Successful pulmonary clearance of the encapsulated yeast Cryptococcus neoformans requires a T1 adaptive immune response. This response takes up to 3 weeks to fully develop. The role of the initial, innate immune response against the organism is uncertain. In this study, an established model of diphtheria toxin-mediated depletion of resident ...

Relative to several other toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, we found polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly IC) to be the most effective adjuvant for Th1 CD4(+) T cell responses to a dendritic cell (DC)-targeted HIV gag protein vaccine in mice. To identify mechanisms for adjuvant action in the intact animal and the polyclonal ...

Due to their capacity to elicit and regulate immunity, dendritic cells (DCs) are important targets to improve vaccination. Knowing that programmed death-1 (PD-1) high virus-specific T cells become functionally exhausted during chronic exposure to human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), the development of a therapeutic DC-based HIV-1 vaccine might include strategies that ...

We analyzed the phenotype and function of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) induced in vitro without using any serum during the late stage of cultivation. These 'serum-free' DCs (SF-DCs) possessed the ability to induce T cell proliferation as well as antibody responses, indicating that they were functional DCs. Surprisingly, the ...

Background: Chronic inflammation is implicated in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) pathogenesis and is associated with persistent activation of immune responses. These are largely controlled by dendritic cells (DCs). Although large numbers of DCs infiltrate the lungs of patients with IPF, there are no similar reports in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). ...

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to investigate signaling molecules involved in the acquisition of tolerogenic properties by dendritic cells (DC) in ret transgenic mice with spontaneous melanoma progression and to target these molecules to overcome the barrier for effective melanoma immunotherapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: DC functions and expression patterns ...

Dendritic cells (DCs) differentiated in the presence of IL-10 preferentially induce regulatory T-cells and tolerance. Whether the tolerogenic properties displayed by these DCs (Tol-DCs) can be overcome has not been fully explored. Here we show for the first time that Tol-DCs express higher levels of TLR5 mRNA, but not TLR4 ...

Polyanhydrides are a promising class of biomaterials for use as vaccine adjuvants and as multi-component implants. Their properties can be tailored for such applications as controlled drug release, drug stability, and/or immune regulation (adjuvant effect). Understanding the induction of immunomodulatory mechanisms of this polymer system is important for the design ...

Antineoplastic chemotherapeutic agents may indirectly activate dendritic cells (DCs) by inducing the release of "danger" signals from dying tumor cells. Whereas the direct cytotoxic or inhibitory effect of conventional chemotherapy on DCs has been reported, modulation of DC function by chemotherapeutic agents in low noncytotoxic concentrations has not yet been ...

BACKGROUND: The central function of dendritic cells (DC) in inducing and preventing immune responses makes them ideal therapeutic targets for the induction of immunologic tolerance. In a rat in vivo model, we showed that dexamethasone-treated DC (Dex-DC) induced indirect pathway-mediated regulation and that CD4+CD25+ T cells were involved in the ...

We have cloned the mouse and human C-type lectin Clec12A, expressed both, and produced mAb recognizing both. Mouse Clec12A is highly expressed on splenic CD8(+) dendritic cells (DC) and plasmacytoid DC. A proportion of CD8(-)DC also expresses lower levels of Clec12A, as do monocytes, macrophages, and B cells. Human CLEC12A, ...

The liver lies downstream of the gut, and is constantly exposed to bacteria. Liver dendritic cells (DC) are known to possess properties of tolerance, and respond to LPS differently when compared to conventional DC, but the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate ...

In this review, we focus on the function of CD40-CD40L (CD154) interactions in the regulation of dendritic cell (DC)-T cell and DC-B cell crosstalk. In addition, we examine differences and similarities between the CD40 signaling pathway in DCs and other innate immune cell receptors, and how these pathways integrate DC ...

Much of what is known today about hemipteran feeding biology, as well as mechanisms of their host plant interactions and transmission of phytopathogens, has been learned via use of electrical penetration graph (EPG) technology, originally called electronic monitoring of insect feeding. Key to all of this information has been the ...

Atherosclerosis has been considered a syndrome of dysregulated lipid storage until recent evidence has emphasized the critical contribution of the immune system. Dendritic cells (DC) are positioned at the interface of the innate and adaptive immune system. Recognition of danger signals in atheromas leads to DC activation. Activated DC regulate ...

To initiate an adaptive immune response, T cells need to interact with dendritic cells (DCs), and the duration of these interactions plays an important role. In vitro and in vivo experiments have generally tried to estimate the required period of opportunity for T cell stimulation rather than the duration of ...

DC in the CNS have emerged as the major rate-limiting factor for immune invasion and subsequent neuroinflammation during EAE. The mechanism of how this is regulated by brain-localized DC remains unknown. Here, we describe the ability of brain-localized DC expressing B7-H1 molecules to recruit CD8(+) T cells to the site ...

BACKGROUND: Although polyols are frequently used as tablet excipients in lozenges, chewing tablets, and orodisperse tablets, special directly compressible (DC) forms are recommended as filler-binder in common disintegrating tablets. AIM: In this article, DC types of isomalt, lactitol, mannitol, sorbitol and xylitol are evaluated. Method: Tablets of both lubricated and ...

The use of dendritic cells (DCs) loaded with tumour antigen is one of the most promising approaches to induce tumour-specific immune response. However, methods of the vaccine preparation have not yet been standardized. The purpose of the study was to analyse the anti-tumour efficacy of tumour antigen-loaded mouse bone marrow-derived ...

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells and have key functions in the initiation of immune responses. Hence, antigen-loaded DCs have become important tools for active-specific immunotherapy. In addition to defining strategies for antigen loading, effective T-cell activation by DCs will depend on vaccination protocols that facilitate DC migration ...

In a humid milieu such as mucosal surfaces, pollen grains do not only release allergens but also proinflammatory and immunomodulatory lipids, termed pollen-associated lipid mediators. Among these, the E(1)-phytoprostanes (PPE(1)) were identified to modulate dendritic cell (DC) function: PPE(1) inhibit the DC's capacity to produce IL-12 and enhance DC mediated ...

Vaccine adjuvants target the innate immune system to enhance the immunogenicity of coadministered antigens. Dendritic cells (DCs) are responsible for antigen uptake and presentation to naïve T cells and represent a key target of adjuvant activity. Adjuvants derived from microbial components, such as Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, elicit innate immune ...

Although IL-12/23p40 is known to play a major role in host resistance to Mycobacterium spp, the cellular source, tissue localization, and regulation of p40 production during mycobacterial infection in vivo has been unclear. In this study, we used IL-12/23p40eYFP (yet40) reporter mice to track expression of the cytokine following Mycobacterium ...

Local immunosuppressive mechanisms shape the tumor microenvironment and contribute to carcinogenesis. In ovarian cancer such mechanisms have been shown to influence survival. Dendritic cells (DCs) are central immunity regulators and induce potent cytotoxic T-cell responses as well as peripheral tolerance depending on modulatory stimuli. Here, we show that ovarian cancer-derived ...

Taxol has been used effectively in cancer therapies. Our previous study demonstrated that taxol induced altered maturation and improved viability of dendritic cells (DCs). However, the effects of taxol on DC viability have not been fully elucidated. In the present study, flow cytometric analyses revealed that taxol treatment significantly increased ...

Dendritic cell (DC) development is efficiently supported by Flt3-ligand or GM-CSF in vitro, and lymphoid-organ DC maintenance in vivo is critically dependent on Flt3-ligand. However, the relevance of GM-CSF for lymphoid-tissue DC maintenance and the importance of both cytokines for nonlymphoid organ DC homeostasis are not defined. Here, we show ...

The purpose of this study was to assess the potential of a novel pseudovirus targeting to dendritic cells (DCs) inducing T cells tolerance. To prove it, allogeneic DCs transfected of the novel pseudovirus containing Lewis X oligosaccharides with programmed death-ligand 1 were co-cultured with T cells. After mixed leukocyte reactions ...

Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition modulates dendritic cell (DC) functions and regulates experimental graft-vs-host disease and other immune-mediated diseases. The mechanisms by which HDAC inhibition modulates immune responses remain largely unknown. STAT-3 is a transcription factor shown to negatively regulate DC functions. In this study we report that HDAC inhibition acetylates ...

Oral tolerance is a key feature of intestinal immunity, generating systemic tolerance to ingested antigens (Ag). Dendritic cells (DC) have been revealed as important immune regulators, however, the precise role of DC in oral tolerance induction remains unclear. We investigated the characteristics of DC in spleen, mesenteric lymph node (MLN), ...

The innate immune system of humans recognizes the human pathogenic fungus Candida albicans via sugar polymers present in the cell wall, such as mannan and beta-glucan. Here, we examined whether nucleic acids from C. albicans activate dendritic cells. C. albicans DNA induced interleukin-12p40 (IL-12p40) production and CD40 expression by murine ...

We analyzed the contribution of intracellular signaling to the functional plasticity of dendritic cells (DCs) presenting Candida albicans, a human commensal associated with severe diseases. Distinct intracellular pathways were activated by recognition of different fungal morphotypes in distinct DC subsets and in Peyer's patches DCs. Inflammatory DCs initiated Th17/Th2 responses ...

Clinical translation of dendritic cell (DC)-based cell therapy requires preclinical studies in nonhuman primates (NHPs). The aim of this work was to establish the in vitro conditions for generation of NHP tolerogenic DCs (Tol-DCs), as well as to analyze the molecular mechanisms by which these cells could control an immune ...

The goal of the current study was to investigate the expression of transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) on human in vitro differentiated monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) and to dissect the corresponding role of TRPV1-signaling in DC-specific functions. TRPV1 expression was identified both at the protein and gene levels in human ...

Dendritic cell (DC) migration to draining lymph nodes is important for the initiation of an effective immune response. Recently we reported that the human ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter multidrug resistance protein 4 (MRP4 and ABCC4) is required for the migration of human DC. Since the ABC transporter MRP1 (ABCC1) was ...

The expression of inhibitory immunoglobulin-like transcripts (ILTs) on dendritic cells (DCs) is a biomarker of tolerogenic DCs. In this article we discuss current knowledge on the function of ILTs and explore the molecular mechanisms involved in modulation of DCs via the inhibitory receptor and its natural ligand, rendering these cells ...

Induction of antigen-specific tolerance is critical to prevent autoimmunity, to maintain immune homeostasis, and to achieve transplant tolerance. In addition to their classic role as sentinels of the immune response, dendritic cells (DCs) play important roles in maintaining peripheral tolerance through the induction/activation of regulatory T (Treg) cells. The possibility ...

Ig-like transcript 3 (ILT3), an inhibitory receptor expressed by APC is involved in functional shaping of T cell responses toward a tolerant state. We have previously demonstrated that membrane (m) and soluble (s) ILT3 induce allogeneic tolerance to human islet cells in humanized NOD/SCID mice. Recombinant sILT3 induces the differentiation ...

Because of their unique role in linking the innate and adaptive immune systems, dendritic cells (DCs) have been a logical focus for novel immunotherapies. However, strategies employing active immunization with ex vivo generated and antigen-pulsed DCs have shown limited efficacy in clinical trials. These past approaches did not take into ...

The potent immunosuppressive action of rapamycin is commonly ascribed to inhibition of growth factor-induced T cell proliferation. However, it is now evident that the serine/threonine protein kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) has an important role in the modulation of both innate and adaptive immune responses. mTOR regulates diverse functions ...

Androgen ablation (AA) causes apoptosis of normal and neoplastic prostate cells. It is a standard treatment for advanced prostate cancer. Androgen ablation-mediated immunological effects include bone marrow hyperplasia, thymic regeneration, T and B cell lymphopoeisis and restoration of age-related peripheral T cell dysfunction. Androgens also regulate the transcription of several ...

Monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) loaded with heat-inactivated HIV are used in therapeutic immunizations. It is not known whether they migrate in vivo to lymph nodes. We used an (111)In-oxine-labeled DC (ILDC) method to visualize the migration of DCs. The activity, time and incubation medium were investigated to obtain the highest ...

Dendritic cell (DC) immunotherapy is a clinical reality. Despite two decades of considerable data demonstrating the feasibility of using DCs to prolong transplant allograft survival and to prevent autoimmunity, only now are these cells entering clinical trials in humans. Type 1 diabetes is the first autoimmune disorder to be targeted ...

During apo blebs, containing nuclear components, are formed at the cells' surfaces. When these blebs separate from the dying cell an apo cell body remains. The contents of apo blebs are modified and can be released, especially in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) since impaired clearance of apo material ...

Dendritic cells (DC) induce or tolerize T cells, and tolerogenic DCs can promote the development of regulatory T cells (Treg) with suppressive activity. Thus, the possibility of manipulating DCs and enhancing their tolerogenic properties using different pharmacologic or biologic agents could be exploited to control a variety of chronic immuno-mediated ...

Decompression sickness (DCS) is manifested in a myriad of symptoms, and can affect any part of the body. It is attributed to the formation of inert gas bubbles in the blood and tissues. Following a diving incident, the pathogenesis of DCS is a result of mechanical obstruction caused by the ...

The herpes simplex virus (HSV)-based amplicon is a versatile vaccine platform that has been preclinically vetted as a gene-based immunotherapeutic for cancer, HIV, and neurodegenerative disorders. Although it is well known that injection of dendritic cells (DCs) transduced ex vivo with helper virus-free HSV amplicon vectors expressing disease-relevant antigens induces ...

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a beta-herpesvirus that infects the majority of the population during early childhood and thereafter establishes life-long latency. Primary infection as well as spontaneous reactivation usually remains asymptomatic in healthy hosts but can, in the context of systemic immunosuppression, result in substantial morbidity and mortality. HCMV counteracts ...

Noni juice as a folk medicine has been used for over two thousand years. Recently, some active ingredients of Noni juice have been successfully isolated and intensively studied. Because dendritic cells (DCs) are central regulators both in priming innate and adaptive immune responses and in maintaining self tolerance, in the ...

Dendritic cells (DC) have been implicated both in initiation of immunity and in immune tolerance. The mechanisms whereby tolerogenic DC may induce and maintain peripheral tolerance include the generation or expansion of regulatory T cells (Treg) and the promotion of T-cell anergy or deletion. A wide spectrum of hematopoietic growth ...

DC recognize microbial components through an array of receptors known as PRR. PRR initiate intracellular signals, which engender DC with the capacity to stimulate T-cell responses. Dectin-1 is a PRR that recognizes beta-glucan, a major constituent of many fungi's outer cell wall. Here we show that Dectin-1 activates DC through ...