Aim  To examine maternal hypertension, diabetes, and intrapartum fever as potential risk factors for ischemic stroke in infants. Method  We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 226 117 children born from January 2000 to December 2007 who were enrolled in the South Carolina Medicaid program. We linked maternal and child Medicaid ...

BACKGROUND: Burns in the neonate are rare and result mostly from iatrogenic sources in developed countries. The socioeconomic settings of developing countries are different from those in the developed countries. A review of the epidemiology and management of burns in the neonates in Lagos, Nigeria is presented. METHODS: The case ...

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether administration of Lactobacillus reuteri (L reuteri) DSM 17938 is beneficial in breastfed infants with infantile colic. STUDY DESIGN: Eighty infants aged <5 months with infantile colic (defined as crying episodes lasting 3 or more hours per day and occurring at least 3 days per week within ...

At birth, the newborn fat-tailed dunnart relies on cutaneous gas exchange to meet metabolic demands, with continuous lung ventilation emerging several days later. We hypothesized that the delayed expression of lung ventilation (V(E)) in these animals is in part owing to a low responsiveness of the respiratory control system to ...

The pathology of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is poorly understood. Many risk factors, including hypoxia, have been identified. Prolongation of the ECG QTc interval is associated with elevated risk of SIDS but its aetiology in most cases remains unknown. We characterised electrocardiographic changes in the newborn mouse in the ...

Background: Infant sucking problems are frequently implicated in early weaning during breastfeeding, yet our understanding of early sucking dynamics is limited.Objective: This study aimed to describe infant sucking patterns during breastfeeding at secretory activation and determine whether they changed by the time of established lactation.Methods: Sucking patterns and milk intake ...

We aimed to determine the effects of enteral supplementation of a prebiotic mixture of neutral and acidic oligosaccharides (scGOS/lcFOS/pAOS) on the faecal microbiota and microenvironment in preterm infants. Furthermore, we determined the influence of perinatal factors on the development of the faecal microbiota. In a randomised controlled trial, preterm infants ...

BACKGROUND: Choline forms the head group of phosphatidylcholines, comprising 40-50 % of cellular membranes and 70-95 % of phospholipids in surfactant, bile, and lipoproteins. Moreover, choline serves as the precursor of acetylcholine and is important for brain differentiation and function. While accepted as essential for fetal and neonatal development, its role in ...

Aim:  To determine the feasibility and effect size of Kangaroo Care (KC) for pain from heel lance in preterm neonates provided by either the infant's Mother (MKC) or an unrelated Alternate Female (AFKC). Methods:  Using a randomized crossover design, preterm neonates (n=18) between 28 and 37 weeks gestational age within ...

OBJECTIVE:To clarify the prognostic value of conventional EEG for the identification of preterm infants at risk for subsequent adverse neurodevelopment in the current perinatal care and medicine setting.METHODS:We studied 780 EEG records of 333 preterm infants born <34 weeks' gestation between 2002 and 2008. Serial EEG recordings were conducted during ...

Bottle-feeding has been suggested to increase the risk of pyloric stenosis (PS). However, large population-based studies are needed. We examined the effect of bottle-feeding during the first 4 months after birth, by using detailed data about the timing of first exposure to bottle-feeding and extensive confounder information. We performed a ...

Since a new epidemic (third wave) of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) sensed throughout the world in recent years, we aimed to assess newer risk factors for advanced ROP which needs treatment in Iranian neonates as a new target output of various neonatal care for this serious disease of newborn infants ...

The study sample was a subset of 1115 women enrolledinthe Oral Conditions and Pregnancy (OCAP) study, between 1997 and 2002, at Duke University Medical Center. Data from 650 women with umbilical cord blood samples and complete demographic information were analyzed for this study. Fetal immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody to periodontal ...

OBJECTIVE: Neonatal sepsis is a major cause of neonatal deaths in Asia but data remain scarce. We aimed to investigate the causative organisms and antibiotic resistance in neonatal care units in China, Malaysia, Hong Kong and Thailand. METHODS: Prospective cohort study of neonatal sepsis defined as positive culture of a ...

CONTEXT: The rise of cortisol concentrations after awakening is well documented in adults and children and commonly used as easily accessible marker of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) reactivity. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the existence of a salivary cortisol awakening response (CAR) in infants, and to estimate its ...

Objectives The optimal management of infants born to mothers with peripartum influenza infection is not known. The objective of this study is to describe our experience with a practice guideline that promotes rooming-in and breast-feeding and to determine whether infants managed in this way acquire influenza infection.Study Design All mothers ...

Leptin regulates maternal metabolism and fetal growth by reducing food intake and increasing energy expenditure, particularly during the third trimester. In this study, we investigated the relationships between leptin and growth, and explored the longitudinal change of leptin in early postnatal life. A total of 58 infants were categorized according ...

Background: The incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and possibly also of sepsis is lower in preterm infants fed their own mother's milk (hereafter 'mother's milk') compared with formula-fed infants. It is unclear whether this is caused by the protective properties of breast milk or by the absence of cow's milk. ...

Aim:  To characterize postnatal changes in serum IGF-I in relation to development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in very preterm infants. Methods:  Longitudinal study of 108 infants with mean (SD) gestational age 27.2 (2.2) weeks. Weekly serum samples of IGF-I were analyzed from birth until postmenstrual age 36 weeks. Multivariate models ...

The cortisol awakening response (CAR) is a frequently used measure in psychoneuroendocrinological research, however, some of its more fundamental aspects still require attention. An important question in this respect concerns the ontogeny of the CAR. Data from two recent reports suggest that the CAR may only emerge relatively late during ...

Dysregulated remodeling of the cervix precedes preterm birth, a major cause of infant mortality and morbidity. The goal of this work was to identify changes in the mechanical properties of the cervix in late gestation. The tensile and load relaxation properties of cervices from rats 15-21 days (full term) post-conception ...

Objective Magnesium historically has been used for treatment and/or prevention of eclampsia or preterm labor. More recently, antepartum magnesium sulfate has been suggested for prevention of cerebral palsy in preterm infants. Although adverse effects and toxicity of magnesium in pregnant women are well known, the fetal-neonatal effects of magnesium are ...

Introduction. The management of neonates with congenital hydronephrosis (CHN) diagnosed antenatally is still controversial. Materials and Methods. A prospective study was performed in all newborn infants with CHN born over a 2-year period in order to identify which neonates require a full radiologic investigation including investigation with invasive tests such ...

Retinopathy of prematurity is a disease of the eye which affects the blood vessels of the retina and represents the most important cause of blindness and low vision in children worldwide. There are many risk factors given by birth and parameters of general health status that may influence this disease. ...

Excess salt intake impacts on blood pressure (BP) and the pathogenetic mechanisms of atherosclerosis predisposing to stroke and other cardiovascular disorders. The influence of salt starts early in life. Two randomized controlled trials in newborn infants suggest a direct association between dietary sodium intake and BP since the first few ...

Abstract Aim: The aim of this study was to examine whether the risk for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-related hospitalisation changes through the first year of life in infants of 32-35 weeks' gestational age (wGA). Methods: Risk factors from the FLIP-2 study (190 cases/4566 age-matched controls) were included in a Cox ...

Abstract Background: Vaspin is a visceral adipose tissue-derived serine protease inhibitor that has an insulin-sensitizing effect. It is correlated with insulin resistance and glucose metabolism, and it improves glucose tolerance. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine and compare serum vaspin and insulin concentrations in small-for-gestational age (SGA), ...

Rationale. Sodium is essential for adequate growth; the daily requirement in infants is 2 to 3 mmol/kg/d. Objectives. The study aimed to establish a reference range for the ratio of urinary sodium (UNa) to creatinine (UCr) in healthy infants in a suburban setting in the United States. Methods. UNa and ...

Infantile colic in exclusively breastfed infant is very common. The mother in this situation gets panickyand under stress. This is very common emergency in paediatric hospital. Infantile colic is characterised by paroxysms of uncontrollable crying in an otherwise healthy and well fed infants younger than three months of age, more ...

Transient tachypnea of the newborn results from delayed clearance of lung fluid and is a common cause of admission of full term and late preterm infants to neonatal intensive care units. The condition is particularly common after elective cesarean section. Conventional treatment involves supplemental oxygen, withholding enteral feeds and administration ...

Transient tachypnea of the newborn results from delayed clearance of lung fluid and is a common cause of admission of full term and late preterm infants to neonatal intensive care units. The condition is particularly common after elective cesarean section. Conventional treatment involves supplemental oxygen, withholding enteral feeds and administration ...

Cerebral glucose metabolism was measured by (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose position emission tomography in infants at different gestational ages and with neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Thirty-six preterm and term infants at different gestational ages without brain injury were divided into four subgroups: ≤32 weeks (n = 4), 33-34 weeks (n = 5), 35-36 weeks (n = 12), ...

Very low birth weight (VLBW) preterm infants are at risk for impaired cerebral autoregulation with pressure passive blood flow. Fluctuations in cerebral perfusion may occur in infants with a hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus (hsPDA), especially during ductal closure. Our goal was to compare cerebral autoregulation using near-infrared spectroscopy in ...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Antenatal magnesium sulfate may reduce the excessive rates of cerebral palsy in survivors of very preterm birth. RECENT FINDINGS: There are five randomized controlled trials of magnesium sulfate therapy given to the mother prior to very preterm birth which have reported neurological outcomes for the child, in ...

Chronic lung disease (CLD) frequently occurs in preterm infants and has a multifactorial aetiology including inflammation. Cromolyn sodium is a mast cell stabiliser that inhibits neutrophil activation and neutrophil chemotaxis and may, therefore, have a role in the prevention of CLD. To determine the effect of prophylactic administration of cromolyn ...

This study aimed at exploring the expression of Surfactant protein-C (SP-C) and Ki67 in autopsy lung tissues of premature infants dying from respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) who were exposed to mechanical ventilation and elevated oxygen concentrations. The possible influence of pulmonary surfactant (PS) on the expression of SP-C and Ki67 ...

In the context of rapid changes regarding practices related to delivery in Africa, we assessed maternal and perinatal adverse outcomes associated with the mode of delivery in 41 referral hospitals of Mali and Senegal. Cross-sectional survey nested in a randomised cluster trial (1/10/2007-1/10/2008). The associations between intended mode of delivery ...

Recent research has found empirical evidence in support of the Trivers-Willard Hypothesis that offspring sex allocation is correlated with maternal investment. Tammar wallabies birthing sons have higher investment ability; however a mechanism for sex specific differential allocation of maternal resources in wallabies remains elusive. In metatherians the majority of maternal ...

Objective. To describe the chloride balance in infants born 25-32-week gestation, analyze the association of chloride changes with hydroelectrolytic status and their relationship with perinatal conditions, morbidities, and neurological outcome. Methods. For 7 days after birth, sodium and chloride balance, plasma potassium, phosphate, and total carbon dioxide (tCO(2)) were prospectively ...

Objective. To evaluate the effects of albuterol use in young infants admitted with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis with regards to length of time on supplemental oxygen and length of stay (LOS). To consider the possibility that albuterol use may increase the need for supplemental oxygen and increase LOS. Design, ...

A newborn of 26 days, born in Lisbon, Portugal, presented with fever, anaemia and thrombocytopaenia. She was admitted considering neonatal sepsis, but Plasmodium vivax was identified in the second peripheral blood smear performed. Parenteral quinine was started with good evolution. Despite clinicians' unfamiliarity with congenital malaria in non-endemic areas, this ...

Abstract Background: Reports have described that, in adults, steroids suppress thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and triiodothyronine (T3) and might suppress thyroxine (T4). No data have been reported for thyroid hormone changes before or after administration of glucocorticoid in preterm infants. Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate short-term effects ...

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is the inability to convert phenylalanine into tyrosine, causing toxic effects to the central nervous system. Traditionally, in the treatment of PKU, breastfeeding is replaced by formula milk. This study verified the effects of breastfeeding as a source of phenylalanine on the development of children with PKU. Participants ...

The present report describes the severe evolution of Kawasaki disease in a three-month-old infant. The ailment was initially atypical in its presentation, with the patient exhibiting only persistent fever in association with a progressive lethargy and maculopapular rash on the face, trunk and limbs erroneously diagnosed as roseola infantum. On ...

Postnatal transmission of HIV-1 through breast milk remains an unsolved challenge in many resource-poor settings where replacement feeding is not a safe alternative. WHO now recommends breastfeeding of infants born to HIV-infected mothers until 12 months of age, with either maternal highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) or peri-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) ...

This study aimed to assess the contribution of postnatal services to the risk of neonatal mortality, and the relative contributions of antenatal iron/folic acid supplements and postnatal care in preventing neonatal mortality in Indonesia. Retrospective cohort study. Data used in this study were the 2002-2007 Indonesia Demographic and Health Surveys, ...

Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) is an uncommon adverse cutaneous reaction, most commonly associated with drugs. A 38-year-old primigravida whose labor had been induced developed erythema over her chest and abdomen. She was transferred to our department after a failed vacuum extraction, and delivered a mature infant by forceps. On ...

Diuretics are commonly used to treat infants with oxygen-dependent chronic lung disease. However, there are limited data suggesting a beneficial effect of long-term diuretic therapy on pulmonary function or clinical outcome in this population. Furthermore, data available for review were primarily obtained before the widespread use of antenatal steroids or ...

Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia, is the rarest and usually the most severe form of adrenal steroidogenic defect,which may presents as infantile cholestasis. Here we present a 45 days old infant who came to our attention with cholestasis and severe intractable vomiting and electrolyte disturbances. Evaluation resulted in diagnosis of congenital ...

Transcranial ultrasonography is the most widely used neuroimaging technique in both premature and full term infants. The high susceptibility to hypoxia of the preterm brain explains the raised prevalence of intracranial haemorrhages at this group of patients. Ultrasound examination contributes to assessment of the neurologic status in children by diagnosing ...