We observed 11 undergraduates in an experiment designed to simulate infant caregiving. In negative reinforcement conditions experienced by all participants, a targeted caregiving response (e.g., rocking a baby doll) produced escape from, and avoidance of, a recorded infant cry. Nine participants' caregiving was shown to be controlled by this negative ...

Infants may be particularly sensitive regarding hormonally active compounds such as Bisphenol A (BPA), which is widely distributed and exhibits weak oestrogenic activity. Since only free (unconjugated) BPA exhibits endocrine activity, both free and total (after hydrolysis of conjugates) BPA were determined in urine samples of infants to support valid ...

It is commonly assumed that preterm babies are malnourished and this has led to all forms of micronutrient supplementation including iron. The aim of the study is to compare the iron content in breast milk of mothers who had preterm and term babies. Ninety six (96) lactating mothers who delivered ...

A premature neonate who developed respiratory distress in the first few days of life was found to have a pleural effusion, which reaccumulated following drainage. The effusion was demonstrated to be a chylothorax. He required multiple chest drains and was started on a medium chain triglyceride formula feed. This brought ...

Eye movements of 30 4-month-olds were tracked as infants viewed animals and vehicles in "natural" scenes and, for comparison, in homogeneous "experimental" scenes. Infants showed equivalent looking time preferences for natural and experimental scenes overall, but fixated natural scenes and objects in natural scenes more than experimental scenes and objects ...

Few investigations have explored the urinary aquaporin-2 (u-AQP2) excretion pattern after birth in preterm infants with conflicting results regarding the correlation between u-AQP2, urinary osmolality and vasopressin. The aims of this study were to evaluate u-AQP2 excretion during the first week of life in preterm infants, to correlate u-AQP2 with ...

It has been reported that the reninangiotensin- aldosterone system of healthy newborn infants and pre-term infants responds to acute furosemide challenge. To assess urinary aldosterone excretion (UAE) and electrolytic balance in very low-birth weight (VLBW) infants who received chronic therapy with furosemide and to compare them with those of infants ...

The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of urethral hydrodistension for management of urethral hypoplasia in prune belly syndrome (PBS). During a 10-year period, 7 infants with PBS and urethral hypoplasia presented either with open urachus or surgically created urinary diversion referred to our hospital. ...

The objective of this study was to determine an optimal dosing regimen for maintaining the therapeutic target range of aprotinin in neonates and young infants during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). A total of 27 patients scheduled for open heart surgery were enrolled. Aprotinin was administered a 25 000 KIU (kallikrein inhibition ...

The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence and clinical course of urinary tract infection (UTI) in neonates with septicemia and also determine the most common UTI manifestations in hospitalized neonates. A cross-sectional study was conducted on consecutive febrile infants aged 1 to 56 days that were hospitalized ...

Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of a novel lipid emulsion containing a mixture of soybean oil, medium-chain triglycerides, olive oil, and fish oil (SMOFlipid 20%) with reduced n-6 fatty acids (FA), increased monounsaturated and n-3 FA, and enriched in vitamin E were evaluated in premature infants compared with a soybean oil-based ...

Intravenous phosphorus preparation was not available in Egypt till recently. So we aimed to prove the positive effect of adding intravenous phosphorus to total parentral nutrition (TPN) on calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (PO4) metabolism ofpreterm neonates by measuring bone mineral content (BMC) using DEXA scan. A case-control study was conducted ...

To study the effects of early parenteral amino acid administration on body weight, fluid compartments and metabolic parameters during the first week of life in sick premature infants. Appropriate for gestational age, sick premature infants were randomized into two groups. Group A infants (n = 8, birth weight 1258 ± 339 g) were supplemented with ...

BACKGROUND: Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) induces a systemic inflammatory response. The magnitude and consequences in infants remain unclear. We assessed the relationship between inflammatory state and clinical outcomes in infants undergoing CPB. METHODS: Plasma concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor α, IL-1β, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured ...

Aims and objectives:  To illustrate the complex interaction between ontogeny, i.e., age-dependent maturation, genetic polymorphisms and renal elimination clearance during infancy, based on developmental disposition of intravenous tramadol during infancy. Background:  Tramadol (M) is metabolized by O-demethylation (cytochrome P450 [CYP] 2D6) to the pharmacodynamic active metabolite O-demethyl tramadol (M1). This ...

The false positive rate for the newborn screening of disorders of amino acid metabolism for premature infants is higher than full term infants. This may be due to very low birth weight infants receiving high concentrations of amino acids from total parenteral nutrition (TPN) administration and/or immature metabolism. An investigation ...

To determine the contribution of total gluconeogenesis to glucose production in preterm infants receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN) providing glucose exceeding normal infant glucose turnover rates. Eight infants (0.955±0.066 kg, 26.5±0.5 weeks, 4±1 days) were studied while receiving routine TPN. The glucose appearance rate (the sum of rates of glucose ...

Own mother's colostrum is rich in cytokines and other immune agents that may stimulate oropharyngeal-associated lymphoid tissue if administered oropharyngeally to extremely low-birth-weight (ELBW) infants during the first days of life when enteral feeding is contraindicated. However, the safety and feasibility of the oropharyngeal route for the administration of colostrum ...

Vagal hyperreactivity (VHR) is a frequent etiology of infant fainting spells; but it is sometimes difficult to diagnose. A biochemical test would therefore be useful, especially as the oculocardiac reflex (OCR) test innocuity is not absolute. To evaluate urinary excretions of norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine as markers for vagal hyperreactivity. ...

Early amino acid administration has been recommended in preterm neonates to avoid protein catabolism. In the present work, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was used to evaluate the quantity of protein intake in preterm infants. The aim of the study was to investigate the relation between protein intake and BUN during ...

To investigate preoperative urinary flow patterns in hypospadic infants and compare them to those from normal infant boys. Twenty-one boys (median age 14.0, range 12.8-21.6 months) referred for distal hypospadias surgery were compared to 19 healthy boys (median age 12.0, 9.2-19.8 months). In both groups a 14-mm transit-time ultrasound flow ...

The aim of this study was to determine (1) whether ibuprofen treatment in very preterm infants causes an increase in the renal water channel aquaporin-2 (AQP2) activity in the collecting duct via prostaglandin synthesis inhibition and (2) whether AQP2 activity remains disturbed long after ibuprofen treatment has ended. This was ...

To test whether a single take home dose of infant nevirapine increased infant uptake without decreasing institutional deliveries. Cluster randomised post-test only study with control group. Ten hospitals in urban areas of Coast, Rift Valley, and Western provinces, Kenya. Pregnant women with HIV, 18 years and older, and at least ...

Intracranial hemorrhage remains an important factor of premature newborns' morbidity. Its incidence is significantly influenced by adequate perinatal care and safe neonatal transport. Risk factors for the development of intracranial hemorrhage in premature newborns after neonatal transport were analyzed in the retrospective transversal clinical study. Out of 150 study subjects, ...

Due to circulatory instability, premature infants require volume loads, catecholamines and steroid supplementation to improve mortality and neurodevelopmental outcome. However, a complete quantitative analysis concerning the relationship between supplementation and gestational age, especially in infants born at 22 to 24 weeks of gestation, is lacking. To investigate whether less mature ...

Objective. To investigate perinatal risk factors that may be associated with impaired renal function during the first 2 weeks of life. Methods. The case notes of 150 neonates of gestational age (GA) 34-36 weeks and 494 of GA > 36 weeks were studied. Clinical risk factors were retrieved, along with indices of renal function: ...

During early postnatal development, the nervous system accretes docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3), a highly unsaturated n-3 (omega-3) fatty acid (FA) used in the formation of neural cell membranes. DHA, which is present in human breast milk, may also be biosynthesized from n-3 FAs such as 18:3n-3 [alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)] or ...

Melamine has been the main factor leading to infant urinary calculi occurring on a rather wide scale in China in 2008, which were the results of a rapid aggradation of metabolites such as cyanuric acid diamide, cyanuric acid, etc., causing uric acid stone to accumulate. Here, we present a report ...

The objective of this study was to measure lutein and zeaxanthin plasma levels after oral lutein administration in preterm infants. Lutein was given orally in a single dose of 0.5 mg/kg to 10 preterm infants at a mean age of 52 h of life. Plasma lutein and zeaxanthin were measured ...

To assess the risk of bisphenol A (BPA) exposure when infants suck or chew infant books, the concentration of BPA leaching from infant books published by Japanese makers to artificial saliva was measured. The concentration of BPA leaching from 10 infant books to 15 ml artificial saliva or water was ...

OBJECTIVE: In very preterm infants, there is a high risk for impaired kidney function; therefore, access to normal ranges of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) for age and definition of a reliable normal range of glomerular clearance is essential. Despite this, updated GFR reference values for use in clinical practice are ...

Preterm infants have diminished antioxidant defenses. Glutathione (GSH), the main intracellular antioxidant, increases upon amino acid (AA) administration in preterm infants, without an accompanying rise of the fractional synthesis rate of GSH (FSRGSH) This study investigated the mechanism behind this increased GSH concentration by determining GSH synthesis in the first ...

We have previously shown that pregnant Korean mothers often have especially poor carnitine status, which may be responsible for the suboptimal carnitine levels of newborn Korean infants. This study tested the hypothesis that carnitine obtained from premature infant formula alone is adequate in sustaining optimal lipid metabolism and growth in ...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (uNGAL) has been identified as an early marker of acute kidney injury (AKI) in pediatric and adult populations. The aim of this review is to provide the most recent and relevant knowledge about the use of uNGAL as an early marker of renal ...

To evaluate bladder function in infants with antenatally diagnosed hydronephrosis (ANH) using dynamic ultrasound protocol. Forty consecutive male infants (mean, 0.25 y) with ANH and 33 age-matched normal controls (mean, 0.49 y) were recruited. Anteroposterior (AP) diameter of renal pelvis (RP) and hydronephrosis index [HI = anteroposterior diameter of RP ...

Micafungin is an echinocandin with potent activity against Candida spp. Hematogenous Candida meningoencephalitis (HCME) is a frequent complication of disseminated Candida infection in premature infants. A preclinical model of HCME suggests that micafungin may be an effective agent for this syndrome, but relatively high weight-based dosages are required. This prompted ...

Melamine (MEL) and cyanuric acid (CYA) may occur simultaneously in milk products. There is no health based guidance value for the mixture of MEL+CYA. Limited toxicological data indicate that MEL+CYA toxicity occurs at levels lower than the toxic doses of the single compounds. The key adverse effect of MEL+CYA is ...

AIM: The aim of our study was to compare the function and volumes of kidneys of very low birth-weight (VLBW) and of extremely low birth-weight (ELBW) infants at pre-school ages. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We did a revision of the neonatal records of infants born in our hospital that weighed < ...

Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a major cause of permanent neurological disabilities. Perinatal asphyxia may induce neonatal mortality after birth or neurological impairment among survivors. There are no reliable methods for identifying infants at risk for this disorder. We measured the ratio of lactate/creatinine (L/C) in urine by proton nuclear ...

BACKGROUND: There is an extreme paucity of pharmacokinetic data for anticancer agents in infants. Therefore, we aimed at characterizing the pharmacokinetics for daunorubicin in infants and examined their relationship to age, body weight, and body surface area. PROCEDURE: Leukemia patients treated according to the Interfant 99 protocol received 30 mg/m(2) ...

To determine the incidence and risk factors of nephrocalcinosis in preterm infants, we studied in a prospectively 64 preterm infants of birth weight :5 1500 g from February 2006 to November 2007. Data were collected on gestation, birth weight, gender and family history of renal calculi, respiratory support, and use ...

The objectives were to evaluate the time course for atenolol pharmacokinetics in lactating women postpartum and to quantify atenolol plasma concentrations in the women's 3- to 4-month-old nursing infants. Data were collected during 1 dosing interval from lactating women treated with atenolol for therapeutic reasons, at 2 to 4 weeks ...

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Choline deficiency is associated with hepatic dysfunction. Parenteral nutrition (PN) and lipid emulsions contain phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) but insignificant free choline (FCho). PtdCho is sequentially degraded to glycerolphosphocholine (GPCho), phosphocholine (PCho), and finally to FCho. Biosynthesis of FCho may be insufficient during PN therapy. The aim of the ...

A urine concentrating defect is quite common in sickle cell anemia, has its onset in early childhood, and may be reversible with transfusion. The Pediatric Hydroxyurea Phase III Clinical Trial (BABY HUG) is a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to assess efficacy of hydroxyurea in preventing organ damage in young children with ...

BACKGROUND: Parenteral nutrition is commonly given to premature infants. It has previously been suggested that standardized parenteral nutrition (SPN) may offer nutritional advantages compared to individualized parenteral nutrition (IPN). However, whether the same level of biochemical control is assured with SPN and with IPN remains uncertain. OBJECTIVES: To compare fluid ...

Expanded newborn screening (NBS) for free carnitine levels has led to the identification of a larger number of heterozygous infants of undiagnosed mothers affected with systemic primary carnitine deficiency (PCD), which in turn leads to the identification of other undiagnosed heterozygous family members. There is an increasing recognition that individuals ...

Data on urolithiasis (UL) in infancy are limited. The objective of this study was to increase awareness of infant UL and to investigate the influence of possible risk factors in this very specific age group. Nonfasting, second-voiding urine samples were obtained to test for urinary excretions of calcium, oxalate, citrate, ...

To search for the efficiency of scanning the newborns with routine urinary system ultrasonography. Urinary ultrasonography has been carried out on 721 infants born in or brought to our hospital. During the study, name, sex, week of birth, presence of antenatal diagnosis or urinary tract infections, and pathologies in examinations ...

In the current preferential-reaching experiments, 7-month-olds were tested for their ability to respond to a combination of relative height and texture gradients. The infants were presented with a display in which these pictorial depth cues specified that two toys were at different distances. The experimental displays differed from the textured ...

Neural tube defects (NTD) are one of the leading causes of infant mortality worldwide. This study was designed to determine the prevalence of NTDs among native Fars ethnic groups during 1998-2005, and to identify maternal and demographic factors associated with NTDs. We performed a descriptive cross-sectional hospital-based study in Dezyani ...