Under the influence of dimeric glucosaminylmuramyl pentapeptide (diGMPP), a component of bacterial cell wall, macrophages undergo certain changes similar to those associated with dendritic cell (DC) maturation. The effect of diGMPP on DCs resulted in maturation and expression of CD83. Macrophages treated with diGMPP displayed reduced phagocytic activity and elevated ...

Sublytic C5b-9 has been described as a pro-inflammatory mediator that triggers cell activation rather than inducing cell death. Dendritic cells (DC) play a critical role in controlling antigen-specific immune responses. Although DC maturation induced by various stimuli has been well characterized, the role of C5b-9 in DC function has not ...

BACKGROUND: Cancer vaccines employing DC in their capacity as APC have been tolerated well and have shown some efficacy in clinical studies. IL-12, a cytokine critical for type 1 T-helper (Th1) lymphocyte and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) differentiation, when released from a DC-based cancer vaccine, may support the generation of a ...

Dengue infection is an important public health issue worldwide. The ChimeriVax-Dengue (CYD) vaccine uses yellow fever (YF) 17D vaccine as a live vector. Dendritic cells (DCs) play a key role in initiating immune responses and could be an important primary target of dengue infection. We investigated in vitro the consequences ...

Th1-type immune cytokines are essential to establish adaptive immunity against various microbial pathogens, including Escherichia coli, which cause most urinary tract infections (UTIs). Dendritic cells (DCs) are vital to initiate Th1 immunity, while neutrophils, also referred to here as polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) are reported to be involved in Th1 immunity ...

Professional antigen-presenting cells are critical components of both the innate and adaptive immune responses. Although dendritic cells (DCs) are generally thought to be the primary activators of naive T cells, macrophages have also been shown to fulfill this role. As with DCs, the capacity to induce optimal activation of T ...

Pentoxifylline (PTX) is a nonspecific phosphodiesterase inhibitor which has potent immunoregulatory and antiinflammatory effects. Although its immunomodulation property has been recognized, it is not clear whether PTX could affect dendritic cells (DCs), the most efficient antigen-presenting cells. The purpose of this study was to determine whether PTX could suppress DC ...

Leprosy presents with a clinical spectrum of skin lesions that span from strong Th1-mediated cellular immunity and control of bacillary growth at one pole to poor Ag-specific T cell immunity with extensive bacillary load and Th2 cytokine-expressing lesions at the other. To understand how the immune response to Mycobacterium leprae ...

Dendritic cells (DCs) play a pivotal role in linking innate and adaptive immunity. Migration to the lymph nodes and maturation of DCs are crucial steps in the initiation of specific immune responses. The bacterial product CANTASTIM (CS) is a purified extract of Pseudomonas aeruginosa that induces non-specific protection against bacterial ...

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) can be purified from serum of chronically-infected patients in the form of Lipo-Viro-Particles (LVP), which are triglycerid-rich lipoprotein-like particles containing viral RNA and proteins. Since LVP is a constant feature of chronically infected patients, we asked whether purified LVP could interfere with the immune response ...

BACKGROUND: For optimal T cell activation it is desirable that dendritic cells (DCs) display peptides within MHC molecules as signal 1, costimulatory molecules as signal 2 and, in addition, produce IL-12p70 as signal 3. IL-12p70 polarizes T cell responses towards CD4+ T helper 1 cells, which then support the development ...

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells that initiate the immune response by activating T lymphocytes. DCs express plasma membrane receptors for extracellular nucleotides named P2 receptors (P2Rs). Stimulation of P2Rs in these cells is known to cause chemotaxis, cytokine release, and cell death and to modulate LPS-dependent differentiation. Here ...

Dendritic cells (DC) are pivotal for T cell-mediated immunity. We investigated the early and terminal maturation of monocyte-derived DC (MoDC) in myelodysplastic syndromes (FAB subtypes refractory anemia (MDS-RA) or refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts (MDS-RARS)). Immature MoDC were obtained by culture of monocytes with GM-CSF and IL-4 for 8 days. ...

Salicylic acid (aspirin) is a widely used pharmacological agent with immunodmodulatory properties. Dendritic cells are key regulators of the immune response, and are capable of inducing hyporesponsiveness and regulatory activity in CD4+ T-cells. We have demonstrated that aspirin-treated dendritic cells are effective at antigen processing and presentation, and possess a ...

Dendritic cells (DCs) are unique antigen presenting cells that are immature prior to their encounter with an antigen. Exposure to allergens induces the maturation of DCs with changes in morphology and presence of dendrites. Here, we demonstrate that the DCs in the lungs of ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized and challenged mice are ...

Receptors for IgG (FcgammaR) expressed in dendritic cells (DCs) influence the initiation of Ab-mediated immunity. Dynamic variations in FcgammaR expression allow DCs to adjust their capacity to capture Ab-opsonized Ag. The current paradigm predicts a progressive decline in FcgammaR-mediated phagocytic function upon DC maturation. Surprisingly, we find that expression of ...

P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expressed on human antigen presenting cells (APC) regulates alloantigen-dependent T-cell activation, but the associated mechanisms are not well understood. Here we demonstrate that P-gp functions in IL-12-dependent monocyte differentiation into dendritic cell (DC) lineages during APC maturation, thereby regulating the capacity of myeloid-derived APCs to elicit alloimmune Th1 ...

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a biologically active lysophospholipid that can regulate immune activation. LPA can activate T cells and dendritic cells (DCs), but the effects of LPA on the ability of DCs to influence T cell polarization are not well understood. Human monocyte-derived DCs were differentiated in vitro in the ...

Leptin, a protein produced by adipocytes, exerts several functions, including modulation of the immune response. A report in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology describes for the first time the effect of either leptin receptor deficiency or blockade on murine dendritic cell (DC) maturation, survival and function. The ...

Active suppression of T lymphocyte activation can limit the efficacy of immune surveillance and immunotherapy. Here we have explored the possibility of designing bifunctional small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) capable of inducing innate immunity through Toll-like receptors and simultaneously inhibiting the expression of immunosuppressive factors. Using interleukin (IL) 10 as a ...

Malignant gliomas are able to secrete large amounts of immunosuppressive cytokines like transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGF-beta2) and regularly escape from immune surveillance. Many strategies have been developed to induce potent anti-glioma responses, among those the use of dendritic cells (DC) as therapeutic vaccines. Here, we report that both ...

Discoidin domain receptors (DDRs), DDR1 and DDR2, are non-integrin receptor tyrosine kinases for collagen in many cell types. In this study, we investigated the contributions of DDRs to the activation of mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) by type I collagen (ColI). Our data showed that transcript and protein of ...

Oocyte in vitro maturation (IVM) is an important reproductive technology that generates mature oocytes that are capable of supporting preimplantation embryo development and full development to term. There is great clinical and commercial incentive to improve the efficiency of the technology, however, progress has been slow over the past decade. ...

Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells and play a central role in the host-antitumor immunity. Since it has been reported that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibits the functional maturation of immature-DCs and impairs DC differentiation, it is important to elucidate the mechanisms of VEGF-induced DC-dysfunction. To ...

The neuropeptide vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), released within lymphoid organs from nerve terminals and/or immune cells, plays a significant anti-inflammatory role. It was reported that VIP can induce regulatory dendritic cells (DCs) and promote Th2-type responses. However, the regulatory effect of VIP on the migration and expression of chemokine receptors ...

Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells (APCs) involved in the defense of the body and in the maintenance of the immune tolerance. The regulation of their maturation, migration, and expression of stimulatory and costimulatory molecules has major consequences on the immune response. The endogenous factors that regulate ...

Dendritic cells (DCs) are powerful antigen-presenting cells (APCs), that have so far been applied for cancer specific immunotherapy. Recent results suggest that matured DCs derived from human monocytes have a significant impact on the outcome of vaccination. The conventional generation of mature DCs from human monocytes in vitro has been ...

C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase reactant protein considered to be the prototypic marker for inflammation and its associated diseases. However, little is known about how CRP affects the immune system. In this study, we investigated the effect of CRP on dendritic cell (DC) differentiation, activation and biological functions. ...

Application of biomaterials in combination products in which the biomaterial is presented to the host with a biological component prompts the need for understanding the biomaterial-associated adjuvant effect in the immune response against antigens associated with such a product. We have previously demonstrated that a polymer commonly used in tissue ...

Dendritic cells (DCs) are indispensable for initiation of primary T cell responses and a host's defense against infection. Many proinflammatory stimuli induce DCs to mature (mDCs), but little is known about the ability of chemokines to modulate their maturation. In the present study, we report that CCL16 is a potent ...

BACKGROUND: Rabbit antithymocyte globulin (rATG) is a polyclonal mixture of immunoglobulin (Ig) G. It is used to prevent graft rejection and also graft versus host disease after transplantation. Its effect on lymphocyte function has been widely studied. Dendritic cells are central actors of the immune system. As antigen presenting cells, ...

It has recently been shown that immature dendritic cells (DCs) stimulated by a danger signal undergo transient maturation followed by exhaustion. However, the exact mechanism for this has not been elucidated. In this study, we show that interleukin-10 (IL-10) secreted from transiently matured DCs stimulated by danger signals is responsible ...

The key components of the intracellular molecular network required for the expression of a specific function of dendritic cells (DCs) are as yet undefined. Using an in vitro model of human monocyte-derived DC differentiation, this study investigates the role of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3), a multifunctional enzyme critical for ...

Since drug-activated gammadelta T cells promote dendritic cell (DC) maturation, we analyzed the effect of combining gammadelta T cell specific drugs with BCG in vitro. BCG-induced DC maturation was increased by bromohydrin-pirophosphate (BrHPP) or zoledronate (Zol)-activated gammadelta T cells. Specifically, the co-culture with activated Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells with BCG-infected DC ...

Pathogen recognition by TLR activates the innate immune response and is typically followed by the development of an adaptive immune response initiated by antigen presentation. Dendritic cells (DC) are the most efficient APC and express diverse TLRs, including TLR7 and -8, which have been recently identified as targets for ssRNA ...

During the evolution of neoplastic diseases, dendritic cell (DC) functions are usually attenuated, and this presents a problem to DC-based immunotherapies against cancer. Here, we investigated the effects of angelan, an acidic polysaccharide isolated from Angelica gigas Nakai, on DC maturation. Angelan efficiently increased the maturation of tlr4(+/+) DCs from ...

Although poly(I:C) and LPS induced differential dendritic cell (DC) cytokine profiles and toll-like receptor (TLR) expression, all were capable of causing phenotypic and functional DC maturation. Both LPS and poly(I:C) downregulated TLR-4/MD-2 expression on DCs. Although poly(I:C) highly upregulated their cell surface TLR-9 expression, LPS upregulated the intracellular TLR-9 expression. ...

Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized APCs with an important role in the initiation and regulation of immune responses. Immature DCs (iDCs) reportedly mediate tolerance in the absence of maturation/inflammatory stimuli, presumably by the induction of regulatory T cells. In this study, we show for the first time that repetitive iDC ...

High mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) protein is a nonhistone, DNA-binding protein that plays a critical role in regulating gene transcription. Recently, HMGB1 has also been shown to act as a late mediator of endotoxic shock and to exert a variety of proinflammatory, extracellular activities. Here, we report that HMGB1 simultaneously ...

High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), a DNA-binding nuclear and cytosolic protein, is a pro-inflammatory cytokine released by monocytes and macrophages. HMGB1 as well as its B box domain induce maturation of human dendritic cells (DCs). This report demonstrates that the B box domain induces phenotypic maturation of murine bone ...

RATIONALE: Continuous episodes of infection are a feature of lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cystic fibrosis (CF). Lung antigen-presenting dendritic cells (DCs) sample inhaled antigen to initiate immune responses. Therefore, we hypothesized that inflammatory mediators, such as neutrophil elastase (NE) released into the lung, may ...

Recent in vivo studies suggest that hMPV is a poor inducer of inflammatory cytokines and that clinical symptoms may not be related to immune-mediated pathogenesis as it has been proposed for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human parainfluenza 3 (HPF3). Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen presenting cells, and very ...

Immature dendritic cells (DCs) resident in bovine spleens represent a distinct CD11a(+) CD11c(+) CD13(+) CD172(+) CD205(+) population compared to those circulating in peripheral blood or trafficking via afferent lymph. Upon cytokine-induced maturation, splenic DCs both efficiently present antigen in the stimulation of allogeneic lymphocyte proliferation and recall antigen-specific responses.

BACKGROUND: Fluorinated ethylene-propylene (FEP) bags have been used instead of polystyrene (PS) flasks for ex vivo clinical-scale production of human dendritic cells (DCs) to facilitate closed-system recovery of these highly adherent cells. To assess the impact of DC culture on this nonadherent surface, the function of DCs generated in FEP ...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Bisphosphonates are widely used for treatment of osteoporosis and metastases of the skeletal system. Recent data suggest that bisphosphonates may not only reduce bone loss but also exert direct anti-tumor, anti-angiogenic and E inverted exclamation markE not T-cell activating effects, properties which depend at least partially on ...

TRACP, a marker of osteoclasts, is also expressed by cells of the immune system. We identified a novel function for TRACP in the dendritic cell. DCs from TRACP knockout mice have impaired maturation and trigger reduced Th1 responses in vivo. We postulate that TRACP has an important role in the ...

The compound 1-methyl-tryptophan (1-MT) is a competitive inhibitor of IDO that can break tolerance and induce fetus, graft, and tumor rejection. Because of its broad effect on immune-related mechanisms, the direct action of 1-MT on human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DC) was analyzed. It is shown here that the effect of ...

Dendritic cells (DCs) are important sentinels within innate immunity, monitoring the presence of infectious microorganisms. They operate in 2 different maturation stages, with transition from immature to mature DCs being induced by activation of toll-like receptors (TLRs). However, TLRs are also expressed on precursor cells of DCs. Here we analyzed ...

Clostridium difficile, an etiological agent of most cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, exerts its pathological action mainly by the activity of toxin A and toxin B. Less known is the role that S-layer proteins (SLPs), predominant surface components of the bacterium, may play in pathogenesis. Here, we evaluate the ability of ...

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional APCs of the immune system that play a key role in regulating T cell-based immunity. The capacity of DCs to activate T cells depends on their maturation state as well as their ability to migrate to the T cell areas of draining lymph nodes. In ...