Nonself recognition during vegetative growth in filamentous fungi is mediated by heterokaryon incompatibility (het) loci. In Neurospora crassa, het-c is one of 11 het loci. Three allelic specificity groups, termed het-c(OR), het-c(PA) and het-c(GR), exist in natural populations. Heterokaryons or partial diploids that contain het-c alleles of alternative specificity show ...

The Objective of the study is to investigate foetal growth curve amongst the women attending the antenatal clinic of the UBTH and determine if the gravidogram needs to be customised for use in our community. Five hundred and sixty booked antenatal patients with certain last menstrual period dates were recruited ...

While previous research has suggested that body thinness is related to subsequent linear growth in children, it is unclear whether thinness at birth is related to linear growth in newborns and catch-up growth in small-forgestational age newborns. Drawing on data from a longitudinal growth study of 3,650 full-term Swedish babies, ...

The hydraulic limitation hypothesis (Ryan and Yoder 1997) proposes that leaf-specific hydraulic conductance (kl) and stomatal conductance (gs) decline as trees grow taller, resulting in decreased carbon assimilation. We tested the hydraulic limitation hypothesis by comparison of canopy-dominant Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) trees in stands that were ...

Birth size and shape are commonly used as indicators of fetal growth. Epidemiologic studies have suggested a relationship between birth size and the risk of developing cardiovascular disease in later life. Certain "growth phenotypes" have been linked to the development of certain components of cardiovascular disease, particularly babies who display ...

To understand the effects of hyperphenylalaninaemia on fetal growth, we studied growth parameters (weight, length and head circumference) of 23 phenylketonuric (PKU) and 60 hyperphenylalaninaemic (HPA) newborns from healthy mothers and of 1853 healthy neonates from north-east Italy. A comparison of the growth parameters for both PKU and HPA newborns, ...

BACKGROUND: In order to assess the organizational and economical implications of Doppler ultrasonography used in high risk pregnancies, a national estimate of the use in singleton pregnancies with risk of small for gestational age (>2 SD below mean birthweight) (SGA) or intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) was needed. METHODS: Through retrospective ...

OBJECTIVE: A variety of methods are used to assess the length of infants at hospital admission. A tape-measure technique is commonly used; however, this measure is potentially inaccurate. We aimed to assess accuracy of tape measurement of infant lengths by comparison with the more accurate length-board technique. METHODS: During a ...

Despite improvements in neonatal care, many preterm babies suffer growth failure during their hospitalization. This appears to persist through early childhood, and possibly into adolescence. The use of enriched formulas improves the early growth of preterm infants, although most if not all of the benefit seems to be lost by ...

Detailed measurements were acquired from 168 healthy subjects who were brought to the West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine's Robert C. Byrd Clinic in Lewisburg, WVa, during 1998 and 1999 by their parents for routine well-baby visits. Measurements of body-segment length, diameter, circumference, and skinfold thickness were taken at several ...

Premature and critically ill infants are highly susceptible to Candida albicans. This study evaluated the lymphocyte-mediated antifungal capacity of infants relative to birth weight, prematurity, and illness severity. Growth inhibition of C. albicans by lymphocytes from preterm and low-birth weight infants was significantly reduced, compared with full-term and normal-weight infants. ...

Impaired postnatal growth in very low birth weight (VLBW, <1500 g) infants is per se a major clinical challenge and may also serve as a model in studying the mechanisms of growth retardation in general. This study was undertaken to characterize the role of IGFs and their binding proteins (IGFBPs), ...

BACKGROUND: Preterm infants are at risk for suboptimal growth and bone mineralization compared to infants born at term but long-term outcomes into early adulthood are unclear. AIMS: To determine (1) if growth and nutrition in the first year of life significantly predict the outcomes measured at adulthood and (2) whole ...

Small for gestational age preterm infants have a higher risk of neonatal morbidity compared to appropriate for gestational age preterm infants. A diminished adrenal response to stress may be involved in the higher postnatal morbidity. The adrenal cortex response in relation to fetal growth was studied by ACTH stimulation tests ...

The nutritional support of gastrointestinal growth and function is an important consideration in the clinical care of neonatal infants. In most health infants, the provision of either breast milk or formula seems to support normal intestinal mucosal growth, but the most significant advantages of breast milk may be for host ...

Reproductive and developmental toxicities resulting from exposure to tetrachloroethylene include delayed or impaired conception, sperm quality, death during development, developmental neurotoxicity, and growth retardation. In most cases there was concordance between rodents and humans. The risk assessments indicated that neurotoxicity was the most sensitive endpoint for inhalation, whereas growth retardation ...

OBJECTIVE: There has been a major increase in the incidence of hypospadias in infants in the 1990s, but the risk factors are not known. Although there are scattered reports in the literature regarding the association of low birth weight and hypospadias, this has not been systematically studied. The objective of ...

The 'Fetal origins hypothesis' states that individuals born small because of malnutrition are predisposed to adult diseases. Fetal malnutrition has two main causes, poor maternal nutrition and placental insufficiency. A distinction between these causes is important because it is likely that maternal nutrition has been sufficient in the majority of ...

Morphological differences between old-growth trees and saplings of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) may extend to differences in needle anatomy. We used microscopy with image analysis to compare and quantify anatomical parameters in cross sections of previous-year needles of old-growth Douglas-fir trees and saplings at the Wind River Canopy Crane ...

OBJECTIVE: Growth of the uterus and the mammary glands and changes in vaginal cytologic features are known to be estrogen dependent and were evaluated to proof the biologic effectiveness of a postnatal replacement of estradiol and progesterone in extremely premature infants. STUDY DESIGN: Thirty female infants with a mean gestational ...

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of prenatal growth restriction on the ventilatory and thermoregulatory responses to asphyxia and hypercapnia in the newborn guinea-pig. Spontaneously growth-restricted (SGR) animals born to unoperated dams, and growth-retarded (GR) neonates born to dams in which a uterine artery had been ...

AIMS: To determine the expediency of a microtitre assay system for establishing, quantifying and antimicrobial testing of two representative oral pathogens. METHODS AND RESULTS: Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis were used. Morphological characteristics of the attached population were evaluated. Biofilm growth was evaluated spectrophotometrically (undisturbed and 1 N NaOH dissipated ...

We have studied the cytostatic effects of sodium phenylacetate (NaPA) in association with several substituted dextrans on human tumor melanoma 1205LU cells. We show that NaPA alone inhibits the growth of these cells (IC50 = 3.9 mM) while a weak inhibitory effect appears at a concentration of 37 microM (10 ...

To produce a modification of the British 1990 weight reference reflecting the growth of long-term breastfed infants. 120 infants from the Cambridge Infant Growth Study fed breast milk (with no formula) for at least 24 wk, with solids introduced at a mean age of 15 wk, were weighed every 4 ...

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether preeclampsia influences insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1), and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), independent of its effect on birth weight. METHODS: Cord blood was collected in 12,804 consecutive deliveries. We identified 258 preeclamptic pregnancies that were subclassified as mild or ...

OBJECT: To investigate the influence of HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelet count) pregnancies on the postpartal course and further development of the neonate. METHODS: The postnatal course and further development up to 4 years of age of 43 infants after pregnancies complicated by HELLP syndrome were evaluated. ...

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the growth of extremely low-birth-weight (ELBW) infants during hospitalization in terms of weight gain, growth velocity, and relative change in weight. DESIGN: Retrospective, descriptive design. SETTING: Two neonatal intensive-care units located in the midwestern United States. PATIENTS: Thirty-five ELBW infants with a birth weight less than 1,000 ...

A sample of 1931 Israeli infants was measured for body weight (WT), length (HT) and head circumference (HC) for approximately 2 years. The Count model with 3 parameters was chosen as the best fitting and most parsimonious function to approximate growth of all 3 studied traits. In the model parameter ...

The objective of this study was to evaluate growth in infants with d-transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA) who underwent switch operation (anatomical correction) in the early neonatal period. Growth data (at birth and 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months of age) were retrieved in 23 infants with d-TGA ...

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of antenatal and postnatal corticosteroids on head circumference growth and weight gain from birth to discharge. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of nonanomalous newborns admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit from 23 to 34 6/7 weeks of gestation. Independent variables included maternal age, ...

AIM: The aim of this study is to show that the Clinical Assessment of Nutritional Status (CANS) score is an effective method to diagnose fetal malnutrition (FM) in term newborns and to monitor the catch-up growth of fetal malnourished newborns. METHODS: A group of infants have been screened at birth ...

Stunting is common among children under 5 y of age in sub-Saharan Africa. Several risk factors have been associated with poor growth but few studies have prospectively addressed the development of linear growth faltering and stunting during the first year of life. The present study was designed to analyse typical ...

The aim of this study was to describe the heterogeneity in body proportions of infants born small for gestational age (SGA), defined by birthweight, and to study the relationship of placental size with neonatal anthropometric measurements. Anthropometry was evaluated in 107 symmetrically and asymmetrically growth-retarded infants born SGA (birthweight <-2 ...

Birth length has been reported to be either normal or reduced in infants with congenital GH deficiency (CGHD). We evaluated 46 infants with CGHD followed in a single regional medical center. All were born full term and had peak GH of less than 10 microg/liter after provocative stimulation. Length SD ...

This paper presents the development of reference standards for head circumference (HC), length and mid-arm circumference/head circumference (MAC/HC) ratio for the evaluation of exclusively breastfed infants. A total of 219 exclusively breastfed term appropriate-for-gestational age (AGA) infants were studied and analysed from 1 June 1995 to 31 May 1997 at ...

GH and IGF-I are important for physical growth. We measured serum levels of these factors in preterm infants. The study population (n = 81) was divided into three groups according to the gestational age. We evaluated differences in serum GH and IGF-I levels among groups with regard to physical growth ...

The article describes the development of ultrasound tables for biparietal diameter (BPD), femur length (FL), abdominal circumference (AC), and head circumference (HC) for fetuses in Iran. It was attempted to determine if racial differences exist between Iranian and Australian fetuses in ultrasound measurements of BPD, HC, AC, and FL. The ...

AIM: To study the relationship between zinc, insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I), osteocalcin and perinatal growth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Anthropometric variables, serum levels of IGF-I, osteocalcin and zinc were measured in preterm (PT) appropriate for gestational age (AGA), full term (FT) small for gestational age (SGA) and FT AGA newborns at ...

Dietary titanium as TiO2+ improved animal growth during infancy while inhibiting the metabolism of intestinal bacteria. TiO2+ was also found capable of inhibiting human cytomegalovirus in tissue culture. These and other findings indicate TiO2+ improves infant growth by acting as an antibacterial and antiviral agent. The behavior of TiO2+ stands ...

1. Epidemiological evidence indicates that low birthweight increases the risk of a number of adult-onset diseases. It is now apparent that many babies with a low birthweight may have been subjected to a combination of reduced growth rates in utero as well as preterm birth. However, the long-term effects of ...

BACKGROUND: The diaphragm is the major inspiratory muscle in the neonate; however, human neonatal diaphragm development has not been extensively studied. We hypothesized that diaphragm thickness (t(di)) would be positively related to postmenstrual age (PMA), body weight, body length, head circumference, and nutritional intake. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the evolution of ...

This study tests the hypothesis that size at birth is associated with diarrhoeal incidence from birth to 24 mo of age, and the hypothesis that diarrhoeal incidence from birth to 24 mo is associated with body size at age 24 mo. This is a longitudinal study of 1476 infants born ...

Although protein and energy requirements in healthy growing and enterally fed infants are relatively well established, the nutritional requirements of extremely low birth weight infants are considerably less certain. New and emerging data in ELBW infants suggest high rates of energy expenditure and protein losses, which results in significant nutritional ...

OBJECTIVE: Observe the growth pattern of infants from birth to 18 months. METHODOLOGY: A prospective study was conducted from 1994 to 1996 in urban and township-rural areas of Guangdong Province, southern China, recruiting 568 and 257 newborn infants, respectively. Anthropometric data was collected at birth, 1.5, 4, 5, 6, 8, ...

BACKGROUND: Small-for-gestational-age (SGA) term infants are at risk of long-term growth deficits. OBJECTIVE: The objectives were to test the hypothesis that postnatal growth in SGA term infants can be altered by dietary intervention and to examine whether there is a critical window for nutritional programming of the growth trajectory during ...

Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) affects almost 10% of infants born in the United States. It may be responsible for delayed gastrointestinal function and is an important cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality. The New Zealand White rabbit provides an optimal model for the study of naturally occurring IUGR. At term, ...

The usual recommendation for feeding preterm infants is to provide sufficient nutrients to support rates of growth and nutrient accretion equal to intrauterine rates. However, most preterm infants don't tolerate feedings immediately and, therefore, incur significant deficits prior to achieving sufficient intake to support growth. Furthermore, unless they receive nutrient ...

Because of the rapid rate of growth during infancy, and the potentially deleterious effect of differences in the availability of dietary essential nutrients, growth is an important outcome variable in any study assessing a diet designed for infants. Nearly 10 yr after the first demonstration of reduced growth in preterm ...

Our objective was to assess the perinatal management and neonatal outcomes of premature, severely intrauterine growth-restricted (IUGR) neonates. A cohort of neonates <1000 grams, < or = first percentile for weight, and <37 weeks' gestation was identified and matched 2:1 to two control sets of premature, appropriate-for-gestational age (AGA) infants-one ...

OBJECTIVE: We sought to examine the current perinatal correlates and neonatal morbidity associated with intrauterine growth failure among neonates born at term gestation. STUDY DESIGN: We compared 372 small for gestational age (SGA, birth weight <10th percentile) infants born at term gestation to 372 appropriate for gestational age controls (AGA, ...