Lymphocytes from peripheral blood of rainbow trout are put in the presence of increasing concentrations of substance P (SP) and somatostatin (SOM). We have shown that SP stimulates and SOM inhibits lymphoproliferation and that the effects are dose dependent. These results suggest that SP and SOM receptors may exist on ...

No doubt can remain that the flavonoids have profound effects on the function of immune and inflammatory cells as determined by a large number and variety of in vitro and some in vivo observations. That these ubiquitous dietary chemicals may have significant in vivo effects on homeostasis within the immune ...

Cumulating evidence suggests that immune parameters can be modified by behavioral conditioning processes in animals. The present results suggest that this also holds true for a human immune parameter. Healthy subjects were exposed to a conditioning procedure in which a neutral sherbet sweet (conditioned stimulus) was repeatedly paired with a ...

Our results suggest that sarcoidosis and hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) may induce increased Surfactant protein A (SP-A) secretion from alveolar type II cells. In HP, this response could support antigen elimination from the alveoli by enhancement of macrophage functions. In both diseases increased SP-A levels in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) may be ...

Endotracheal administration of human or xenogenic surfactant preparations is an effective treatment of the respiratory distress syndrome of preterm infants. The application of large amounts of phospholipids to the lung may result in a significant alteration of the local immune response. We studied the influence of the bovine surfactant preparation ...

This study focused on the question of whether exposure of surfactant protein A (SP-A) to ozone affected properties of this protein that may be involved in regulating alveolar type II cell and alveolar macrophage functions. In vitro exposure of human or canine SP-A to ozone reduced the ability of this ...

The development of the vertebrate nervous system is initiated in amphibia by inductive interactions between ectoderm and a region of the embryo called the organizer. The organizer tissue in the dorsal lip of the blastopore of Xenopus and Hensen's node in chick embryos have similar neural inducing properties when transplanted ...

The absorption of ozone (O3) into excised porcine and sheep tracheae was characterized by a bolus-response experiment in which a bolus with a peak O3 concentration of 1 ppm was rapidly injected into a steadily flowing airstream entering the trachea. Using a fast-responding chemiluminescent analyzer of our design, the O3 ...

The intestine contains major subdivisions of the nervous and immune systems. The lymphoid compartments of the intestine contain functionally distinguishable populations of immunologic cells and are innervated differently. The lamina propria has an extensive network of nerves using the neuropeptides SOM, SP, and VIP. Subpopulations of T cells, B cells, ...

Neuro-immunology is becoming an increasingly important discipline of immunology. This review has examined the immunomodulatory function of one group of neuropeptides, the TK, particularly SP and NKA. These peptides are localized in primary afferent nerves which have been shown to innervate several immune organs. In addition, binding sites for the ...

It is supposed that neuropeptides participate in the regulation of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions. However, their function in this kind of immune response is not known presently. Therefore, in vivo studies were initiated to test the effect on allergic (ACD) and irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) of the neuropeptides substance P ...

Inoculation of swine with a sylvatic isolate of Trichinella spiralis, designated T s nativa, resulted in low numbers of muscle larvae, compared with muscle larvae accumulation in swine inoculated with a pig type of T s spiralis. Despite low infectivity of T s nativa for swine, primary inoculation resulted in ...

The nervous and immune systems interact in a bidirectional fashion. For example, the neuropeptide substance P (SP) has been implicated in a variety of immune responses. Conversely, cytokines, a class of immunoregulatory glycoproteins, affect the synthesis of neurotransmitters and neurotrophic factors. This paper examines the role of cytokines in regulating ...

It was shown in two different provocation models (nasal and bronchial provocation) that substance P (SP) may play an important role in the neurogenic inflammatory response in upper and lower airway disease. (1) Pretreatment with SP augments the antigen challenge response of the nasal mucosa. (2) The baseline bronchoalveolar lavage ...

Muramyl peptides have a variety of biological effects in mammals, including enhancement of the immune response, sleep, and body temperature. Although mammals lack biosynthetic pathways for muramyl peptides, they are found in mammals and are well known as components of bacterial cell walls. This suggests that phagocytic mammalian cells digest ...

Substance P (SP) injected into the synovial cavity of the rat knee resulted in an inflammatory response as measured by plasma protein extravasation into the joint capsule. This response was dose dependent over the range of approximately 4 microM to approximately 200 microM. Part of this inflammatory response was mediated ...

Soluble peptide factors have been implicated as the agents responsible for embryonic inductions in vertebrates. Here, a protein (PIF) secreted by a mouse macrophage cell line is shown to change the developmental fate of Xenopus embryonic cells. Exposure to PIF causes presumptive ectodermal explants to form anterior neural and mesodermal ...

The testicular cells are regulated by factors produced locally in the testis. These factors include peptide growth factors, pro-opiomelanocortin derivatives, neuropeptides and steroids. Several agents able to affect steroido- and spermatogenesis can also affect leukocytes and many of the testis-regulating factors are produced by immune cells, suggesting that testicular cells ...

Substance P (SP) has recently been reported to induce interleukin 1 (IL-1) production by human monocytes. This was confirmed in our experiments with human monocytes cultivated in the presence of SP or SP together with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In addition, a wide variability of cell response to the neuropeptide was noticed. ...

Inflammation was induced by intra-articular injection of 100 ng recombinant human interleukin-1 alpha (rhIL-1) into rabbit knees. Substance P (SP) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in the joint fluid at 4, 24 and 48 h after rhIL-1 injection. SP was increased by 4 h, further increased ...

Substance P (SP)-like immunoreactive cells were identified in postmortem white matter tissue from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Labelled cells, which by morphologic criteria could be identified as astrocytes, were located at the edge of both active (e.g. inflammatory) and inactive (e.g. non-inflammatory) MS lesions. By contrast, SP-immunoreactive astrocytes were ...

Mycoplasmas are a heterogenous group of prokaryotic organisms causing a wide variety of diseases, including autoimmune disorders. Thus, it is not surprising that various mycoplasmas strains, including Mycoplasma arginini, M. arthritidis, M. neurolyticum and M. pulmonis, are able to regulate the immune response. Though some of the studies of the ...

We show that the neuropeptide, substance P (SP), a putative mediator of neurogenic inflammation, is a potent regulator of mature, human neutrophil function. SP increased neutrophil cytotoxic activity against an antibody-coated target (P815 cells) in a dose-dependent manner. The maximal effect was noted at an SP concentration of 10(-4) M, ...

Using a blister model of inflammation in the rat hind footpad, we have studied the temporal and quantitative contribution of mast cell mediators and prostaglandins to substance P-induced plasma extravasation. In addition substance P-related peptides (neurokinin A, SP5-11 and SP1-7) were tested for their ability to induce a plasma extravasation ...

This study was undertaken to examine the effects of immunization with Sporothrix schenckii and oral potassium iodide (KJ) administration on the chemiluminescence (CL) response of mouse polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in experimental murine sporotrichosis. When N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine (FMLP) particles were used as foreign bodies to be phagocytosed, the time to the peak ...

The influence of prior immunization to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) was examined on responses in two models of inflammation plasma: protein extravasation following topical application of mustard oil to the hind paw, and changes in paw volume following subplantar injection of carrageenin. In rats with antibodies to CGRP, there was ...

T-2 mycotoxin, a trichothecene, is the principal toxic component of Fusarium sp. Agricultural products and food are frequently contaminated with this toxin. Various animal models have been used to determine its metabolic fate, rate of excretion, and distribution. A modulation effect on cell-mediated immunity and alterations in gastrointestinal propulsion have ...

The heptanoyl tripeptide, FK-565 is a biological response modifier with potent therapeutic properties for the treatment of experimental and spontaneous metastases. Doses of FK-565 greater than 5 mg/kg are required for in vivo augmentation of natural killer cells, macrophages, and for therapeutic activity, presumably because FK-565 is a peptide small ...

This study has examined the "in vitro" effects of Lithium Carbonate on the immune system at low (10(-3), 10(-2)mM) and therapeutic (0.5-1.5 mM) concentrations. Lithium, in the presence of a range of mitogens, was found to increase the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into peripheral blood mononuclear (PBM) cells. At concentrations greater ...

In view of the extensive innervation of the gastrointestinal tract, including the mucosa, and the high number of immune effector cells present in this tissue, we have studied the effects of certain neurotransmitters on immune responses. We have concentrated on the effects of the neuropeptides substance P (SP), somatostatin (SOM) ...

The nervous system has profound modulatory influences on many inflammatory processes, particularly within the eye. These properties are in part mediated via neuropeptides. The neurotoxin, capsaicin, has been utilized as a valuable experimental tool to study the role of neuropeptides in many organ systems. Retrobulbar injection of capsaicin into rats ...

Macrophages play a key role in the initiation and execution of immunoinflammatory responses. Evidence is reviewed which indicates that neuropeptides are capable of up- or down-regulating their state of activation. Substance P, neurokinin A, neurotensin, bombesin, gastrin-releasing peptide, endorphins, enkephalins, somatotropin, and somatostatin elicit various responses in monocytes and macrophages, ...

Two groups of mediators, the neuropeptides substance P and K and the monocyte-derived cytokines, interact in the neural regulation of immunological and inflammatory responses. Substance P, substance K, and the carboxyl-terminal peptide SP(4-11) induce the release of interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-6 from human blood monocytes. The neuropeptide effects ...

We have previously shown that arginine vasopressin (AVP) stimulates the production of aldosterone in isolated superfused adrenal glomerulosa cells by a mechanism that involves an increased turnover of phosphoinositides. In the present study we compared the characteristics of AVP- and angiotensin II (AII)-induced changes in phosphoinositide turnover and aldosterone production ...

This article described research aimed at testing the hypothesis that tissue remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement is modulated, at least in part, by factors derived from the nervous and vascular (immune) systems. Specifically, the neurotransmitters SP and VIP and the cytokines IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta were localized immunohistochemically in ...

Peptide mediators of sensory nerves that are released in tissues by noxious stimuli or inflammatory reactions rapidly elicit local and systemic responses similar to those of immediate hypersensitivity. These sensory neuropeptides affect functions of smooth muscles, blood vessels, leukocytes, and epithelial glands both directly and indirectly, through the actions of ...

The neuropeptides vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), substance P, and somatostatin are found in high concentrations in both the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract. Specific high affinity receptors for VIP, substance P and somatostatin have been identified on both human and murine lymphocytes, suggesting a role for each of ...

Substance P (SP), a neuropeptide widely distributed in the organism, has been shown to stimulate lymphocyte proliferation and immunoglobulin synthesis. However, the effect of SP on specific lymphokines is unknown. Therefore we investigated the influence of SP on mitogen-induced interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production in vitro. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of ...

Several studies document an association between bereavement and both suppressed lymphocyte responses to mitogen stimulation and impaired NK activity. In addition, women who are bereaved and have depressive symptoms show alterations in T cell subpopulations including a loss of T suppressor-cytotoxic cells and an increase in the ratio of T ...

The luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence (CL) assay is a measure of the early events of phagocytosis, leukocyte activation, and immune cell interactions. Reduction in the CL response of immune cells may be indicative of an inhibition of the immune response. This study was undertaken to examine the effects of antifungal agents tested ...

We have investigated certain aspects of the mechanism whereby substance P triggers secretion of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) from rat peritoneal mast cells in vitro. Substance P-induced release of 5-HT was inhibited following pretreatment of rat peritoneal cells with 0.01-1.0 units/ml neuraminidase; secretion induced by anti-IgE antibody was inhibited by pretreatment with ...

Teleost fish exhibit inflammatory reactions which closely resemble those of mammals, but little is known about the mechanisms of inflammation in fish. While the leucocytes associated with inflammatory responses of fish bear close morphological similarity to those of mammals, it is not yet clear how comparable they are in function. ...

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) can be found at nerve endings in various tissues and has recently been shown to interact with human lymphocytes through an adenylate cyclase-linked receptor. Because various neuroendocrine factors are thought to influence immune responsiveness, we studied the effect of VIP on natural killer (NK) effector function. ...

Although virginiamycin components VM and VS are known to exert in vivo a synergistic inhibition of bacterial growth and viability, in cell-free systems only VM has proven active. In the present work, the in vivo and in vitro activities of VM and VS on Bacillus subtilis have been compared. Peptide ...

Substance P (SP), a putative neuropeptide transmitter, was examined for its effects on macrophages. Guinea-pig peritoneal macrophages were purified by adherence, challenged with SP and incubated for up to 18 h. Culture supernatants were collected to determine the release of O-2, H2O2 and TXB2. SP dose-dependently evoked O-2 and H2O2 ...

Protective significance of some seminal plasma components is described. Lactoferrin is characterized as a primary defense factor against microbial invasion. The agglutinating factor in seminal vesicle fluid may prevent premature elimination of the spermatozoa by leukocytes infiltrating into the female genital tract. The protease inhibitors neutralize the activity of the ...

Two distinct modes of unresponsiveness to hen egg-white lysozyme (HEL) have been demonstrated in the "nonresponder" C57BL/10 Sn (B 10) mouse strain at the level of T cell proliferation. The first is an apparent inability to respond to a peptide of HEL comprising 70% of the molecule, LII (amino acids ...

The influence of two lysolecithin analogues on the development of contact sensitivity (CS) to picryl chloride in mice was studied. Both substances were shown to have an adjuvant effect on the primary CS response, but depending on dosage of adjuvant and antigen, the timing of adjuvant injection, and the strain ...

A radioimmunoassay for glucagon was utilized to investigate early developmental aspects of glucagon synthesis and release in the chick embryo. Immunoreactive glucagon was detected in both the pancreas and blood plasma from the fifth embryonic day onwards. The present data show that the chick embryonic alpha cell has the potential ...

The lung is richly supplied with peptidergic nerves that store and secrete substance P (SP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and other neuropeptides known to potently modulate leukocyte function in vitro and airway inflammation in vivo. We examined the effect of SP, VIP and the novel sensory neuropeptide secretoneurin (SN), as ...