BACKGROUND: Tobacco-induced lung cancer is characterized by a deregulated inflammatory microenvironment. Variants in multiple genes in inflammation pathways may contribute to risk of lung cancer. METHODS: We therefore conducted a three-stage comprehensive pathway analysis (discovery, replication and meta-analysis) of inflammation gene variants in ever smoking lung cancer cases and controls. ...

PURPOSEBladder cancer is the second most common tobacco-related malignancy. A new bladder cancer diagnosis may be an opportunity to imprint smoking cessation. Little is known about the impact of a diagnosis of bladder cancer on patterns of tobacco use and smoking cessation among patients with incident bladder cancer. PATIENTS AND ...

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: In India, 72% of the population resides in rural areas and 30-40% of cancers are found in the oral cavity. The majority of Haryana residents live in villages where inadequate medical facilities, no proper primary care infrastructure or cancer screening tools and high levels of illiteracy all contribute ...

Risk models for lung cancer incidence would be useful for prioritising individuals for screening and participation in clinical trials of chemoprevention. We present a risk model for lung cancer built using prospective cohort data from a general population which predicts individual incidence in a given time period.We build separate risk ...

OBJECTIVE: We examined correlates of continued smoking versus cessation among a sample of survivors of smoking-related cancers who were actively smoking at the time of cancer diagnosis. METHODS: Participants with a history of smoking and a smoking-related cancer diagnosis (lung, oral, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, bladder, stomach, cervix, kidney, pancreas, acute ...

Inherited polymorphisms in the XPC gene that lead to a reduction in DNA repair capacity may increase susceptibility to bladder cancer. We investigated three polymorphisms of the XPC gene (PAT, Ala499Val and Lys939Gln) in 600 subjects with bladder cancer and in 609 healthy controls by a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment ...

Hypothesized associations between dietary acrylamide intake and cancer have been evaluated in more than 15 epidemiologic studies examining almost every major cancer site. We have critically reviewed the epidemiologic studies of estimated dietary acrylamide exposure and cancer. As substantially greater acrylamide exposure occurs through tobacco smoke than dietary exposure, we ...

Despite extensive efforts, pancreatic cancer remains incurable. Most risk factors, such as genetic disposition, metabolic diseases or chronic pancreatitis cannot be influenced. By contrast, cigarette smoking, an important risk factor for pancreatic cancer, can be controlled. Despite the epidemiological evidence of the detrimental effects of cigarette smoking with regard to ...

Background: One of the risk factors associated with lung cancer in never-smoker patients is wood smoke exposure (WS). However, information about its clinical and molecular characteristics remains scant. Objective: This was to analyze - in plasma from patients with tobacco- or wood-smoke-induced lung cancer - whether the enzymatic activity and ...

BACKGROUND: Although it has been reported that low socioeconomic position (SEP) is associated with lung cancer, the extent to which this reflects SEP differences in cigarette smoking is unclear. We investigated how various modeling approaches for smoking might influence this observed association. METHODS: We used data from a case-control study ...

The US Food and Drug Administration is assessing whether menthol should be banned as an additive to cigarettes. An important part of this determination concerns the health effects of mentholated relative to non-mentholated cigarettes. We examined the ecologic association between sales of mentholated cigarettes for the period 1950-2007, menthol preference ...

BACKGROUND: Tobacco use increases the risk of developing gastric cancer. We examined the hypothesis that gastric cancer developing in patients with a history of tobacco use may be associated with increased risk of cancer-specific death after curative surgical resection. METHODS: From the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Gastric Cancer prospective surgical ...

Lung cancer was once a very rare disease, so rare that doctors took special notice when confronted with a case, thinking it a once-in-a-lifetime oddity. Mechanisation and mass marketing towards the end of the 19th century popularised the cigarette habit, however, causing a global lung cancer epidemic. Cigarettes were recognised ...

Approximately 50% of bladder cancer incidence in the United States has been attributed to known carcinogens, mainly from cigarette smoking. Following the identification of this important causative factor, many investigators have attempted to identify other major causes of bladder cancer in the environment. Genetic and epigenetic alterations related to carcinogenesis ...

INTRODUCTION: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration is currently assessing the public health impact of menthol cigarettes. Results from a recent U.S. cohort study, composed largely of Blacks and limited to 12 Southern states, found that menthol cigarette smokers had lower risks of lung cancer incidence and mortality than nonmenthol ...

Background/Aim: Recently, in spite of the decrease in smoking in developed nations, the prevalence of primary lung cancer has been increasing in never-smokers. In the present study, we examined the status of oxidative stress and attempted to clarify the influence of oxidative stress in non-smoking patients with lung cancer. Sixty-one ...

OBJECTIVE: To identify patterns of Internet use among childhood and young adult cancer survivors who smoke. METHODS: Baseline assessment data were collected from 2005 to 2008 for the Partnership for Health-2 (PFH-2) study, a web-based smoking cessation intervention for childhood and young adult cancer survivors. Participants were surveyed about their ...

Cigarette smoking is the major cause of laryngeal cancer. The time to first cigarette after waking in the morning is a behavior associated with several dimensions of nicotine dependence including the dose of smoke uptake. We hypothesized that a short TTFC increases the risk of laryngeal cancer. The analysis was ...

Objective. Although research has documented a difference in cancer risk perception between smokers and nonsmokers, this has not been specifically documented for head and neck cancer. The aim of this study was to determine differences in risk perception for head and neck cancer between smokers and nonsmokers in an at-risk ...

Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men. Evidence suggests that smokers may be at increased risk of prostate cancer compared to non-smokers. In the present study we ask whether adult men who smoke are also less likely to undergo screening for prostate cancer. Adult men aged 46 ...

OBJECTIVE: Smoking is a prominent risk factor for lung cancer. However, it is not an established prognostic factor for lung cancer in clinics. To date, no gene test is available for diagnostic screening of lung cancer risk or prognostication of clinical outcome in smokers. This study sought to identify a ...

Introduction. Hypoxia induced radioresistance has been acknowledged for decades. One of the indirect evidences of the influence of hypoxia on radiation response comes from the observations of a correlation between tumor control and hemoglobin level. This review examines the clinical data on the prognostic and predictive role of hemoglobin level ...

To determine the effects of curcumin, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), lovastatin, and their combinations on inhibition of esophageal cancer. Esophageal cancer TE-8 and SKGT-4 cell lines were subjected to cell viability methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium and tumor cell invasion assays in vitro and tumor formation and growth in nude mouse xenografts with or ...

Vitamin D and its active form calcitriol have multiple effects in cancer cells, such as anti-proliferative effects, induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. There is a link between vitamin D metabolism and inflammatory processes, which should be considered in cancer therapy. An association between these two types of metabolism ...

This prospective study records the tobacco related habits among the relatives of patients with advanced head and neck cancers who underwent both surgery and chemotherapy as part of their treatment from September 2009 to March 2010. A total of 200 relatives were interviewed (148 males and 52 females). 198 (99%) ...

Celecoxib (Cx) shows high efficacy in the treatment of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis as a result of its high specificity for COX-2, without gastrolesivity or interference with platelet function at therapeutic concentrations. Besides of anti-inflammatory effects, Cx also has a potential role for oral cancer chemoprevention. For these conditions, oral ...

Non-melanoma skin cancer is one of the most common of all cancers and the incidence has increased in the last years as a result of many factors including increased tanning, life style and possible global climate change. Inflammation plays an important role in cancer development and is frequently evaluated by ...

Fatalism has been identified as a dominant belief among Latinos and is believed to act as a barrier to cancer prevention. However, controversy exists over the utility of the construct in explaining health disparities experienced by disadvantaged populations above the influence of structural barriers such as low socioeconomic status (SES) ...

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Cancer cachexia is a syndrome of progressive weight loss. Non-small cell lung cancer patients experience a high incidence of cachexia of 61%. Research into methods to combat cancer cachexia in various tumour sites has recently progressed to the combination of agents. The combination of the anti-cachectic agent Eicosapentaenoic ...

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor nimesulide inhibits the proliferation of various types of cancer cells mainly via COX-2 independent mechanisms, which makes it a good lead compound for anti-cancer drug development. In the presented study, a series of new nimesulide analogs were synthesized based on the structure-function analysis generated previously. Some of ...

Signals mediated by CXCL12 (SDF1) and its receptor CXCR4 are centrally involved in cancer progression, both directly by activating cancer cells and indirectly by inducing angiogenesis plus recruiting T regulatory and plasmacytoid dendritic immune cells. Here we show that in ascites isolated from ovarian cancer patients, both CXCL12 and CXCR4 ...

Gastric cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, although its incidence has been steadily declining during recent decades. Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is elevated in gastric carcinomas and in their precursor lesions. COX-2 expression associates with reduced survival in gastric cancer patients, and it has also been shown ...

Rofecoxib is a specific COX-2 inhibitor able to exert antiproliferative activity against colorectal cancer cells. It was withdrawn from the market after the demonstration of an increased risk of cardiovascular complications after prolonged use. Nevertheless, it remains an interesting compound for laboratory research as an experimental COX-2 inhibitor. In this ...

A recent meta-analysis examining long-term mortality in subjects who participated in controlled studies evaluating the impact of daily aspirin on vascular risk, has concluded that aspirin confers substantial protection from cancer mortality. Remarkably, low-dose aspirin was as effective as higher-dose regimens; hence this protection may be achievable with minimal risk. ...

Cancer research illustrated that combinatorial studies can provide significant improvement in safety and effectiveness over the monotherapy regimens. A combination of two drugs may restrain precancerous colon polyps, opening a new possible opportunity for chemoprevention of colon cancer. In this context, chemopreventive efficacy of a combination regimen of C-phycocyanin, a ...

Development of imaging agents that can be used broadly for early detection of neoplasia at various tissue sites and at various stages of disease and that also can assess states of minimal residual disease would have tremendous utility in the diagnosis and management of cancer. In a series of articles ...

Arachidonic acid metabolism through cyclooxygenase (COX) pathways leads to the generation of biologically active eicosanoids. Eicosanoid expression levels vary during development and progression of gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies. COX-2 is the major COX-isoform responsible for G.I. cancer development/progression. COX-2 expression increases during progression from a normal to cancerous state. Evidence from ...

Background: Endometrial cancer is a common gynecologic malignant disease, but patients with advanced disease have a poor prognosis. The CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) involves hypermethylation targeted toward the promoters of multiple genes. Objective: To investigate the role of epigenetic aberration of tumor-related genes in endometrial cancer. Methods: The promoter ...

Chronic inflammation is associated with 25% of all cancers. In the inflammation-cancer axis, prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) is one of the major players. PGE(2) synthases (PGES) are the enzymes downstream of the cyclooxygenases (COXs) in the PGE(2) biosynthesis pathway. Microsomal prostaglandin E(2) synthase 1 (mPGES-1) is inducible by pro-inflammatory stimuli and ...

Preventing recurrence of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is important for improving patient well-being and reducing the health economic burden of this disease. To date no oral agent has shown sufficient benefit to be adopted in clinical practice, where current strategies rely on topical (intravesical) administration of chemotherapy and immunotherapy. In ...

Inflammation in the tumor microenvironment is now recognized as one of the hallmarks of cancer. Endogenously produced lipid autacoids, locally acting small molecule lipid mediators, play a central role in inflammation and tissue homeostasis, and have recently been implicated in cancer. A well-studied group of autacoid mediators that are the ...

Eight novel 2-pyrazolines (2a-h) were synthesized by the reaction of appropriate chalcones/flavanones with 4-hydrazinonbenzenesulfonamide hydrochloride and tested for anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities. Two compounds 2c and 2e showed good anti-inflammatory activity which is comparable to the reference drug celecoxib in carrageenan-induced rat paw edema bioassay and found safe from the ...

Aspirin inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase (Cox), and there is a significant body of epidemiological evidence demonstrating that regular aspirin use is associated with a decreased incidence of developing cancer. Interest focussed on selective Cox-2 inhibitors both as cancer prevention agents and as therapeutic agents in patients with proven malignancy until ...

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a rate-limiting enzyme in arachidonic acid cascade, plays a key role in the biosynthesis of PGE(2) upon inflammatory insults. Overproduction of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) stimulates proliferation of various cancer cells, confers resistance to apoptosis of cancerous or transformed cells, and accelerates metastasis and angiogenesis. Excess PGE(2) undergoes metabolic ...

Cycloxygenase-2 catalyzes the synthesis of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid and this enzyme has been implicated in the metastasis of gastric cancer. In order to examine the significance of cycloxygenase-2 (Cox-2) in the survival and proliferation of gastric cancer cells, we have stably overexpressed an antisense Cox-2 in two gastric cancer ...

COX-2 inhibition reduces the incidence of colorectal neoplasia. The increased risk of thrombotic cardiovascular events produced by selective or nonselective COX-2 inhibitors, however, has confounded the consideration of employing them in cancer prevention. Developing a strategy for preventing colorectal cancer by inhibiting COX-2 depends on research advances in several key ...

It has been suggested that constitutive up-regulation of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 is associated with resistance to apoptosis, increased angiogenesis, and increased tumor invasiveness in various cancers including colon cancer. There are many factors involved in the resistance to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in colon cancer. However, little is known about the role of ...

To investigate the relationship of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) polymorphisms [COX-2 -765 G/C (rs 20417)] and susceptibility to hepatitis B-related liver cancer in Han Chinese population. The polymorphisms of COX-2 -765 G/C was detected by polymerase chain reaction based restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) in 300 patients with hepatitis B, 300 patients ...

Recent evidences support that radiation can promote the invasion of cancer cells. As interactions between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells can have an important role in tumour progression, we determined whether an irradiation to fibroblasts can enhance the invasiveness of breast cancer cells. The role of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an ...

This article endeavors to evaluate the data on the efficacy of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and Coxibs in preclinical studies on cancer prevention carried out by the authors. The overall objective was to address questions that we see as significant for the field. The preclinical studies evaluated here are restricted ...