Low mother/infant retention has impeded early infant diagnosis of HIV in rural Mozambique. We enhanced the referral process for post-partum HIV-infected women by offering direct accompaniment to the location of exposed infant testing before discharge. Retrospective record review for 395 women/infants (September 2009-June 2010) found enhanced referral was associated with ...

In the Post Exposure Prophylaxis of Infants (PEPI)-Malawi trial, infants received up to 14 weeks of extended nevirapine (NVP) or extended NVP with zidovudine (NVP + ZDV) to prevent postnatal HIV transmission. We examined emergence and persistence of NVP resistance in HIV-infected infants who received these regimens prior to HIV ...

The World Health Organization currently recommends initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected lactating women with CD4+ cell counts <350 cells/μL or stage 3 or 4 disease. We analyzed antiretroviral drug resistance in HIV-infected infants in the Post Exposure Prophylaxis of Infants trial whose mothers ...

A key challenge inhibiting the timely initiation of pediatric antiretroviral treatment is the loss to follow-up of mothers and their infants between the time of mothers' HIV diagnoses in pregnancy and return after delivery for early infant diagnosis of HIV. We sought to identify barriers to follow-up of HIV-exposed infants ...

Background: The role of antiretroviral drugs in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV is well known. The objective of this study is to explore how nonchemoprophylactic factors, including infant feeding practices, mother's HIV status disclosure, mode and place of delivery, infant gender, and maternal age, are related to ...

We quantified the relationship between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RNA shedding in breast milk, cumulative RNA exposure, and postnatal transmission, relating timing of infection in the infant to estimated total volume of milk exposure. Nested case-control study of 36 infants of HIV-infected mothers. Case patients were infants who acquired HIV ...

ARTICLE TITLE AND BIBLIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION: Xylitol gum and maternal transmission of mutans streptococci. Nakai Y, Shinga-Ishihara C, Kaji M, Moriya K, Murakami-Yamanaka K, Takimura M. J Dent Res 2010;89(1):56-60. REVIEWER: Anne C. O'Connell, BA, BDentSc, MS PURPOSE/QUESTION: To determine if commencement of xylitol chewing gum during pregnancy and up to ...

Nevirapine and lamivudine given to mothers are transmitted to infants via breastfeeding in quantities sufficient to have biologic effects on the virus; this may lead to an increased risk of a breastfed infant's development of resistance to maternal antiretrovirals. The Kisumu Breastfeeding Study (KiBS), a single-arm open-label prevention of mother-to-child ...

Nevirapine resistance mutations arise commonly following single or extended-dose nevirapine (ED-NVP) prophylaxis to prevent mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), but decay within 6-12 months of single-dose exposure. Use of ED-NVP prophylaxis in infants is expected to rise, but data on decay of nevirapine resistance mutations in infants ...

In a WHO-coordinated, mother-to-child HIV transmission (MTCT) prevention trial in Burkina Faso, HIV-1-infected mothers were advised to either stop breast-feeding by 6 mo or totally avoid it. Participants were provided with cereal-based, infant fortified mix (IFM) from 6 to 12 mo postpartum along with infant feeding counseling. Our objective was ...

Altered immune responses might contribute to the high morbidity and mortality observed in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-exposed uninfected infants. To study the association of maternal HIV infection with maternal- and infant-specific antibody levels to Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), pneumococcus, Bordetella pertussis antigens, tetanus toxoid, and hepatitis B surface antigen. ...

The impact of in utero exposure to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on longitudinal growth of HIV-uninfected infants is unknown. The Mashi and Mma Bana PMTCT intervention trials enrolled HIV-infected pregnant women at four sites in Botswana. Breast-fed (BF), HIV-uninfected infants born at 37 weeks or greater were included in ...

BACKGROUND:: In resource-rich settings, universal adoption of a 4- rather than 6-week neonatal antiretroviral (ARV) prophylaxis regimen could reduce toxicity and results in cost savings, provided prevention of mother-to-child transmission program effectiveness is not compromised. METHODS:: Between January 1999 and December 2008, a 10-year study of the observational database of ...

A cohort design was used to determine uptake and drop out of 213 HIV-exposed infants eligible for Early Infant Diagnosis (EID) of HIV. To explore service providers and care givers knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of the EID process, observations and in-depth interviews were conducted. 145 (68%) infants enrolled after 2 months ...

The aim of this study was to investigate the possible effects of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in utero on cardiac development and function in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative children. ART reduces vertical HIV transmission. Long-term cardiotoxicity after in utero exposure to ART is unknown in children but has occurred in young ...

: To establish a new method of presurgical nasoalveolar molding (NAM) using computer-aided reverse engineering and rapid prototyping technique in infants with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP). : Five infants (2 males and 3 females with mean age of 1.2 w) with complete UCLP were recruited. All patients were ...

Reasons for incident cases of vertical HIV transmission in the era of free access to PMTCT in South Africa were investigated. This mixed-methods study was conducted in Soweto, South Africa from June-August, 2009. Birthmothers of HIV-infected infants born after 1 December 2008 were eligible. All participants completed an interviewer-administered questionnaire. ...

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a major cause of pediatric morbidity in Africa. In addition, HIV-exposed, but uninfected (HEU) infants can comprise a substantial proportion of all infants born in high prevalence countries and may also be a vulnerable group with special health problems. A total of 14,110 infants were ...

BACKGROUND:: We have previously shown that 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV) is immunogenic in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected mothers and provides vaccine-induced antibodies to the infant. We compared the nasopharyngeal pneumococcal colonization (NPC) rates in <6-month-old infants born to HIV-infected mothers, according to immunization with PPV during pregnancy. METHODS:: NPC ...

Little is known about the metabolic turnover and excretion of vitamin K in healthy newborn infants and the metabolic consequences of prophylactic regimens designed to protect against vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB). We measured the excretion of two urinary metabolites (≤24 h) of vitamin K (5C- and 7C-aglycones) in term ...

The authors present a case of a 36-day-old infant with intracranial and intramuscular hemorrhage due to vitamin K deficiency bleeding, who received intramuscular vitamin K prophylaxis at birth. In this case, laboratory tests showed anemia, liver dysfunction with cholestasis, and coagulopathy, consistent with vitamin K deficiency abnormality. Serological analyses showed ...

Aim:  Investigation of serum concentrations of vitamins A and D in Iranian infants. Methods:  A descriptive cross-sectional study, investigating 7112 infants (15-23 months of age) from all regions of Iran, who attended health care centres from May 25 to June 2, 2001. Unequal clusters with unequal household sizes were sampled. Vitamin ...

Abstract Current research links newborn and infant vitamin D deficiency with various clinical outcomes, including rickets, failure to thrive, type 1 diabetes, and other immune-related diseases. Breastfed infants are often at a greater risk of developing deficiency due to their mothers' low vitamin D status. Human milk reflects the vitamin ...

Prenatal antioxidant supplementation might influence fetal lung growth and development and reduce infant respiratory morbidity. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that infants of mothers at risk of pre-eclampsia who were randomised to receive high-dose vitamins C and E (1000 mg vitamin C and 400 IU ...

Vitamin D deficiency is a global public-health concern, even in tropical regions where the risk of deficiency was previously assumed to be low due to cutaneous vitamin D synthesis stimulated by exposure to sun. Poor vitamin D status, indicated by low serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], has been observed ...

We describe the clinical course of a 10-month-old breastfed infant with rickets and associated myelofibrosis presenting with anemia and hepatosplenomegaly. Over the follow up, on therapeutic supplementation of vitamin D, child showed reduction in liver and spleen size along with improvement in rickets, anemia, growth and developmental parameters.

The rate of non-compliance with vitamin D supplementation is as high as 45%. This is why randomised controlled trials are needed to analyse the response to low doses of vitamin D3. (1) To compare supplementation with 250 versus 500 units of vitamin D3 and (2) to analyse sun exposure time/ultraviolet ...

Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is a major public health problem. The supplementation of lactating women could be an effective strategy to combat it. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of maternal vitamin A supplementation on the mother-infant pair. This was a double blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical ...

To estimate whether maternally administered vitamins C and E lower the risk of spontaneous preterm birth. This is a secondary analysis of a randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial in nulliparous women at low-risk administered 1,000 mg vitamin C and 400 international units vitamin E or placebo daily from 9 to 16 ...

This study was conducted to determine if vitamin D supplementation is required to prevent rickets in breast-fed infants. Breast-feeding rates are increasing, and there are concerns about whether the vitamin D content of breast milk is sufficient. There are a few treatment trials of vitamin D supplementation in breast-fed infants; ...

Prematurity and small-for-gestational age (SGA) neonates are at risk for postnatal complications. Concentrations of total homocysteine (tHcy) might be related to neonatal outcome. We hypothesized that concentrations of tHcy are not related to growth restriction in neonates from mothers receiving 5 mg/day folic acid. We studied a total of 133 ...

OBJECTIVE: We examined and characterized variation among NICUs in the use of vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in extremely low birth weight infants. METHODS: An historical cohort study of extremely low birth weight infants admitted within 7 days after birth to NICUs participating in the Pediatric ...

(i) To measure 25-OH vitamin D levels in term infants at 10 weeks and 6 months and to correlate with maternal vitamin D levels at 10-week postpartum (ii) To evaluate infants at 6 months for rickets. A total of 179 exclusively breastfed infant-mother pairs 96 appropriate-for-gestational age (Group 1) and ...

This cross-sectional study assessed vitamin D status of healthy infants and young children undergoing routine care in a medical center pediatric clinic in Sacramento, CA, and evaluated associations of status with markers of vitamin D function. Such data have not recently been reported from similar locations with sunny climates that ...

Health policy in North America advocates that all breastfed infants receive a vitamin D supplement of 400 IU per day for the primary prevention of rickets. Despite this recommendation, rickets still occurs in Canada. It is not known whether vitamin D deficiency in the Canadian population is solely attributable to ...

We report a case of microphthalmia, inferior adherent leukoma, and optic nerve hypoplasia in an infant whose mother underwent biliopancreatic diversion surgery for obesity 7 years before his birth. The pregnancy was complicated by severe, maternal hypovitaminosis A despite oral supplementation. The infant was found to have undetectable serum vitamin ...

BACKGROUND: Retinopathy of prematurity(ROP) is the most common serious ophthalmic disease in preterm infants. Human milk may provide a protective effect for ROP; however, beneficial effects of human milk preclude randomized trials. Therefore, we conducted a retrospective analysis comparing early postnatal nutrition with ROP development. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate relationship between early ...

The mother is the major source of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration in the young infant. Maternal vitamin D status is an important factor in determining the vitamin D status of the infant and their risk of developing vitamin D deficiency and infantile nutritional rickets. There is evidence that the current ...

The present study was designed to compare two methods of vitamin D supplementation in infants: every two months as a routine vaccination versus a daily dose. A randomised clinical trial was performed on 120 healthy breastfed infants between January and September 2007 in Yazd, Iran. The infants were randomly divided ...

SUMMARY: We report case of an infant who presented with failure to thrive and developmental delay at 4 months of age. He was diagnosed to have vitamin B12 deficiency and antibodies to intrinsic factor secondary to undiagnosed maternal pernicious anemia. The child was treated with hydroxocobalamin and now at 2 ...

Vitamin B 12 deficiency is an uncommon disorder in infancy. Most cases are because of maternal deficiency resulting from insufficient storage and/or reduced intake and are generally seen in exclusively breast-fed infants. Accentuation of the hemolytic process has never been described in association with Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) infections. We ...

This study was done to evaluate if nursing mothers of infants with rickets have vitamin D deficiency, and to evaluate the relationship between maternal vitamin D levels with hypocalcemic seizures in infants with rickets. We selected a cohort of breastfed infants with rickets. Infants were included in this study if ...

Infants born to mothers with deficiency of vitamin D and/or calcium due to cultural modifications in their diets, life style and clothing habits, are at risk of developing early and fatal sequelae of hypocalcemic vitamin D deficiency. We present a 44-day-old infant with hypocalcemia secondary to congenital vitamin D deficiency, ...

The incidence of neonatal vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency because of maternal deficiency was determined by surveying state newborn screening programs. Thirty-two infants with nutritional vitamin B12 deficiency were identified (0.88/100,000 newborns). Pregnant women should be assessed for their risk of inadequate intake/malabsorption of vitamin B12.

To assess the relationship between the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency among pregnant women and the effect of neonatal vitamin A supplementation on infant mortality. Studies of neonatal supplementation with vitamin A have yielded contradictory findings with regard to its effect on the risk of infant death, possibly owing to heterogeneity between studies. ...

Weaning formulas served in hospitals and care facilities in Japan should conform to dietary reference intakes (DRIs). We examined whether the DRI for breastfed infants aged 6-11 months can be satisfied in dietary practice, with a particular focus on the fulfilment rates for vitamins, minerals, trace elements and electrolytes in ...

Dilated cardiomyopathy, which mostly has an idiopathic etiology or is caused by genetic inheritance or infection, can cause irreversible congestive heart failure. Hypocalcemia is a rare etiology of reversible dilated cardiomyopathy. Here we report the case of a two-month-old girl with congestive heart failure who was diagnosed as having dilated ...

OBJECTIVE: To determine vitamin D status and associated factors in a cohort of newly delivered infants and their mothers in Boston, Massachusetts. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Enrollment in this cross-sectional study took place from 2005 to 2007 in an urban Boston teaching hospital with 2500 births per year. A questionnaire and ...

OBJECTIVES: In November 2008, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) doubled the recommended daily intake of vitamin D for infants and children, from 200 IU/day (2003 recommendation) to 400 IU/day. We aimed to assess the prevalence of infants meeting the AAP recommended intake of vitamin D during their first year ...

Vitamin D deficiency in children can have adverse health consequences, such as growth failure and rickets. In 2008,the American Academy of Pediatrics increased its recommended daily intake of vitamin D in infants, children, and adolescents to 400 IU. Infants who are breastfed and children and adolescents who consume less than ...