Object Nonaccidental head trauma (NAHT) is a major cause of death in infants. During the current economic recession, the authors noticed an anecdotal increase in infants with NAHT without an increase in the overall number of infants admitted with traumatic injuries. An analysis was performed to determine whether there was ...

Vascular access is critical in the care of sick infants and children for the direct administration of medications and fluids. In infants, especially preterm infants, the use of scalp veins is a common practice because of less subcutaneous fat and less mobility around the catheter site decreasing the risk of ...

: To determine whether neonatal abstinence scores of infants exposed to methadone in utero differed by infant feeding method. : A retrospective chart review. : Twenty-eight term infants that were exposed to methadone in utero and exhibited symptoms of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) prior to hospital discharge were included into ...

To assess the effectiveness of a home-based early intervention on infant feeding practices and "tummy time" for infants in the first year of life. Randomized controlled trial with follow-up measures scheduled at 6 and 12 months. Socially and economically disadvantaged areas of Sydney, Australia. We recruited 667 first-time mothers and ...

There is limited data in the literature on the normal size of the anterior fontanelle. This cross- sectional study was to determine normal values of anterior fontanelle size on the first day of life, using standard methods. Anterior fontanelle size was measured in 400 term and healthy neonates delivered at ...

Hypothyroidism in infants is caused by the insufficient production of hormones by the thyroid gland. Due to stress in the chest cavity as a result of the enlarged liver, their cry signals are unique and can be distinguished from the healthy infant cries. This study investigates the effect of feature ...

Adolescent period is the transitional stage of physical and mental development from childhood to adulthood. Pregnancy in teenage girls is generally classified to have a higher risk than those in adults. In many previous studies reported only the outcome of teenage mothers but no comparative outcome between sick babies born ...

To compare the incidence of anemia between infants who received exclusive breast feeding (EBF) up to the age of 6 months and those who did not. A cross sectional survey was conducted to examine the physical growth, incidence of anemia, mean hematocrit (Hct) level and other red cell indices among ...

Neutrophils are the predominant cell in the lung inflammatory infiltrate of infants with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis. Although it has previously been shown that neutrophils from both blood and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) are activated, little is understood about their role in response to RSV infection. This study investigated whether ...

Our aim was to improve the reliability of recording gestational age (GA) in the mother's obstetric record, as this record is used for clinical management, research databases, and eventual transmission to the Ohio Department of Health birth certificates. We performed a prospective cohort study, including all hospital births. We began ...

Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) influence immune function and inflammation; however, the influence of maternal DHA supplementation on infant morbidity is unknown. We investigated the effects of prenatal DHA supplementation on infant morbidity. In a double-blind randomized controlled trial conducted in Mexico, pregnant women received daily ...

To assess the present-day prevalence of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) worldwide. A search of the literature was conducted to better define the worldwide experience with ROP. An interview was also conducted with 2 schools for the blind, Overbrook in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Perkins in Watertown, Massachusetts. The study also is ...

OBJECTIVE: To report the management of a woman who presented with secondary infertility and amenorrhea after 2 Lletz procedures and a cone biopsy and who had cervical stenosis, a foreshortened cervix, and hematometra. DESIGN: Case report. SETTING: Fertility clinic and tertiary hospital. PATIENT(S): A 34-year-old woman who wanted further children but ...

There is a strong link between maternal knowledge and child well-being in many populations worldwide. Fewer studies have investigated the links between indigenous systems of medical knowledge and infant outcomes in non-Western societies, such as the Ariaal people of northern Kenya. This study has four goals. First, it defines culture-specific ...

We examined if perfectionism and the perception of being an anxious person were associated with more negative infant temperament ratings by the mothers. 386 women (mean age=30.08; standard deviation=4.21) in their last trimester of pregnancy completed the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS), the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and an item about ...

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of wheezing and its associated risk factors in infants in the first year of life in the province of Salamanca, Spain. METHODS: A multicentre, cross-sectional, descriptive epidemiological study was designed to evaluate a representative sample of 750 infants in the first year of life, born ...

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Turner syndrome (TS) patients have an increased risk of weight gain and metabolic syndrome. To date, it is unknown what factors are involved in this metabolic process, even though it is recognized that TS patients are frequently born small-for-gestational age. The aim of this study was to ...

Yorifuji T, Tanihara S, Inoue S, Takao S, Kawachi I. The role of medicine in the decline of post-War infant mortality in Japan. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 2011; 25: 601-608. The infant mortality rate (IMR) in Japan declined dramatically in the immediate post-War period (1947-60) in Japan. We compared the ...

BACKGROUND: The surveillance of newborn infants exposed to potential teratogens often relies on the findings in routine physicians' examinations to identify malformations. Exposed newborn infants can have a wide variety of physical features, including malformations, birth marks, positional deformities, and minor anomalies. The routine physician's findings are not standardized. Some ...

It is known that cultural representations, in the form of stereotypes, can influence functional health. We predicted that the influence of cultural representations, in the form of salient holidays, would extend to birth timing. On Valentine's Day, which conveys positive symbolism, there was a 3.6% increase in spontaneous births and ...

Infant leukemias have a high frequency of mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) gene rearrangements. Using data from a large etiologic study, we evaluated the distribution of selected demographic factors among 374 infant leukemia cases by leukemic subtype, MLL status and diagnosis age. Overall, 228 cases were MLL+. Compared to white infants, ...

Aim:  This study aims to describe how mothers spend the period of time between being diagnosed with a dead baby in utero and the induction of the delivery. Material and Methods:  Data were collected using a web questionnaire. Five hundred and fifteen women who had experienced a stillbirth after the ...

Elephants in the wild live in herds of related females from several generations. Zoos, therefore, tend to house elephants in female groups, consisting where possible of related individuals. This type of group structure is very beneficial as it allows group members to experience events such as births in the group, ...

PURPOSE: This study compares HRQOL among subgroups of infants with asthma-like symptoms to a subgroup without such symptoms and examines independent associations between asthma-like symptoms during the first year of life and HRQOL at age 12 months. METHODS: Our study sample included 5,000 infants participating in the Generation R study. Their ...

Objective To determine the effect of repeated antenatal corticosteroids on postnatal changes in weight, linear growth and head circumference. Methods Mothers who entered the repeated dose of antenatal steroids (ACTORDS) trial were randomised to additional weekly steroid or placebo. Infant occipital-frontal head circumference, weight and crown-heel length were measured at ...

Background: The clinical significance of early transient hypoglycemia (ETH), a frequent event in preterm newborns, is a highly controversial issue. In experimental models, hypoglycemia has been reported to cause oxidative stress. Among the reactive species, early generated peroxynitrite is responsible for protein nitration and lipid peroxidation, a process referred to ...

To determine if selected pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and/or mediators of inflammation reported to be related to the development of cerebral palsy (CP) predict neurodevelopmental outcome in extremely low birth weight infants. Infants with birth weights ≤1000 g (n = 1067) had blood samples collected at birth and on days ...

To determine the extent to which prenatal post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with lower birthweight and shorter gestation, and to explore the effects of childhood maltreatment as the antecedent trauma exposure. Prospective three-cohort study. Ann Arbor and Detroit, Michigan, United States. In all, 839 diverse nulliparas in PTSD-positive (n ...

Recent evidence suggests early-life factors correlate with atrial fibrillation (AF). We hypothesized that AF-related mortality, similar to stroke mortality, is elevated for individuals born in the southeastern United States. We estimated 3-year (1999-2001) average AF-related mortality rates by using U.S. vital statistics for 55- to 89-year-old white (136,573 AF-related deaths) ...

Background: Despite the potential importance of pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) in preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), little is known about the risk factors for PAH. Objectives: To investigate the risk factors for PAH in preterm infants with BPD. Methods: Infants diagnosed with BPD were assigned to the PAH group ...

Background: The etiology of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants is multifactorial and is associated with low gestational age (GA) and severity of neonatal respiratory disease. The role of admission hypothermia (AHT) in the pathogenesis of IVH in VLBW infants has not yet been elucidated. We searched risk factors ...

This study presents evidence suggesting that electrophysiological responses to language-related auditory stimuli recorded at 46weeks postconceptional age (PCA) are associated with language development, particularly in infants with periventricular leukomalacia (PVL). In order to investigate this hypothesis, electrophysiological responses to a set of auditory stimuli consisting of series of syllables and ...

BACKGROUND: There is a paucity of evidence with regard to the safety of contrast medium administration at MRI in neonates and infants. PURPOSE: To assess immediate adverse reactions in children younger than 18 months of age during routine clinical utilization of gadoteric acid (Gd-DOTA) in a cohort of patients with ...

To study the outcome of HIV exposed infants in terms of mortality, morbidity, nutritional status and HIV infection status. Retrospective analysis of data on 162 HIV exposed infants registered at Regional Pediatric Center for HIV, Delhi and meeting the inclusion criteria, was done. Median age at presentation was 6 wk. ...

Background During air flight, cabin pressurisation produces an effective fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO(2)) of 0.15. This can cause hypoxia in predisposed individuals, including infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), but the effect on ex-preterm babies without BPD was uncertain. The consequences of feeding a baby during the hypoxia challenge were ...

OBJECTIVE: To present retrospective data for maternal deaths in Greece from 1996 to 2006. METHODS: Demographic information and information on the causes of death was provided by the Hellenic Statistical Authority. Maternal deaths were assessed by cause of death, maternal age, and place of residence. The maternal mortality ratio (MMR) ...

To investigate the outcomes after prolonged empirical antibiotic administration to premature infants in the first week of life, and concluding subsequent late onset sepsis (LOS), necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), and death. Study infants were ≤ 32 weeks gestational age and ≤ 1500 g birth weight who survived free of sepsis and ...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of the Infant Behavioral Assessment and Intervention Program(©) (IBAIP) in very low birth weight infants on sensory processing and daily activities at preschool age. STUDY DESIGN: Follow-up of children included in a randomized controlled trial. Eighty-six infants were enrolled in post-discharge IBAIP until 6 months ...

Aims: The purpose of the present study was to analyze resting energy expenditure (REE), hormonal parameters and lipid profile in small for gestational age (SGA) moderately preterm infants compared to their appropriate for gestational age (AGA) counterparts in the first week after birth. Methods: REE was measured in all participants ...

Abstract Aim: To determine mortality rate and cause of death in infants born with orofacial clefts. Methods: Retrospective case note review of all children with orofacial clefts who have died. Results: Between 2002 and 2010, 23 of 638 children born with orofacial clefts died at a median age of 5 ...

Objective: To determine the correlation between specific fetal heart rate (FHR) abnormalities and the incidence of death, severe (grade 3-4) intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and periventricular echogenicity (PVE) in extremely low birth weight infants (ELBW) within the first 4 days after birth. Methods: The study included live-born ELBW infants ≤ 30 ...

Few studies have addressed the impact and dynamics of the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic in tropical and sub-tropical areas. To help cover this gap, we analyzed all death certificates issued from October 1913 to June 1921 in Florianopolis (Brazil), a subtropical state capital with a population of 41,298 inhabitants in 1920. ...

Measuring the burden of historic pandemics is not straightforward and often must be based on suboptimal mortality data. For example, the critical 1918 pandemic global burden estimate was based on excess in annual all-cause mortality - calculated as the difference between deaths during 1918-1920 and the surrounding 3-year periods. One ...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate body composition and fasting insulin level in preterm infants receiving preterm formulas (higher protein plus docosahexaenoic acid) for longer periods compared with a recent historical cohort receiving these formulas for shorter periods. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 95 infants fed preterm formula for 6 months or longer ...

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of furosemide administered with packed red blood cell transfusion on cardiopulmonary variables of hemodynamically stable, electively transfused preterm infants beyond the first week of life. STUDY DESIGN: A randomized, stratified, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of intravenous furosemide (1 mg/kg) versus placebo (normal saline) just before "top-up" ...

PURPOSE: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the risk factors for hyperketonemia with respect to patient age, the starting time of anesthesia (morning or afternoon), and the preoperative liquid intake when glucose was administered to infants before and during general anesthesia to avoid the hyperketonemia resulting from ...

Objectives. We examined the influence of racial residential segregation, independent of neighborhood economic factors, on the overall and specific etiological risks of low birth weight. Methods. We geocoded all singleton births in Michigan metropolitan areas during 2000 to census tracts. We used hierarchical generalized linear models to investigate the association ...

WHO guidelines recommend cotrimoxazole prophylaxis (CTXP) in breastfed HIV-exposed-negative infants. This is based on evidence of efficacy in HIV-infected infants, but there is no evidence of benefit in negative, breastfed infants. We assessed the impact of CTXP on diarrhoeal and respiratory morbidity in breastfed HIV exposed negative infants in a ...

Quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (QMR) is being used in human adults to obtain measures of total body fat mass (FM) with high precision. The current study assessed a device specially designed to accommodate infants and children between 3 and 50 kg (EchoMRI-AH). Body composition of 113 infants and children (3.3-49.9 ...

Objective: To examine temporal trends of cardiomyopathy in pregnancy and its association with feto-infant morbidity outcomes. Design and methods: We performed a population-based retrospective cohort analysis utilizing the Florida hospital discharge data linked to vital statistics for 1998 to 2007 (N = 1 738 860). Prevalence rates and trend statistics of cardiomyopathy ...