Neurocysticercosis in infants and toddlers has received little attention in the literature, and little is known about the mechanisms of disease acquisition and clinical forms of presentation of the disease in this age group. All patients aged ≤3 years with neurocysticercosis evaluated at Hospital-Clínica Kennedy, Guayaquil, over a 22-year period ...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate subclinical macular findings in premature patients at risk of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) with the use of handheld spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). DESIGN: Prospective, observational case series. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-nine prematurely born neonates. METHODS: Forty-nine infants were imaged using a handheld SD-OCT. Images were acquired in nonsedated ...

Introduction: Misplacement of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) venous cannula in the azygos vein has previously been described only in newborns.
Case: For the first time, we report an aberrant ECMO cannula placement in the azygos vein in a child outside neonatal period. History of chronic lung disease and ligation of persistent ...

AIM: Indications for post-natal steroids among preterm infants are evolving. The objective of this study was to compare steroid use in 2 cohorts 5 years apart and to document the short and long term outcomes of our most recent cohort. METHODS: Retrospective chart review of infants born under 28 weeks ...

We tested the hypothesis that the use of supplemental oxygen (sO2) at discharge from the NICU in extremely preterm neonates is associated with a greater risk of neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) at 18 months corrected gestational age (CGA) than the risk of NDI of those neonates discharged in room air. Four hundred ...

OBJECTIVES: Month of birth has been associated with the environmental factors for multiple sclerosis (MS). This study aimed to investigate whether individuals with MS had significantly different frequencies of birth in a particular month of the year, and whether month-of-birth patterns were influenced by the longitudinally extensive spinal cord lesions ...

Objective:To determine whether differences exist in the location of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in infants with congenital heart disease (CHD) versus those without CHD.Study design:Retrospective cohort study utilizing 11 years of patient data. Inclusion criterion was surgical exploration for NEC. Presence or absence of CHD was determined. Surgical and/or pathology reports ...

We investigated Bacillus cereus-positive tracheal aspirates from infants on ventilators in a neonatal intensive care unit. Multilocus sequence typing determined a genetic match between strains isolated from samples from a case-patient and from the air flow sensor in the ventilator. Changing the sterilization method for sensors to steam autoclaving stopped ...

Here we describe a case of paediatric visceral leishmaniasis recorded in an infant initially suspected for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia due to the clinical and haematological presentation. Eventually the patient was found positive for Leishmania infantum infection and successfully treated. This case emphasises how pivotal a 'One Health' approach is for ...

OBJECTIVES: Subependymal pseudocysts (SEPC) are cerebral periventricular cysts located on the floor of the lateral ventricle and result from regression of the germinal matrix. They are increasingly diagnosed on neonatal cranial ultrasound. While associated pathologies are reported, information about long-term prognosis is missing, and we aimed to investigate long-term follow-up ...

OBJECTIVE:: To evaluate the dose-response relationship of dexmedetomidine in infants with congenital heart disease postoperative from open heart surgery. DESIGN:: Prospective open-label dose-escalation pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic study. SETTING:: Tertiary pediatric cardiac ICU. PATIENTS:: Thirty-six evaluable infants, 1-24 months old, postoperative from open heart surgery requiring mechanical ventilation. INTERVENTIONS:: Cohorts of 12 infants ...

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to clarify whether cardiac anomalies are a reasonable contraindication to laparoscopic surgery in infants. METHODS: Between January 2004 and January 2013, 131 term and preterm infants with cardiac anomalies underwent laparoscopic surgery within the first 6 months of life. In this retrospective study type ...

INTRODUCTION: Long-term follow-up data on preterm infants with breast milk-acquired postnatal cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection are sparse. AIM: To systematically evaluate the long-term cognitive outcome and prevalence of cerebral palsy (CP) in patients after postnatal CMV infection. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All surviving infants <1500 g born in our centre between 1 ...

The true incidence of acute otitis media (AOM) in neonates and infants younger than three months is unknown. In this population organisms causing AOM may disseminate leading to bacteremia, sepsis, and meningitis [1]. OBJECTIVES: To describe the clinical presentation, associated severe infections, bacteriologic etiology, and antibiotic resistance patterns of organisms ...

BACKGROUND: Congenital diaphragmatic hernia is associated with cardiovascular malformation. Many prognostic factors have been identified for isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia; however, reports of concurrent congenital diaphragmatic hernia and cardiovascular malformation in infants are limited. This study evaluated congenital diaphragmatic hernia associated with cardiovascular malformation in infants. Factors associated with prognosis ...

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is the commonest cause of chronic lung disease in infancy. The incidence of BPD has remained unchanged despite many advances in neonatal care. BPD starts in the neonatal period but its effects can persist long term. Premature infants with BPD have a greater incidence of hospitalization, and ...

We report 3 patients who were delivered prematurely and who developed a lens opacity with signs of ocular inflammation at a postgestational age of 10-52 weeks. All patients had been treated for Candida sepsis as neonates. Each patient underwent lensectomy and anterior vitrectomy. In 2 infants Candida albicans was cultured ...

We report a case of alobar holoprosencephaly (HPE) and cebocephaly associated with uncontrolled maternal type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Alobar HPE is the most severe form of HPE. Patients with cebocephaly have ocular hypotelorism and a proboscis with a single, blind-ended nostril. Shortly after our patient was born, we were ...

Thrombocytopenia is one of the most common hematological abnormalities found in neonates. The causes, treatment modalities, and outcomes of neonatal thrombocytopenia have to be evaluated for providing better care and follow-up. In this study, our aim was to assess the prevalence, causes, treatment modalities, and outcomes of thrombocytopenia in neonates. ...

Levetiracetam is one of the new anticonvulsant drugs that has a high therapeutic index and potential antiepileptogenic effects. Herein, we report a patient with multidrug refractory epilepsy and Ohtahara syndrome who was accidentally administered 300 mg/kg/d for 35 days by her mother. To our knowledge, there are only a few ...

Abstract Background: Aerosolized medications that have been used in infants receiving ventilatory support have not been shown to be effective clinically among the smallest patients. The aim of this study was to characterize the delivery of aerosolized albuterol sulfate in vitro under simulated neonatal ventilatory conditions using a novel ventilator ...

Ebstein's anomaly is frequently detected before birth, with prenatal detection accounting for the majority of cases in the current population. This study aimed to identify the outcome variables among these infants. The medical records of 59 patients with neonatal Ebstein's anomaly managed at the Asan Medical Center between January, 2001 ...

Isolated scrotal hair development in infancy is a rare disorder that has not been well characterized in the literature. We present a retrospective analysis of 5 male patients referred to the Endocrine Department at the age of 3 to 6 months for the assessment of isolated scrotal hair development. There ...

Background: To understand the characteristics, ophthalmic outcomes, and risk factors of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in patients with birth weight (BW) greater than 1500 g. The applicability of the ROP screening criteria to the Taiwanese population was also examined. Methods: The study included 104 eyes from 54 ROP patients who ...

OBJECTIVES: Ankyloglossia is a common, congenital abnormality often causing feeding difficulties in infants. This study aimed to evaluate indications and outcomes of frenulotomy performed in infants with ankyloglossia for breast-feeding difficulties. METHODS: 85 patients were prospectively identified as they underwent frenulotomy in Pinderfields Hospital ENT outpatient department between February 2008 ...

Propranolol and digoxin have been used as first line drugs for treatment of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) in infants. Flecainide and other drugs have been effective as a second line treatment for controlling refractory SVT. This is a prospective study without randomization and control. The inclusion criteria were: infants (≤12 months) ...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Evidence suggests that microbial communities in the preterm gut may influence the development of necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) and sepsis. Existing data often neglect fungi and whether bacteria were metabolically active or not. We sought to characterise the bacterial and fungal stool flora of preterm neonates and organism ...

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to identify prognostic indicators of neurodevelopmental outcome in term infants who experienced clinical neonatal seizure. METHODS: This is a retrospective, observational hospital-based study. Term infants who experienced clinical neonatal seizure between January 1999 and December 2009 were enrolled. Adverse outcomes were defined as ...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: New evidence is emerging to address the continued uncertainty regarding the optimal range to target oxygen saturation levels in preterm infants. RECENT FINDINGS: A recently published systematic review summarized the existing evidence for currently used oxygen saturation targets in preterm infants and highlighted the paucity of randomized ...

The authors describe the conservative management of a rare case of unicystic ameloblastoma (mural subtype) in a 10-month-old girl, the youngest patient reported thus far in the literature. Rather than subject the infant to further surgery, it was decided to monitor her closely and perform an additional operation in the ...

BACKGROUND: Vascular hemangiomas are considered to be a common finding among neonates and infants. The presence of five or more cutaneous hemangiomas may carry a higher incidence of multiple organ involvement MATERIALS & METHODS: An eleven week old female infant with high cardiac output heart failure and multiple cutaneous hemangiomas ...

Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is defined as sudden, unexpected, witnessed or unwitnessed, non-traumatic, and non-drowning death in a patient with epilepsy. Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy is probably the most common cause of epilepsy-related deaths. Many predisposing and initiating factors may coexist and contribute to SUDEP, but the ...

The aim was to assess the myocardial functions in infants with iron deficiency anemia (IDA). The findings of 22 infants with IDA and 16 healthy infants were compared. Complete blood count in all infants, serum iron level, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), and serum ferritin level in patients were evaluated. ...

The aim of this study was assessment of the contemporary outcomes of oesophageal atresia (OA) in a national paediatric surgical centre. A review of the hospital records of all patients who underwent repair of oesophageal atresia (OA) in our institute between 1991 and 2011 was performed. The study included 130 ...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Lower respiratory tract infections multiply morbidity and mortality within patients with significant congenital heart disease (CHD). For respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), one of the most important pathogens, immunoprophylaxis with palivizumab has successfully been introduced. The question is which patients will benefit most from this costly preventive treatment. ...

Abstract Objective: To study histological variations and abnormalities in Unclassified Sudden Infant Death (USID) including Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) in The Netherland. Design: two hundred Dutch USID cases between 1984 and 2005 were identified. The histology slides and autopsy reports of 187 cases were available for systematic review, including ...

This article is an overview of NEC in term neonates and also summarizes data from 52 cases within Intermountain Healthcare during the last 11 years. In all 52, NEC occurred among neonates already admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit for some other reason; thus, NEC invariably developed as a ...

Necrotizing enterocolitis affects up to 10% of neonates who are born weighing less than 1500 g. It has a high rate of morbidity and mortality, and predicting infants who will be affected has so far been unsuccessful. In this article, a number of new methods are discussed from the literature ...

Congenital hypothyroidism is a common pediatric endocrine disease. Endocrine disruptors are indicated as a possible cause of congenital hypothyroidism. We investigated the associations between endocrine disruptors and the occurrence of congenital hypothyroidism and passage of target compounds from the mother. The levels of phthalates (DEHP, MEHP, DBP, MBP and PA), ...

AIM: The goal of this study is to describe secondary hyperparathyroidism in extremely low birthweight (ELBW) neonates and their response to enteral calcium carbonate (CaCO(3) ) supplementation. METHODS: A retrospective case series was conducted on extremely low birth infants, <1000 g birthweight, who survived hospitalisation, had no major congenital anomalies and ...

TO THE EDITOR: Species of the genus Cronobacter are relatively heterogeneous at the phenotypic and molecular levels (1). In 2012, the following 7 Cronobacter species had been defined: C. sakazakii, C. malonaticus, C. turicensis, C. dublinensis, C. muytjensii, C. condimenti, and C. universalis (2). These opportunistic pathogens cause bacteremia and ...

Mothers delivering as private patients in Australia have a high rate of assisted deliveries, which could lead to adverse infant outcomes in this group of patients. We investigated whether the risk of adverse infant outcomes after assisted deliveries was different for mothers admitted as public or private patients for delivery, ...

Maternal mortality in sub-Saharan Africa has remained high and this is a reflection of the poor quality of maternal services. To determine the causes, trends, and level of maternal mortality rate in Abakaliki, Ebonyi. This was a review of the records of all maternal deaths related to pregnancy over a ...

The relationship between congenital hypothyroidism (CH) and multiple pregnancy has not been fully studied in Japan. Complete nationwide data of assisted reproductive technology (ART) in Japan from 2005 to 2009 presented by the Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology, which include information on CH and birth defects were used for ...

The most controversial issue in organ donation after the circulatory determination of death is whether the donor was truly dead at the moment death is declared. My colleagues and I further analyzed this issue by showing the relevance of the distinction between the "permanent" and the "irreversible" loss of circulatory ...

OBJECTIVE: Neuroendoscopic procedures became essential in neurosurgical treatment of disturbed cerebrospinal fluid dynamics. While a vast number of papers report on the neuroendoscopic experience for adults and children, no series so far reported on techniques and indications for neonate infants. We present our experience for the feasibility of neuroendoscopic procedures ...

OBJECTIVE: Intraventricular haemorrhage is still the most common cause of brain lesion in preterm infants and development of a posthaemorrhagic ventricular dilatation (PHVD) can lead to additional neurological sequelae. Flash visual evoked potentials (fVEP) and amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (aEEG) are non-invasive neurophysiological monitoring tools. The aim of the study was to ...

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of hypo- and hyper-capnia in a European cohort of ventilated newborn infants. DESIGN AND SETTING: Two-point cross-sectional prospective study in 173 European neonatal intensive care units. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patient characteristics, ventilator settings and measurements, and blood gas analyses were collected for endotracheally ventilated newborn ...

Purpose:To assess whether chronic lung disease (CLD) in surviving infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is associated with lung hypoplasia on the basis of the results of antenatal observed-to-expected fetal lung volume (FLV) ratio measurement at magnetic resonance (MR) imaging.Materials and Methods:The study received approval from the institutional review board, ...

Abstract Aims: To test if an isolated finding of low-normal amniotic fluid index (AFI) in the early third trimester in low-risk patients is associated with adverse perinatal outcomes. Methods: Retrospective cohort study with uncomplicated singleton pregnancies that had ultrasound studies between 28.0 and 31.9 weeks' gestation. Two cohorts with AFI ...