In a pilot inner-city survey, nine 1-year-old infants with nonorganic failure to thrive (NOFT) and pairwise matched controls from the same deprived inner-city area were studied at home. A multimethod approach to the study of infant behavioral style was adopted. A consistent pattern of NOFT infants' behaviors in mothers' descriptions, ...

Both prematurity and the type and degree of perinatal complications affect behavioral responsivity. Decreased sociability and decreased soothability shown by preterm infants can be considered to be attributable to some stress on the central nervous system. Because marked individual differences are observed within preterm groups, stimulation should be geared to ...

This article describes the behavioral organization and its change in relation to physiologic and clinical variables in a group of infants whose birthweight was less than 1.5 kg and who were experiencing and recovering from acute cardiorespiratory illness. The authors used the Brazelton Premature Sale, which was designed for use ...

The crying, feeding and sleeping patterns of 270 infants 0-12 months old were studied using a 24-hour schedule included in a questionnaire given to mothers visiting four well-baby clinics in Finland in 1987-88. Of these infants 78 were under 3, 84 were 3-5, 65 were 6-8 and 43 were over ...

A new method for administering a taste to preterm and term infants has been developed that does not necessitate the delivery of rapid solutions. Sucrose, a sugar that in solution was shown to potentiate sucking behavior, was embedded in gelatin-based nipples that continuously release sweet taste when mouthed or sucked. ...

Using a cross-sectional design, salivary cortisol was obtained from infants aged 2, 4, and 6 months, prior to and 15 min following an inoculation. Cortisol rose significantly following inoculation. Behavioral responses to inoculation were consistent with the observed patterns of cortisol release. Cortisol base level was significantly and negatively related ...

In an attempt to assess the effects of early sibling visitation in a neonatal intensive care unit, 31 siblings (ages 3-12) of the hospitalized infant were randomly assigned to either a visit group (during first week of neonatal life) or a comparison group who visited only after the study was ...

The effects of maternal proximity on the behavioral and physiological responses of infant rhesus macaques during 4 days of total or adjacent separations from the mother were studied. The 6 infants tested showed behavioral responses that differentiated the two separation conditions. Major differences were found in the quantity and quality ...

This study extends an examination of the behavioral and pituitary-adrenal responses of infant squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) separated from their mothers under different environmental conditions to another physiological system by measuring the metabolites of the central monoamines found in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This study included spectrographic examination of the ...

A total of 176 subjects (53 male students, 65 female students, and 58 mothers) were exposed to 1 of 6 types of infant cries coming from an adjacent room while their behavioral and affective responses were observed. The cries were the pain cries of 2 normal newborns, 1 infant with ...

There is little agreement on sleep-wake state categories for describing infants, nor is there agreement on how states are to be conceptualized. We propose General Systems Theory as a perspective for viewing behavioral states and for describing their function as a behavioral system within the infant's larger social system. In ...

Capuchin infants (genus Cebus) are born in a behaviorally more altricial state than is known for infants of other primate taxa except apes. Development in the first 2 months after birth is characterized by the major reorganization of sleeping and waking, assumption of postural control and the appearance of prehension. ...

We studied developmental changes in supine head position preference in a group of 14 healthy full-term infants from age 3 to 18 weeks. The infants assumed an initial head-right position until 12 weeks. For the maintenance of a head position, a loglinear analysis revealed a developmental trend from an initial ...

Mothers of 47 6-month-old infants with early histories of nonorganic failure to thrive (NOFT) infants and a matched comparison group of physically healthy infants were observed in interactions with their infants in their homes one month following hospitalization. Mothers of NOFT infants were observed to have less adaptive social interactional ...

Observations of the social behavior of Macaca fascicularis exposed in utero to methylmercury (MeHg) and nonexposed control infants were performed as part of a study of the toxic, reproductive and developmental effects of maternal MeHg intake. Infants were tested twice weekly from 2 weeks to 8 months of age. Data ...

Infantile Colic is a behavioral syndrome characterized by paroxysms of excessive crying and increased motor activity, hypertonicity of the musculature, excessive flatus and erratic sleeping and feeding patterns. Ten to 40% of all infants are diagnosed as having Colic. The medical evidence to date does not justify any conclusions regarding ...

The Maternal-Infant Clinical Nurse Specialist Performance Evaluation Tool was developed to assist students to enact certain role behaviors of the clinical nurse specialist (CNS) in maternal-infant nursing and to provide faculty with a measurement of such behaviors for the purpose of student clinical evaluation. Items for the behaviorally-anchored, criterion-referenced tool ...

The concept of infant state refers to patterns of behavior that comprise the sleep-wake cycle. The infant's ability to organize state behavior rhythmically is indicative of central nervous system maturation and predictive of later development. This article describes the development of a noninvasive, computerized infant monitoring system that can be ...

The effects of bilateral optic enucleation on play fighting in golden hamster infants were studied. The behaviors of blind-blind (BB), blind-intact (BI) and intact-intact (II) dyads were recorded from the 30th to the 36th day of age. It has been noted that the differences in physical contact, play fighting and ...

Observations were made on 40 newborns prior to hospital discharge in which states were scored every 10 sec in two 35-70-min periods separated by 6-48 hours. Newborns' states, particularly sleep states and crying, were fairly reliable across observation sessions. Cluster analyses identified 3 separable state profiles that subsequently differentiated infants ...

The behavioral pattern of small for gestational age (SGA) infants differs from that of appropriate for gestational age (AGA) infants. Maternal malnutrition and SGA infants being a common problem in our country, we assessed the behavior of 36 full term SGA infants using the Brazelton scale. These infants had an ...

In the first 3 months of life, crying and fussing in normal infants tend to increase until 6 weeks of age and decrease progressively thereafter. To determine whether feeding choice and early infant temperament are predictors of early crying, 374 healthy, full-term infants were observed prospectively from birth to 6 ...

This study examined acoustic correlates of adults' ratings of infants' cries. Parents and nonparents rated 12 spontaneous cries from young infants on 8 items describing the cries' aversiveness and on 9 semantic differential items. The results indicated that the duration, the amount of dysphonation, and proportion of energy in various ...

The effectiveness of pacifiers and swaddling in reducing pain-induced distress was compared in 2-week-old infants who underwent heel-sticks and 2-month-old infants who received injections. Crying, state, and heart rate were measured on 32 infants at each age during baseline, the stress of heel-stick or injection, and during 3-min soothing intervention ...

The effects of maternal marijuana use on the newborn cry were studied in Jamaica, where it was possible to rule out confounding factors such as the use of other substances and demographic variables that have clouded previous studies and where higher dosages may make the effects more visible. The acoustic ...

Brief maternal separations of young nonhuman primates have been used extensively to study the behavior and physiology of attachment, loss, and bereavement. The physiological responses to the loss of alternative attachment figures, such as peers, is less well documented in nonhuman primates. This study examined both autonomic and behavioral responses ...

Cardiovascular changes in 148 first-time fathers while holding and interacting with their newborn infants are described and relationships of fathers' verbal and nonverbal behavior with these cardiovascular changes are discussed. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP) and heart rate (HR) were monitored before, during, and after interaction with the ...

In summary reviews and empirical research, investigators have suggested that attachment classifications derived from the Ainsworth Strange Situation may reflect variations along dimensions of temperament as well as, or perhaps instead of, individual differences with respect to infant-mother attachments. In this study, relations between temperament dimensions from the Infant Temperament ...

Nineteen hand-reared and seven mother-reared infant and juvenile gorillas were observed for a period of 3 years. Almost all hand-reared individuals developed stereotyped behaviors during the first months. In most cases these behaviors disappeared in the first or second year. Social behaviors, solitary play, nest building and grooming developed at ...

Examined whether certain features of infant temperament might be related to individual differences in the asymmetry of resting frontal activation. EEG was recorded from the left and right frontal and parietal scalp regions of 13 normal 10-month-old infants. Infant behavior was then observed during a brief period of maternal separation. ...

To survive, primates must detect danger in time to activate appropriate defensive behaviors. In this study, the defensive behaviors of infant rhesus monkeys exposed to humans were characterized. It was observed that the direction of the human's gaze is a potent cue for the infant. Infants separated from their mothers ...

PURPOSE: To determine the effect of two comfort interventions during unanesthesized circumcision on neonatal pain. METHODOLOGY: Fifty-eight neonates were randomly assigned to one of three intervention groups. Eighteen control infants received routine care, 15 infants had music played, and 15 infants had a tape of intrauterine sounds played. During circumcision, ...

Two studies were conducted to determine the relationship between variability in acoustic features of the infant cry and medical risk factors. In study 1, 3 groups of preterm infants (healthy, sick and CNS pathology) were compared with term infants at 40 weeks gestational age. The cry was analyzed by computer. ...

This study examines the course of emotion expression development over the first 2 years of life in a sample of full-term and preterm children. 58 mother/infant pairs were videotaped at infant ages of 2 1/2, 5, 7 1/2, and 22 months, recording face-to-face interaction involving play and separation/reunion sessions. The ...

Researchers have found that physiologic changes occur that indicate infants do perceive pain. In the study, infants were audiovideotaped while receiving the first diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) injection to document their responses to an assumed painful stimulus. The vocalization of crying and some facial movements were identified as behaviors associated with receiving ...

We developed a clinical neurologic and behavioral scoring system composed of 10 items to measure the post-operative pain levels in infants: (1) sleep during preceeding hour, (2) facial expression of pain, (3) quality of cry, (4) spontaneous motor activity, (5) Spontaneous excitability, (6) flexion of fingers and toes, (7) sucking, ...

A pair of preterm, opposite-sex twins were examined during the lying-in period for behavioral and morphological effects of maternal alcohol and pentazocine abuse during pregnancy. A few morphological features typical of fetal alcohol syndrome were observed in each infant, and the male infant only was above the standardized mean in ...

Research on the regulation of the adrenocortical response in normal, healthy human infants is still quite new. The refinement of radioimmune assays to allow the measurement of cortisol in small samples of saliva, however, promises to stimulate a marked increase in work in this area over the next few years. ...

Infants of rats and other mammals respond to a novel environment by becoming immobile, and then showing a process of motorial expansion called "warm-up." Starting from immobility, new types of movement are incorporated into the stream of behavior according to rather strict rules of order. Once a new type of ...

Most behavioral abnormalities in infants up to 36 months reflect a disturbance in the relationship between the caretaking environment and the infant. This does not allow their inclusion in present-day classification manuals. The present paper gives a brief description of twelve behavioral conditions frequently seen by the practicing infant psychiatrist. ...

Parachlorophenylalanine (pCPA) or 5-methoxytryptamine (5MT) was administered to pregnant Sprague Dawley rats from day 8 (D8) of gestation till D17 and from D12 until birth respectively. Birth weights of both drug groups of neonates were approximately 20% less than the saline-injected controls. 5MT neonates showed a significant reduction of high ...

This article offers a critique of Littlefield and Rushton's (1986) application of sociobiological principles to bereavement following the death of a child. The following general issues are considered: (a) whether behavior is always adaptive and (b) the distinction between proximate and ultimate explanations. It is argued that grief is a ...

The distribution of spectral energy among four types of infant vocalizations was compared via computerized spectral analyses of "pain-induced," "fussy," and "hungry" cries and "cooing" of 30 2-6-month-old infants. Visual inspection indicated that "pain-induced" cries could be differentiated from "fussy" and "hungry" cries and that "cooing" could be differentiated from ...

Conceptually weak and unsubstantiated theories attempting to explain the origins of infant colic have led to inconsistent and ineffective approaches to the management of the infant with persistent crying. A new theoretical perspective that views excessive crying as a developmental behavioral disorder is presented. The clinical implications of this model ...

Despite their common use parental diaries of infants' cry and fuss behaviour have not been compared with objective methods of recording. To understand what is meant by the descriptions of crying and fussing in the diaries, the diaries of 10 mothers of 6 week old infants were compared with tape ...

Clinical studies have demonstrated that the cries of chronically stressed, medically compromised infants are characteristically higher and more variable in pitch than those of healthy infants. Other studies have indicated that the vagal tone of chronically stressed infants is significantly reduced in comparison to that of normal infants. A neural ...

In industrialized societies, the unique pattern of crying in the first three months is "unexplained" but thought to be due to different biobehavioral factors from later crying behavior. To increase the range of the feeding and caretaking behaviors hypothesized to be relevant determinants of early crying, home observations and diary ...

Cardiac and behavioral reactions to lateral rocking stimulations were analysed at two different ages (1 and 3 months) and at two speeds of motion for the younger infants. Sixteen 1- and 3-mo.-old infants received 12 10-sec. trials of four complete cycles of vestibulokinesthetic stimulation (rapid rocking) and another group of ...

Recent studies of wild tamarins and marmosets have shown that at least one species exhibits variable mating patterns, including cooperative polyandry, monogamy and, more rarely, polygyny. Polyandry is thought to occur because the high frequency of twinning and the relatively high weights of infants in these species make the rearing ...

Studies will be presented which examine the physiological and behavioral responses of squirrel monkeys and rhesus macaques following disruptions of mother-infant relationships. Reliable increases in circulating levels of plasma cortisol occur following separation of the infant from its mother. The presence of familiar conspecifics during the time of separation reduces ...