cancer using prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in Japan is still very low compared with that in the USA or western Europe. The mortality rate of prostate cancer will increase in the future and in 2020 it will be 2.8-fold higher than in 2000. Therefore, ...

to describe the follow-up of men with an elevated 'Prostate Cancer gene 3' (PCA3, a promising novel tool for prostate cancer detection) and a negative repeat biopsy (Bx-), as a previous study in men with one or two negative Bx (Bx-) scheduled for repeat Bx showed that a higher PCA3 ...

to assess the patterns of care for low-risk localized prostate cancer. Management of this condition is highly controversial, with a range of treatment options, but there are no published UK data. data from the British Association of Urological Surgeons (BAUS) Cancer Registry were linked to the UK Association of Cancer ...