International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2011 Objective.  For paediatric dentists, an indicator to assess caries risk of infants is very important. Conventionally, the number and/or proportions of Streptococcus mutans have been employed as risk indicator; however, because such figures reflect the existing situation, they are not suitable for assessing caries ...

Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) is an effective therapy for pulmonary hypertension and hypoxic respiratory failure in term infants. Fourteen randomized controlled trials (n = 3430 infants) have been conducted on preterm infants at risk for chronic lung disease (CLD). The study results seem contradictory. Individual-patient data meta-analysis included randomized controlled ...

Objective:To test the hypothesis that long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) supplementation in infancy would improve cognition into later childhood (after 9 years) at both general and specific levels.Methods:A comprehensive cognitive battery was completed by 107 formerly preterm infants (mean age: 128 months). As infants, they had been assigned randomly to ...

Objective:We hypothesized that maternal diabetes mellitus (DM) increases the risk for mortality, respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), and major complications of prematurity.Methods:Analysis of prospectively collected (1995-2007) Israel National Very Low Birth Weight Infant Database. Maternal DM was recorded as pregestational or gestational. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to assess the ...

Background: Despite the huge proportion of the babies in the developing world being born low birthweight, only about half of the newborns are weighed at birth as weighing scales often tend to be either non-available or defective.Objective: Designing a nomogram for estimation of birthweight from head circumference (HC) and mid-upper ...

A first case of newborn Tibetan macaque (Macaca thibetana) twins was observed in a free-ranging group at Huangshan, China. The female that gave birth to the twins was studied during their first 5 months post-partum, and her activity budget was compared to those of adult females with single or no offspring ...

To determine whether delivery room cardiopulmonary resuscitation (DR-CPR) independently predicts morbidities and neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) in extremely low birth weight infants. We conducted a cohort study of infants born with birth weight of 401 to 1000 g and gestational age of 23 to 30 weeks. DR-CPR was defined as chest ...

The past decade has provided new insights into the causes and optimal treatment of infant hydrocephalus in sub-Saharan Africa. Here, I review what we have learned in East Africa about the characteristics, management, and outcomes of hydrocephalus associated with neural tube defects, with particular emphasis on its primary treatment by ...

Infant mortality and morbidity risk is linked to formula usage. The proportion of Filipino infant formula users rose 6% between 2003 and 2008. It is hypothesized this rise resulted from aggressive formula industry marketing. We conducted a household survey between April and December 2006 and focus groups in April-May 2007 ...

Background: The incidence of coagulase-negative staphylococcal (CoNS) sepsis is high in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) and treatment significantly adds to the antibiotic pressure, increasing the threat of resistance. Because infants recover within 24-48 h, blood cultures are negative within 48 h and CRP normalizes within 72 h, we reduced ...

Neonatal encephalopathy (NE) secondary to intrapartum asphyxia remains a major cause of post-natal death and permanent neurological deficits worldwide. Supportive therapy has been the mainstay of the treatment until recent series of large clinical trials demonstrating benefit of therapeutic hypothermia (TH) in this high risk population. Now the International Liaison ...

OBJECTIVE: This exploratory study investigated the influence of adding a patented, specific mixture of prebiotic oligosaccharides (scGOS/lcFOS [9:1 ratio], Danone Research) to a protein substitute suitable for infants with Phenylketonuria (PKU); PKU Anamix Infant (Nutricia). DESIGN: This was an 8-week open-label, single-arm, pilot intervention study in 9 infants (8-week median ...

OBJECTIVE: We examined data from 1979-2007 to generate up-to-date baseline estimates of rotavirus intussusception mortality in US infants, to inform policy deliberations of the risks and benefits of vaccination. STUDY DESIGN: Secular trends in the infant intussusception mortality rate were evaluated using national multiple cause-of-death and natality data from 1979- ...

Mortality has received insufficient attention as a fish welfare topic. Here, we aim to prompt fish farming stakeholders to discuss fish mortalities in relation to welfare. Mortality in farmed fish populations is due to a variety of biotic and abiotic causes, although it is often difficult to differentiate between underlying ...

To report retinal findings for healthy newborn infants imaged with handheld spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD OCT). Prospective, observational case series. Thirty-nine full-term newborn infants underwent dilated retinal examinations by indirect ophthalmoscopy and retinal imaging by handheld SD OCT, without sedation, at the Duke Birthing Center. Of the 39 infants ...

To compare rates and severity of complications between infants undergoing cataract surgery with and without intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. Prospective, randomized clinical trial. The Infant Aphakia Treatment Study (IATS) is a randomized, multicenter (n = 12) clinical trial comparing treatment of aphakia with a primary IOL or contact lens in ...

Abstract Objective: To determine the association between mean glycemia and its variability with perinatal mortality in preterm newborns hospitalized in an intensive care unit (ICU). Methods: Patients admitted to the ICU within the first 12 hours of life, with birth weight <1500g, at least 3 blood glucose measurements/day and lack ...

Abstract Candida species are important nosocomial pathogens in the newborn population, particularly among the premature Very Low Birth Weight (VLBW) infants in neonatal intensive care units (NICU). Candida colonization in neonates and subsequent dissemination results in a plenty of morbidity and mortality risks. This work aims to determine the prevalence ...

Accurate assessment of neonatal body composition is essential to studies investigating neonatal nutrition or developmental origins of obesity. Bioelectrical impedance analysis or bioimpedance analysis is inexpensive, non-invasive and portable, and is widely used in adults for the assessment of body composition. There are currently no prediction algorithms using bioimpedance analysis ...

Aim:  Patent ductus arteriosus occurs frequently in premature neonates with respiratory distress syndrome. We assessed a combination of clinical, biological and echocardiographic parameters in order to derive a decision rule for selecting candidates for treatment based on the criteria in use in our unit. Methods:  One hundred and forty neonates ...

We assessed whether exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), a marker of eosinophilic airway inflammation, at 6 months was associated with the risk of wheezing during the first 2 years of life.In the Generation R birth cohort, pre-and postnatal risk factors for respiratory morbidity and respiratory symptoms were assessed by questionnaires at ...

We sought to determine the risk factors, incidence, and mortality of very late onset bacterial infection (blood, urine, or cerebrospinal fluid culture positive occurring after day of life 120) in preterm infants. A retrospective observational cohort study of all very low birth weight infants cared for between day of life ...

Aim:  Although birthweight placental weight ratio (BPR) may be a promising indicator which reflects pathophysiology of fetal growth restriction (FGR), the standard of BPR changes throughout gestation in a Japanese population has not been established as far as we know. Therefore, we first examined BPR of appropriate-for-dates (AFD) infants in ...

Public health recommendations should be based on the best available scientific evidence, and this necessitates careful appraisal of the available data and management of scientific uncertainty. This paper discusses the difficulties in collecting and interpreting scientific data on infant feeding, in particular the fact that since it is not feasible ...

Objectives.  To describe and compare neurodevelopmental outcomes with birth weight (BW) groups at 250g intervals of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants at 3 years of age in a multicenter cohort in Japan. Methods.  3104 VLBW infants born in 2003 and 2004 registered in a NICU-network database were followed in ...

This analysis of infant mortality in Bangladesh focuses on explaining death clustering within families, using prospective data from a rural region in Bangladesh, split into areas with and without extensive health services (the area covered by the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research and the comparison area, respectively). The modelling ...

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: In cross sectional, case control and retrospective cohort studies, duration of Exclusive Breastfeeding (EBF) usually depends on maternal recall. Retrospective data are often subjected to recall bias and could lead to a potential for exposure misclassification. The purpose of the present paper is to assess the validity of ...

Background:  Meridian Massage is a traditional practice that manually stimulates the body's meridian system - the same network of vital energy channels used in acupuncture. The present study was to assess the effect of Meridian Massage on the physical growth and infant's health as perceived by mothers. Methods:  A study ...

Infant botulism is the most common form of human botulism in Argentina and the United States. BabyBIG (botulism immune globulin intravenous [human]) is the antitoxin of choice for specific treatment of infant botulism in the United States. However, its high cost limits its use in many countries. We report here ...

Delivery room (DR-) management has a great potential to optimise quality of long term outcome in extremely preterm infants. However, a new conceptual framework that focuses on an individualised 'support of transition' rather than on 'resuscitation' is necessary. Video-recordings of DR-management represent a valuable tool to improve care. Recording combined ...

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate possible differences in the rate of appearance of the femoral head ossification center (FHOC) in infants according to the type of feeding (exclusive breast-feeding, formula, mixed feeding). METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted in a population of 285 healthy infants who ...

Background/Aims: Slit ventricles and multiple episodes of shunt failure are problematic in many infants and preterm neonates shunted for hydrocephalus. We utilized ventriculosubgaleal (VSG) shunting as the initial neurosurgical intervention in neonates with hydrocephalus associated with intraventricular hemorrhage and infants with myelomeningocele. Methods: We conducted a chart review of 21 ...

Aims:  Discomfort and stress has been widely studied in the newborn baby but data is lacking for the infant undergoing transport. The aim of our study was to identify infant discomfort during road transport and its pattern. Methods:  This was a prospective cohort study on all infants transported by the ...

Summary.  Deaths occurring in the context of acquired haemophilia (AH) may be related to inter-connected causes and mechanisms including bleeding, specific or older patient co-morbidities or iatrogenic complications. However, their magnitude remains unknown. This study aimed to determine the respective weight and frequency of the various causes of death in ...

The development of imitation during the second year of life plays an important role in domains of sociocognitive development such as language and social learning. Deficits in imitation ability in persons with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) from toddlerhood into adulthood have also been repeatedly documented, raising the possibility that early ...

The primarily anuric very low birth weight infant (VLBWI) is an ethical challenge for the attending doctor as well as for the parents. Long term peritoneal dialysis (PD) might provide an acceptable way in treating a primarily anuric VLBWI prior to kidney transplantation without endangering the child's neurologic development. We ...

To evaluate the association of late-preterm birth with asthma severity among young children. A retrospective cohort study was performed with electronic health record data from 31 practices affiliated with an academic medical center. Participants included children born in 2007 at 34 to 42 weeks of gestation and monitored from birth ...

Objective:To identify patterns of sleep-wake transitions in the neonatal period that might differentiate premature infants who would show better or worse outcomes in multiple developmental domains across the first 5 years of life.Methods:Participants were 143 low birth weight premature infants (mean birth weight: 1482 g; mean gestational age [GA]: 31.82 ...

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of bronchiolitis in infants. Following RSV bronchiolitis, 50% of children develop post-bronchiolitis wheeze (PBW). Animal studies have suggested that interleukin (IL)-10 plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of RSV bronchiolitis and subsequent airway hyperresponsiveness. Previously, we showed that ...

Abstract Objective: Orofacial clefts such as cleft lip (CL), cleft palate (CP), and cleft lip and palate (CLP) are the most frequent congenital anomalies of the head and neck. The purpose of this study was to determine the current demographics for orofacial clefts in Canada. Methods: A request for data ...

To measure the circulating concentrations of nitric oxide (NO) adducts with NO bioactivity after inhaled NO (iNO) therapy in infants with pulmonary hypertension. In this single center study, 5 sequential blood samples were collected from infants with pulmonary hypertension before, during, and after therapy with iNO (n = 17). Samples ...

This study aimed to measure the fluoride (F) content of all infant milk formulas (IMF) available for purchase in Japan and estimate the F exposure of infants whose primary source of nutrition is IMF when reconstituted with different F concentrations of water. Twenty-two commercially available IMFs were purchased from 6 ...

The hospitalization rate for pandemic influenza A (H1N1)v 2009 of 150 prospectively followed, prematurely born infants did not differ significantly from that of term-born infants from the same geographical area (0.7% vs. 0.07%, P = 0.12), but was higher for other viral lower respiratory tract infections (5.3% vs. 0.6%, P ...

To analyse the accuracy and reproducibility of photogrammetry in detecting thoracic abnormalities in infants born prematurely. Cross-sectional study. The Premature Clinic at the Federal University of São Paolo. Fifty-eight infants born prematurely in their first year of life. Measurement of the manubrium/acromion/trapezius angle (degrees) and the deepest thoracic retraction (cm). ...

Objective:The purpose of this randomized pilot study was to collect preliminary data regarding the feasibility and effects of early initiation of milk expression on the onset of lactogenesis stage II and milk volume in mothers of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants.Study Design:Twenty women were randomized to initiate milk expression ...

Recurrent otitis media in children is considered one of the warning signs of primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs), particularly antibody deficiencies. Infants who have the most serious and potentially lethal form of PID, severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), sometimes present with recurrent otitis media. Most of the time, because of the severity of ...

The present randomised trial investigated the effects of feeding Zambian infants from 6 to 18 months old either a richly or basal micronutrient-fortified complementary/replacement food on gut integrity and systemic inflammation. Blood samples were obtained from all infants (n 743) at 6 and 18 months for the assessment of serum ...

Objective: To evaluate rates of early short-term neonatal complications among term and near-term newborn infants with polyhydramnios. Methods: Retrospective data were collected on 788 term infants with prenatal diagnosis of polyhydramnios and 1,576 matched controls, including information on maternal condition and on infant perinatal complications. Results: The total rate of ...

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of prolonged inhalation of a low concentration of CO(2) with theophylline for the treatment of apnea of prematurity. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, double-blind controlled trial of 87 preterm infants with apnea of prematurity (27-32 weeks' gestational age) assigned to either theophylline plus 0.5 L/min of ...

There is growing use of nasal continuous positive airway pressure ventilation (nCPAP) for infants with bronchiolitis, based on clinical assessment of severity. Despite this there have been no studies which identify clinical predictors for the requirement of nCPAP. To identify clinical factors in infants with acute bronchiolitis in the emergency ...