The potential role of chemokines in clinical tumors remains poorly understood. Recent investigations have shown the differential expression of chemokine receptors on lymphocytes mediating Th1- and Th2-type immune responses. We examined Th1- and Th2-associated cytokines and chemokines, as well as the expression of their receptors in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in renal ...

Approximately 5% of people infected with human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) develop clinical myelopathy or tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) that is associated with high-levels of Th1 cytokines, interferon (IFN)-gamma and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. Chemokines are known to induce cytokine secretion and direct the trafficking of immune cells ...

Infection with the cestode Echinococcus multilocularis causes human alveolar echinococcosis (AE), a life-threatening disease affecting primarily the liver. Despite the severity of AE, clinical symptoms often develop only many years after infection, which suggests that E. multilocularis has developed mechanisms which depress anti-parasite immune response, thus favouring immune evasion. In ...

Pro-inflammatory chemokines and their receptors exhibit elementary functions in cell migration and in Th1-driven inflammatory conditions. One therapeutic strategy to prevent accumulation of pro-inflammatory immune cells is the use of specific chemokine receptor antagonists. An interesting and promising candidate in this context is the viral antagonist MIP-II (vMIP-II) that acts ...

Despite their role in innate and adaptive immunity, during human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection, monocytes are considered to be an important target of infection, a site of latency, and vehicles for virus dissemination. Since chemokine receptors play crucial roles in monocyte activation and trafficking, we investigated the effects of HCMV on ...

Accumulating evidence suggests the neuropeptide substance P (SP) and its receptor neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R) play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis (AP). However, the mechanisms remain unclear. The present study investigated whether chemokines as proinflammatory molecules are involved in SP-NK-1R-related pathogenesis of this condition. We observed temporally ...

Chemokines and their receptors have long been recognized as key molecules directing leukocyte migration between blood, lymph and tissues. Evidence accumulated in recent years indicates that, in addition to their chemotactic functions, chemokine receptors are highly versatile players fine-tuning immune responses. Chemokine receptors and ligands have been implicated in dendritic-cell ...

Chemokines are chemotactic mediators controlling cell trafficking under physiological and pathological conditions. Recently, it has been discovered that chemokines are not only important in various inflammatory conditions, but that they also play a role in pain and analgesia. Chemokine function in the periphery has been evaluated under non-inflammatory, inflammatory and ...

BACKGROUND: Chemokines direct leukocytes to areas of inflammation or injury. In general, CC chemokines (MCP-1, MIP-1alpha, RANTES) are chemoattractants for mononuclear cells and CXC (CINC-1, MIP-2alpha) for polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs). Herein we describe an open chest model of pulmonary contusion (PC) in a rodent (rat) and have identified a possible ...

The atypical chemokine receptor, D6, is efficient at sequestering and scavenging inflammatory CC chemokines. The absence of D6 blocks the successful resolution of immune responses in models of inflammation, suggesting that CC-chemokine scavenging by D6 is an important component of the resolution phase of in vivo inflammatory responses. Most studies ...

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of allergic diseases has increased in the last 20 years, and a number of studies have shown that diesel exhaust particle-associated polyaromatic hydrocarbons can exacerbate the allergic reaction. Much less is known about their potential capacity to generate a T(H)2-type allergic reaction in nonatopic subjects. OBJECTIVE: The ...

Copyright © 2003 by The American Association of Immunologists

Cytokines and chemokines contribute to the pathogenesis of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). Using a multiplex immunochemiluminescence ELISA, we measured 8 Th1/Th2 cytokines and 18 chemokines in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum of 17 ADEM patients, 14 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, and 7 healthy controls (HCs). Relative to HCs, ADEM ...

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a debilitating disease characterized by recurrent episodes of leukocyte infiltration in the lung parenchyma causing progressive pulmonary tissue damage and loss of function. Recruitment of neutrophils and CD8+ T cells is linked to disease progression and is under control of chemotactic mediators produced in ...

BACKGROUND: The aetiology of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate neutrophil-attracting chemokine patterns in CRS without nasal polyposis. METHODS: The biological activity of the chemokines was identified using a two-step high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique combined with a bioassay in extracts from 55 ...

INTRODUCTION: Spirulina (Spirulina platensis) is a dietary supplement valued for its immune-enhancing properties. We previously reported that the immunostimulatory effect of spirulina can be traced to a high-molecular- weight polysaccharide fraction. This fraction, labeled Immolina, activates nuclear factor kappa-B in human monocytic THP-1 cells and increases expression of proinflammatory cytokines. ...

Chemokines exert their biological activity through high-affinity interactions with cell-surface receptors, thereby activating specific signalling pathways, and a second low-affinity interaction with proteoglycans. Proteoglycans consist of a protein core, to which GAG (glycosaminoglycan) chains are attached. The GAGs are long, linear, sulphated and highly charged heterogeneous polysaccharides that are expressed ...

CONCLUSION: Spiral ligament fibrocytes (SLFs) may be involved in the innate immune response of the inner ear by producing chemoattractants for recruiting inflammatory cells such as neutrophils and monocytes. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the cellular responses of SLFs when challenged by inflammatory stimuli such as ...

CC chemokine ligand 1 (CCL1; I-309) is a CC chemokine that interacts with CC chemokine receptor 8, which is preferentially expressed in polarized T helper cell type 2 and Tc2 cells, in eosinophils, and in T regulatory cells. The present study, prompted by transcriptional profiling of human monocytes undergoing different ...

Acne is a common skin disorder of the pilosebaceous unit. In addition to genetic, hormonal and environmental factors, abnormal colonization by Propionibacterium acnes has been implicated in the occurrence of acne via the induction of inflammatory mediators. To gain more insight into the role that sebocytes play in the innate ...

The extended family of chemokines regulates the activation of leukocytes and coordinates their trafficking to sites of inflammation and during immune surveillance. The heptahelical-receptor-binding and function of chemokines is thought to be governed by their interaction with cell surface proteoglycans, oligomer formation, naturally occurring antagonists and proteolytic processing. Recent studies ...

Interleukin (IL)-17A, a recently described novel T cell cytokine, orchestrates inflammation in a variety of immune-mediated diseases. In the present investigation, we analyzed the temporal gene expression pattern of IL-17A and its main regulators IL-23 and IL-15 after chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve, a lesion paradigm inducing ...

Clinical experimental stroke induces injurious local brain inflammation. However, effects on the peripheral immune system have not been well characterized. We quantified mRNA and protein levels for cytokines, chemokines, and chemokine receptors (CCR) in brain, spinal cord, peripheral lymphoid organs (spleen, lymph node, blood, and cultured mononuclear cells from these ...

The CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) and CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) are expressed in the heart after infection with Trypanosoma cruzi, suggesting that they play an important role in host defense. Infection of CCR2-deficient (CCR2(-/-)) mice with T. cruzi resulted in increased cardiac parasitism, yet the severity of cardiac ...

IL-13 is a major effector at sites of Th2 inflammation and tissue remodeling. In these locations, it frequently coexists with the CCR5 chemokine receptor and its ligands MIP-1alpha/CCL3 and MIP-1beta/CCL4. We hypothesized that CCR5 induction and activation play important roles in the pathogenesis of IL-13-induced tissue responses. To test this ...

Coccidiosis is recognized as the major parasitic disease of poultry and is caused by the apicomplexan protozoa Eimeria. Increasing evidence shows the complexity of the host immune response to Eimeria and microarray technology presents a powerful tool for the study of such an intricate biological process. Using an avian macrophage ...

The multistep model of leukocyte recruitment to sites of inflammation has helped elucidate specific molecular cues for each of the individual steps. However, it is less clear how cells transition between the different steps and how the complex interactions are coordinately regulated. Once a leukocyte sticks to the endothelium, it ...

(5R)-5-hydroxytriptolide (LLDT-8) exhibits strong immunosuppressive activities in vitro and in vivo. Here, we investigated the effects of LLDT-8 on concanavalin A-induced hepatitis. Liver damage was evaluated by serum alanine transaminase (ALT) level and liver histology. The effects of LLDT-8 were determined by measurement of serum cytokines, lymphocyte proliferation assay, flow ...

Chemokines are key controllers of cell trafficking and are involved in numerous pathologic and inflammatory conditions. However, the fate of a chemokine ligand, once it is endocytosed with its receptor, remains obscure. Here, using chemokine-tumor antigen fusion constructs, we demonstrate for the first time that chemokines are internalized to early/late ...

We have previously shown that the human developing pancreas, as a tissue under construction and remodeling, is composed of epithelial ducts and differentiated endocrine cells surrounded by mesenchyme. The physiologic importance of resident tissue leukocytes, expected to enter through the mesenchyme in remodeling functions, prompted us to investigate human developing ...

Chemokines have pleiotropic effects in regulating immunity, angiogenesis, stem cell trafficking, and mediating organ-specific metastases of cancer. In the context of angiogenesis, the CXC chemokine family is a unique group of cytokines known for their ability to behave in a disparate manner in the regulation of angiogenesis. The glutamic acid-leucine-arginine ...

Adiponectin is an adipocyte-derived cytokine that plays a role in metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes mellitus. Recent work suggests that adiponectin may also affect the immune response, primarily acting as an anti-inflammatory factor. Given our observation that plasma and urine adiponectin levels are increased in SLE patients with ...

Inflammation is an important manifestation of respiratory disease in domestic animals. The respiratory system is mucosal in nature and has specific defense mechanisms used to control invasion by microbes and environmental elements. Inflammation can be beneficial or detrimental to the host. This article broadly discusses the primary mediators and mechanisms ...

Chemokines play an important role in the immune system by regulating cell trafficking in homeostasis and inflammation. In this study, we report the identification and characterization of a novel cytokine-like protein, DMC (dendritic cell and monocyte chemokine-like protein), which attracts dendritic cells and monocytes. The key to the identification of ...

Inflammatory cell recruitment is a hallmark phenomenon of all inflammatory diseases, including allergic asthma. In allergy and asthma, recruitment of inflammatory cells such as T cells, dendritic cells, mast cells, eosinophils and neutrophils, is mediated via a number of chemokines and their receptors. Not only are chemokines involved in recruitment ...

Extracts of Echinacea purpurea are among the most widely used herbal medicines throughout Europe and North America for the prevention or treatment of common cold, coughs, bronchitis and other upper respiratory infections. Popular preparations include expressed juice from the aerial parts of the plant (which contain polysaccharides) and alcoholic tinctures ...

In the struggle for optimal host defense against infection with viruses, two major events are critical: death of the infected host cell and proper immune cell activation at the site of infection. Here we summarize our recent work indicating that chemokines exhibit a distinct capacity to regulate both of these ...

Activated T helper cells produce many cytokines, some of which are secreted through the immunological synapse toward the antigen-presenting cell. Here we have used immunocytochemistry, live-cell imaging and a surface-mediated secretion assay to show that there are two cytokine export pathways in T helper cells. Some cytokines, including interleukin 2 ...

Viruses are associated with the majority of exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Virus induction of neutrophil and lymphocyte chemokines in bronchial epithelium is important in exacerbation pathogenesis. Combined corticosteroid/beta2 agonists synergistically suppress airway smooth muscle chemokine production. Because bronchial epithelium expresses glucocorticoid and beta2 receptors, we investigated ...

The ordered, directional migration of T lymphocytes is a key process in development, immune surveillance and the immune response. Chemokines have an important role in the guidance of T lymphocytes and activate several members of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) family, which contribute to various aspects of the migratory machinery ...

Canine sino-nasal aspergillosis is usually caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and is similar to human chronic erosive non-invasive fungal sinusitis. The pathogenesis of the disease is poorly understood. We investigated the nature of the local immune response mounted in canine sino-nasal aspergillosis. Quantitative RT-PCR was carried out on RNA isolated from ...

Almost a decade ago, it was discovered that the human deficiency virus (HIV) makes use of chemokine receptors to infect blood cells. This appreciation of the clinical relevance of specific chemokine receptors has initiated a considerable boost in the field of chemokine research. It is clear today that chemokine signaling ...

Leukotropic human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) establishes a persistent infection associated with inflammatory diseases and encodes chemokines that could chemoattract leukocytes for infection or inflammation. HHV-6 variant A encodes a distant chemokine homolog, U83A, and a polymorphism promoting a secreted form was identified. U83A and three N-terminal modifications were expressed and ...

Scleroderma is a connective tissue disease with unknown etiology characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix in the skin. Cellular infiltrates of certain immune cells and proinflammatory mediators are suggested to play a crucial role in cutaneous fibrosis, forming complicated networks between fibroblasts and immune cells via cell-cell communications. Tissue-selective ...

The complex interplays between cytokines and chemokines are emerging as key communication signals in the shaping of innate and adaptive immune responses against foreign pathogens, including viruses. In particular, the virus-induced expression of cytokine and chemokine profiles drives the recruitment and activation of immune effector cells to sites of tissue ...

The chemokines are a family of small molecules that mediate cell migration, activation, differentiation, angiogenesis, and perhaps other functions. The chemokines have been classified by their amino acid composition, functional activity, and receptor binding properties. The chemokines receptors are 7 transmembrane G proteins and there is considerable redundancy in ligand ...

The intricate interplay between the endothelium and immune cells has been well recognized in the context of immune responses. However, the fact that this inter-relation extends well beyond immune regulation is becoming increasingly recognized, with particular regards to the influence of the immune system on the essential endothelial process of ...

OBJECTIVE: Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1; CCL2) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of fibrotic diseases and is up-regulated in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). The aim of the present study was to examine the mechanisms by which MCP-1 mediates its profibrotic effects in the setting of SSc. METHODS: The ...

PURPOSE: The infiltration of inflammatory cells into the cornea is a major determinant in the outcome of keratitis. The purpose of this study was to use enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) bone marrow chimeric mice to visualize and characterize the inflammatory cells that migrate to the corneal stroma during endotoxin-induced ...

The intestine is constantly challenged by food antigens and pathogens and is therefore in need of a good working innate and adaptive immune response. Chemokines are important modulators as they assure the directed movement of immune cells within the body. In addition, chemokines play an important role in hematopoiesis, angiogenesis ...