An emergence of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) in settings affected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB) has been observed. We investigated the prevalence of DR-TB in P1041, a multicentred, randomised, double-blind trial which compared the administration of isoniazid (INH) to placebo, in HIV-exposed, non-infected and -infected African infants in ...

In KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, a setting endemic for tuberculosis (TB) and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), prolonged hospitalisation for the treatment of the growing number of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) patients is neither possible nor effective. To compare early treatment outcomes in patients with MDR-TB with and without HIV co-infection at ...

BACKGROUND: Breastfeeding increases metabolic demands on the mother, and excessive postnatal weight loss increases maternal mortality. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the efficacy of a lipid-based nutrient supplement (LNS) for prevention of excess weight loss in breastfeeding, HIV-infected women. DESIGN: The BAN (Breastfeeding, Antiretrovirals, and Nutrition) Study was a randomized controlled trial ...

Lymph node tuberculosis (LNTB) is the most frequent form of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). Randomised, controlled trials have convincingly demonstrated that 6 months of chemotherapy is sufficient for most drug-susceptible LNTB. We performed a retrospective, multicentric study from 1997 to 2010 to describe factors associated with prolonged anti-tuberculosis treatment in patients ...

Recent studies suggest that the prevalence of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) in sub-Saharan Africa may be rising. This is of concern, as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection in multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB has been associated with exceedingly high mortality rates. To identify risk factors associated with mortality in ...

In Africa, although emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis (TB) represents a serious threat in countries severely affected by the HIV epidemic, most countries lack drug-resistant TB data. This finding was particularly true in the Kingdom of Swaziland, which has the world's highest HIV and TB prevalences. Therefore, we conducted a ...

To quantify the impact of tuberculosis (TB) co-infection on death and loss to follow-up (LTFU) 12 months after entry into an ART program. Prospective intervention study. From May 2007 to 2008, patients undergoing pre-ART training in Durban, South Africa, were screened for pulmonary TB using mycobacterial culture. Subjects missing appointments ...

The aim of the study was to investigate the risk of death for 12 months follow-up after registration of tuberculosis (TB), using a nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study. A total of 33851 new TB cases were enrolled from 2006 to 2008. Of these, 5584 (16.5%) patients died during the follow-up ...

BACKGROUND: HIV testing of persons referred for tuberculosis diagnosis (TB suspects) is recommended by WHO but is not a policy in India, where HIV prevalence among TB suspects has never been reported. The current Indian policy of offering HIV testing only to TB cases may limit opportunities for early HIV ...

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Concomitant treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection and tuberculosis (TB) presents a series of challenges for treatment compliance for both providers and patients. We carried out this study to identify risk factors for default from TB treatment in people living with HIV. METHODS: We conducted a cohort ...

Background:Despite the complexity of tuberculosis (TB) serology, antibodies (Abs) remain attractive biomarkers for TB. Recent evidence of a mycobacterial capsule that consists mainly of the polysaccharides arabinomannan (AM) and glucan provides new options for serologic targets.Methods:Ab responses to AM and glucan were evaluated by ELISA in 47 US TB cases ...

Molecular epidemiological features of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains among different patient groups in Russia have not been studied well. The aim of our study was to compare the genotypes of M. tuberculosis strains circulating among tuberculosis (TB) patients from different groups: homeless, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected, prisoners, and the general population ...

In Malawi, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence among newly registered tuberculosis (TB) patients is 60-70%. In 2008, an integrated TBHIV clinic was established at a central hospital in Zomba. Despite the integration of TB-HIV activities and improved HIV service uptake, unacceptably high proportions of HIV-positive TB patients are still not ...

Tuberculosis (TB) remains the leading cause of death among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected persons. The prevalence of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) in HIV-infected patients in China is unknown. To estimate the prevalence of M. tuberculosis and NTM in HIV-infected patients in Guangxi Province, determine their ...

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The overlapping epidemiology of tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections prompted the World Health Organisation in 2004 to recommend collaboration between national TB and HIV programmes. The goal of this collaboration is to decrease the burden of both infections in the population. This policy was subsequently ...

PURPOSE: To describe the presence of "peripheral low intensity sign" in hepatic hemangioma in the hepatobiliary phase (HP) of gadolinium ethoxybenzyl diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA)-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to compare the frequency of this sign between hepatic hemangiomas and hepatic metastases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Institutional Review Board ...

SUMMARYThis study used linked national tuberculosis (TB) and HIV surveillance data to investigate recent trends and factors associated with HIV co-infection (TB-HIV) in healthcare workers (HCWs) with TB in England and Wales. Methods applied were the χ2 trend test and logistic regression. Overall 14% (231/1627) of HCWs with TB were ...

We analyse the tuberculosis (TB) epidemics of 211 countries with a view to proposing more efficient and targeted TB control strategies. Countries are classified by how their TB case notification rates have evolved over time and the age distribution of those suffering from active TB disease in 2008. Further analysis ...

Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) patients reported in North Carolina (NC), USA, from 1996 to 2008 (inclusive). To compare prevalence of cavitary TB as a surrogate marker for advanced disease in low-caseload counties with high-caseload counties. A multivariate log binomial regression model was used to estimate prevalence ratios (PRs) for cavitary TB. ...

District 6, An Hoa Clinic in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Viet Nam. To evaluate the performance of various algorithms in tuberculosis (TB) screening and diagnosis in a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected population in HCMC, Viet Nam. A cross-sectional study of 397 consecutive HIV-infected patients seeking care at the ...

Phnom Penh, Cambodia. 1) To monitor the number of tuberculosis (TB) patients undergoing human immunodeficiency (HIV) testing during TB treatment and trends of referral of TB-HIV patients to HIV services following the appointment of TB-HIV coordinators in TB wards, and 2) to investigate factors that influence undesirable TB treatment outcomes. ...

Adherence to tuberculosis (TB) treatment is important for TB control. The effect of stigma on adherence has not been well quantified. To identify the effects of TB and acquired immune-deficiency syndrome (AIDS) stigma on missed doses during TB treatment. Validated TB and AIDS stigma scales assessing perceived and experienced/felt stigma ...

A key challenge to greater progress in tuberculosis (TB) control is the reservoir of latent TB infection (LTBI), which represents a huge long-lived reservoir of potential TB disease. In parts of Africa, as many as 50% of 15-year-olds and 77%-89% of adults have evidence of LTBI. A second key challenge ...

We describe a death associated with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and HIV infection outside Africa that can be linked to Tugela Ferry (KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa), the town most closely associated with the regional epidemic of drug-resistant tuberculosis. This case underscores the international relevance of this regional epidemic, particularly among health care workers.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the presence of viral RNA or DNA sequences in spent culture media used after ovum pickup (OPU) or embryo culture and in liquid nitrogen (LN) used for oocyte or embryo vitrification in patients seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and hepatitis B virus ...

Tuberculosis (TB) can develop soon after antiretroviral treatment initiation, as the result of restoration of anti-TB specific immune response. This form of the disease is often defined as "unmasked TB", and it represents a major challenge for severely immune-suppressed HIV-infected subjects initiating treatment. Emergence of previously unrecognized TB disease occurs ...

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been remarkably effective in ameliorating Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-associated morbidity and mortality. The rapid decline in viral load during ART also presents an opportunity to develop a "treatment as prevention" strategy in order to reduce HIV transmission at a population level. Modelling exercises have demonstrated that ...

After 30 years we are still struggling to address a devastating HIV pandemic in which over 25 million people have died. In 2010, an estimated 34 million people were living with HIV, around 70% of these in sub-Saharan Africa. Furthermore, in 2009 there were an estimated 1.2 million new HIV-associated ...

Objectives: We describe chest radiographic (CXR) findings in a population with a high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB) in order to identify radiological features associated with TB; to compare CXR features between HIV-seronegative and HIV-seropositive patients with TB; and to correlate CXR findings with CD4 T-cell ...

A baseline assessment of tuberculosis infection control (TB IC) knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) was conducted among staff in a resource-limited rural South African hospital where nosocomially transmitted multi- and extensively drug-resistant (M/XDR) TB had been reported. Assessment consisted of anonymous questionnaires and direct observation during July-September 2007, soon after ...

Objectives  This study assesses the outcome of current treatment guidelines and the effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on survival of HIV/TB-coinfected patients in a resource-limited setting. Methods  Observational cohort study at the pediatric HIV Clinic, RML Hospital, Delhi. All HIV-infected patients who visited the clinic for the diagnosis ...

To evaluate and compare the diagnostic value of two immunochromatographic tests for tuberculosis (ICT-TB) in clinical practice. The present extended cross-sectional study investigated suspected active TB patients at Maesai district hospital, and Lampang regional hospital between April 2009 and May 2010. Subjects underwent two commercial ICT-TB serum tests including: an ...

Abstract The availability of effective antiretroviral therapy has altered HIV from being an acute disease to being a chronic, manageable condition for many people living with HIV (PLWH). Because of their ubiquity and flexibility, mobile phones with short message service (SMS) offer a unique opportunity to enhance treatment and prevention ...

Tuberculosis (TB) is the frequent major opportunistic infection in HIV-infected patients, and is the leading cause of mortality among HIV-infected patients. Genetic susceptibility to TB in HIV negative subjects is well documented. Since coinfections can influence the way in which immune system respond to different pathogens, genetic susceptibility to TB ...

The purpose of this study was to determine differences in pretreatment and posttreatment radiographic findings in pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients with and without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. All patients were reviewed in terms of pre- and posttreatment radiographic findings comparing non-HIV-related versus HIV-related PTB. Among 177 PTB patients, 38 ...

Worldwide, the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and the hepatitis C virus (HCV) cause, respectively, 600,000 and 350,000 deaths each year. Viral hepatitis is the leading cause of cirrhosis and liver cancer, which in turn ranks as the third cause of cancer death worldwide. Within the WHO European region, approximately 14 ...

Tuberculosis (TB) is the worldwide leading cause of death among HIV-infected individuals, accounting for more than half of AIDS-related deaths. A high risk of tuberculosis (TB) has been shown in early stages of the HIV disease, even in the presence of normal CD4(+) cell counts. Moreover, the factors that determine ...

An unprecedented number of new tuberculosis (TB) medications are currently in development, and there will be great pressure to deploy these new drugs among all populations after their efficacy is demonstrated. People living with HIV experience a large burden of TB and have a particularly pressing need for TB treatments ...

Cystic echinococcosis is recognised as causing considerable morbidity and even mortality in South Africa, but the epidemiology of the disease is to date unknown. From current evidence there are also concerns that co-infections with HIV and tuberculosis (TB) considerably increase CE-associated morbidity. The aim of this analysis was to characterise ...

Tuberculosis (TB) has been affecting humans for millennia. There is increasing indication that human-adapted Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) has been co-evolving with different human populations. Some of the most important drivers of MTBC evolution have been the host immune response and human demography. These old selective forces have shaped many ...

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Knowledge about lay beliefs of etiology, transmission and treatment of TB, and lay perceptions of the relationship between TB and HIV is important for understanding patients' health seeking behavior and adherence to treatment. We conducted a study to explore lay beliefs about TB and TB/HIV co-infection in Addis ...

Objectives  To describe the development and operation of integrated tuberculosis (TB) and HIV care at the Martin Preuss Centre, a multipartner organization bringing together governmental and non-governmental providers of HIV and TB services in Lilongwe, Malawi. Methods  We used a case study approach to describe the integrated TB/HIV service and ...

It is estimated that one third of the world's population is latently infected with tuberculosis (TB). The HIV epidemic fuels the TB epidemic by increasing the risk of reactivation of latent TB infection and by facilitating a more rapid progression of TB disease. Although the incidence of TB is constant ...

To identify the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected children in a resource-limited setting before and after initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART), and to assess the impact of TB screening by tuberculin skin testing and clinical history. A retrospective cohort study of 1806 HIV-infected children and ...

Objectives  To study trends in Zambia's TB notification rates between 1990 and 2010 and to ascertain progress made towards TB control. Methods  Retrospective review of TB notification returns and TB programme reports for the period from 1990 to 2010. Results  Two distinct TB trend periods were identified: a period of ...

BACKGROUND: Despite recent advances in the management of lupus nephritis (LN), these unfortunate patients are at a higher risk of developing chronic kidney disease (CKD). Concomitant chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with adverse outcome in patients with LN and further compounds the risk as some of these ...

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: In 2005, Rwanda drafted a national TB/HIV policy and began scaling-up collaborative TB/HIV activities. Prior to the scale-up, we evaluated existing TB/HIV practices, possible barriers to policy and programmatic implementation, and patient treatment outcomes. We then used our evaluation data as a baseline for assessing the national scale-up ...

In order to ensure the availability of resources for tuberculosis (TB) and HIV management and control, it is imperative that countries monitor and plan for co-infection to identify, treat, and prevent TB-HIV co-infection thereby reducing TB burden and increasing healthy life years of people living with HIV. A systematic review ...

This article highlights a number of ethical challenges I face in obtaining informed consent from very sick subjects with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). Some of the subjects with TB have an associated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. From my experience in administering informed consent and health surveys, I found the ...

Tuberculosis (TB) infected adults attending out-patient TB clinics in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. To examine the association of anemia with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection, indicators of socio-economic status (SES) and anthropometric status in TB-infected adults. Cross-sectional data collection during screening for a clinical trial. Overall, 750 females and 1693 ...