The inability to successfully feed a young infant or child is as worrisome to parents as it is to the health care provider. Early growth failures are likely to reflect difficulty with infant homeostasis and often respond to medical management of the physical problem that is temporarily interfering with the ...

"The purpose of this study is to track and contrast the patterns of local concentration and deconcentration in nonmetropolitan America between 1950 and 1996. We consider the growth of places by initial size as well as the growth of population living in the countryside or in unincorporated hamlets.... To determine ...

The circulating insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis consists of the IGF peptides, the IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs), and the IGFBP proteases. Little is known about the IGF axis in newborns, its possible perturbations in sick neonates, and the effect of nutrition on the IGF axis of such patients. The aims ...

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a frequent cause of perinatal morbidity as well as of impaired growth during childhood. Therefore, a clearcut definition of IUGR to identify those babies at risk is essential: The label IUGR generally should be assigned only to those infants with birth weight and/or birth length ...

The aim of this paper is to quantify the magnitude and describe the geographical distribution of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) in developing countries. We estimate that at least 13.7 million infants are born every year at term with low birth weight (LBW), representing 11% of all newborns in developing countries. ...

"We propose a model to capture the escape from the Malthusian trap in the longrun. Our aim is to emphasize the key role of endogenous technological progress--as initiated by population growth and education--for longrun economic development. In addition we stress the importance to consider the level of fertility and mortality ...

During the growth and development of the sporophytic capsules of some moss species, negative gravitropism is changed for a positive one. Horizontal clinostat rotation induced unregulated growth of the sporophytes and their twisting; some of sporophytes remained straight, however. It has been established that the change of the gravitropic reaction ...

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between intrauterine growth retardation, represented by fetal blood flow redistribution and infantile growth. METHODS: The blood flow velocity waveform of umbilical and middle cerebral arteries was recorded by Doppler ultrasonography in 77 growth-retarded fetuses. We recorded the pulsatility ...

J.M. Tanner concluded in 1962 that the growth velocity curve in body weight shows two peaks in primates but only one peak in the other mammals, and that the first peak in primates corresponds phylogenetically to the peak in the other mammals. Many reports on the physical growth of primates ...

We describe a Japanese male infant with mucopoly-saccharidosis type VII (MPS VII) who was born at 32 weeks of gestation presenting as a non-immune hydrops fetalis. His birth weight was 2900 g (+4.1 SD), his birth length was 48 cm (+2.2 SD), and thoracic spine length was 9.5 cm (+2.7 ...

Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) implies that intrauterine growth has been inhibited and that the fetus has not attained its growth potential. IUGR is a clinical term, and the diagnosis is usually based on small size for gestational age at birth (SGA). However, IUGR is not equal to SGA. Women seem ...

The postnatal development of the urea-synthesizing capacity was studied in 21 preterm infants with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and compared with results found in 12 infants without IUGR as controls. The urea-synthesizing capacity was estimated by the ratio Q of 15N abundance of ammonia and urea in 6-hour urine samples ...

Growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) were measured in 90 neonates during the first 5 days of life. Twenty-six small-for-gestational-age (SGA) neonates were compared with 64 appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) neonates. There were no differences in nutritional status between the 2 groups. Mean GH levels were significantly ...

The purpose of this study was to examine the postnatal growth pattern of very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants who were fed parenterally. A retrospective design was implemented. Chart review was the data collection method. A total of 166 VLBW infants without major genetic/chromosomal anomalies, marked fetal malnutrition, and who were not either ...

We have presented here are a long list of conditions associated with an increased incidence of fetal growth restriction. Missing from much of the literature on FGR are data that would allow more informed counseling of patients in terms of predicting their risk of carrying a pregnancy complicated by FGR. ...

The developmental course of the quantitative aspects of early spontaneous motility was studied longitudinally in fourteen intrauterine growth-retarded infants, with a birth weight below the 5th percentile, in relation to perinatal variables, brain ultrasound findings and neurological outcome. Quantitative motility was studied during the preterm period until term age, from ...

In severe cases of intrauterine growth retardation, elective preterm delivery may provide the possibility for nutritional intervention to prevent some of the long-term consequences of the catabolic condition in utero. Neonatal nutritional management is aimed at providing a high protein intake of up to 4 g/kg/day in order to obtain ...

Infants born small for gestational age (SGA) are a heterogeneous group. Both the timing and duration of the intrauterine insult determine the physical condition and body composition of the infant at birth. Infants with symmetrical intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) have a similar body composition at birth to weight-matched infants born ...

This prospective study compared 65 small-for-gestational-age (SGA) (birth weight < 3rd centile) and 71 control infants at a corrected age of 4 months. It was hypothesised that differences would exist in growth, development, temperament and minor neurological signs and that these would be predicted by type (proportional/disproportional) of growth restriction ...

Low birth weight has many adverse consequences, some of which might be ameliorated if there is good postnatal compensatory, or catch-up, growth. We monitored growth, morbidity and feeding patterns in a cohort of 133 full-term, low birth weight infants from poor families in Pernambuco, Brazil, and investigated the relative contributions ...

West syndrome is a strictly age-limited encephalopathy of early infancy with unknown pathogenesis. It is often progressive, leading to mental retardation. Neurotrophic factors are important for the regulation of neuronal survival and differentiation, and their expression is influenced by hormones. Levels of beta-nerve growth factor in the cerebrospinal fluid were ...

OBJECTIVE: To quantify the factors associated with growth of very small premature infants during initial hospitalization. POPULATION: Study patients were 109 infants who were appropriate for gestational age, weighed <1000 g at birth, and were fed intravenous hyperalimentation then calcium-supplemented 81-kcal preterm formula according to a protocol. ANALYSIS: Multiple regression ...

OBJECTIVE: To determine the creamatocrit values of breastmilk at different lactational periods during the first 6 months after delivery and its relation to infant growth. DESIGN: Prospective follow-up study. SETTING: Maternity and well baby clinics of a metropolitan teaching, a rural teaching and a suburban municipal hospital. SUBJECTS: 1322 exclusively ...

AIM: To describe the long term outcome of extremely preterm growth retarded infants in relation to obstetric management and various perinatal events. METHODS: A cohort study was undertaken in two tertiary care centres with different obstetric management. All infants with fetal growth retardation due to placental insufficiency and resulting in ...

OBJECTIVE: To determine any neurosonographic differences between premature intrauterine growth retarded (IUGR) neonates and premature appropriate for gestational age (AGA) infants. STUDY DESIGN: We retrospectively reviewed the head sonograms of 36 premature IUGR infants and 32 premature AGA matched controls. RESULTS: Seven of the 36 (19%) IUGR infant head sonograms ...

A novel miniaturization of knemometry for accurate measurements of the lower leg length in prematures, newborns and infants (mini-knemometry), is presented. The study was performed in four healthy neonates, born at term, and one infant, born in the 34th week of gestation, measured daily for periods of 40 days; and ...

Using the flexible Chapman-Richards model for describing the growth curves from birth to adulthood of 69 species of eutherian mammals, we demonstrate that growth form differs among eutherian mammals. Thereby the commonly used Gompertz model can no longer be considered as the general model for describing mammalian growth. Precocial mammals ...

Intrauterine growth retardation and neurodevelopmental handicaps are common among infants born to HIV-positive mothers and may be due to the actions of virions and/or maternally derived viral products. The viral envelope protein, gp120, is toxic to neurons, induces neuronal dystrophy, and retards behavioral development in neonatal rats. Vasoactive intestinal peptide, ...

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the Rossavik growth model for predicting birth weight in a Dutch population and to evaluate growth cessation near term. STUDY DESIGN: Birth weight was predicted at various ages between 38 and 42 weeks, menstrual age (MA), and at birth age in 50 normal infants using two sets ...

Postnatal growth was prospectively measured from birth to 1 y in 54 term infants born small for gestational age (SGA), fed either breast milk or a standard term infant formula. Breastfeeding was associated with a 0.36 and 0.64 standard deviation (SD) increase in weight at 2 weeks and 3 months ...

OBJECTIVE: To determine important aetiological factors in small gestational age (SGA) infants and the effectiveness of anthropometric indexes in identifying patterns of growth retardation. METHODOLOGY: Eighty-four SGA infants and 81 controls were enrolled. Maternal biological, lifestyle and psychosocial factors were compared for the total group and the term Caucasian subset. ...

Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), a polypeptide growth factor found in milk, is hypothesized to play a functional role in the growth and development of neonates, particularly the gastrointestinal tract. Considerable evidence, based on direct tracer studies with 125I-labeled IGF-I and measurements of circulating IGF-I concentrations in neonatal animals fed a ...

The aim of our study was to evaluate the success of a hemodilution therapy in patients with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) using Doppler sonography. Therefore, 22 patients with IUGR were subjected to hemodilution therapy using infusions of 500 ml hydroxyethylstarch in combination with 500 ml Ringer solution on 14 successive ...

We tested the hypothesis that growth retardation in symmetric small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants may start in the first trimester of pregnancy, whereas in asymmetric SGA infants, it may start in the third trimester. We also examined if there may be a brain sparing effect in asymmetric SGA infants. Infants were classified ...

The early-onset type (onset earlier than 28 gestational weeks) of pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) has the clinical characteristics of a high incidence of intrauterine growth retardations (IUGR), fetal distress, neonatal hypoglycemia and hypertensive disposition. Moreover, the infants from early-onset type of PIH mothers showed a statistically significant higher incidence of ...

This study examined the effects of reduced nutrition on fetal growth over the first half of gestation. Reduced nutrition was achieved by a combination of reduced maternal food intake and carunclectomy, a procedure which restricts the development of the placenta. There were no major effects of restriction on fetal body, ...

OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of multidisciplinary primary care follow-up, which included the services of a registered dietitian, on growth outcomes of very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants. DESIGN: Data were obtained retrospectively from medical records. Forty-two infants receiving follow-up care on an as needed basis from the general pediatric clinic were compared ...

Of the existing methods for assessment of skeletal maturity in children over 1 year of age none is particularly suited to the newborn infant. We describe a computerised method by which area, perimeter and progression in the shape of ossification centres of talus and calcaneus are evaluated separately. From single ...

The effect of gravity in determining if and when during infancy movements eventuate and the rate at which they develop is unknown. In accordance with intersegmental relationships (Hof, 1992), a muscle moment during infancy would have to develop more rapidly than the gravitational moment before movement could occur. In this ...

Family and twin studies have demonstrated a strong genetic component to the development of peak bone mass. Early fetal and infant environment has also been shown to influence bone mass through an effect on skeletal size and mineral content. We report a retrospective study that has examined whether early infant ...

The paper analyses growth velocity data of infants aged 0-11 months from Madura, Indonesia, with the aim of identifying the time of onset of linear growth retardation. Velocities were calculated as average velocities from mid-point intervals, so that they can serve as comparative information for further studies. Secondly, the relation ...

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the affects of suboptimal intra-uterine growth on the outcome of low-birth-weight (LBW) infants. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: Neonatal unit of a tertiary care hospital. PATIENTS: A total of 104 LBW infants with a gestation of 30-32 weeks were selected from a larger cohort that had previously ...

Adequate nutrition is important in infancy because it can affect brain growth. A critical period for brain growth is the end of the fetal growth period and the first 2 years of life. Delivery of nutrition to infants in the neonatal intensive care unit is challenging because illness and prematurity ...

The objective of this study in premature infants was to assess the relationship between dexamethasone, growth and bone mineral accretion. Nine appropriate size for gestational age premature infants treated for chronic lung disease with tapering doses of dexamethasone (0.5-0.1 mg/kg/day over 37 +/- 7 days) were individually matched to a ...

Physical growth of preterm infants relates to many medical factors, such as birthweight, severity of medical illnesses, and nutritional status. We previously reported that maternal behaviors influence developmental outcomes in low birthweight infants (birthweight < 1600 g); we now hypothesize that maternal behaviors also influence physical somatic growth in low ...

BACKGROUND: Infants born small for gestational age (SGA) are at risk for poor postnatal growth and development. This study evaluates biologic and environmental determinants of outcome during the first year of life in a cohort of low income term-born American infants. METHODS: Seven hundred and seventeen of 949 (76%) singleton ...

This study was designed to determine the prevalence of intrauterine growth restriction in neonates with gastroschisis and to evaluate the accuracy of the ultrasonographic diagnosis of intrauterine growth restriction. Birth weight and gestational age were determined for 46 infants diagnosed prenatally as having gastroschisis. Biometric data were analysed for the ...

Increasing human epidemiological data suggest that events that subtly retard intrauterine growth may determine common disorders, such as hypertension and non-insulin-dependent diabetes, in adult life. The underlying mechanisms are unknown. However, excessive fetal exposure to glucocorticoids retards growth and "programs" adult hypertension in rats. 11 beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11 ...

Postnatal catch-up growth in infants born small for gestational age has been reported to occur mainly during the initial 3-9 months of life. The study presented here characterized early postnatal growth in healthy, full-term infants born short for gestational age (GA) (< -2 standard deviation scores [SDS] in birth length) ...

Measurements of neonatal morphometry provide a better indicator of fetal growth achievement than birthweight for gestational age. This study describes the intrauterine growth velocities of the fetal head and trunk of 33 infants with skinfold thickness measurements below the tenth percentile; 16 (48%) of the infants had birthweights above the ...