Guatemala has one of the highest rates of child stunting in the world, which especially impacts rural indigenous agricultural communities. Despite decades of intensive nutrition research and interventions, only rarely have nutrition programs successfully lowered the rate of stunting in these settings. The bulk of nutritional interventions in Guatemala are ...

Background/Objectives:Recent guidelines for preterm parenteral nutrition (PN) recommend an earlier and higher intake of amino acids (AA) and energy to avoid postnatal catabolism and approximate normal fetal growth. Few investigations explored how early PN may affect electrolyte and water homeostasis. We performed a prospective observational trial to assess the effect ...

To cite this article: Jin Y-Y, Cao R-M, Chen J, Kaku Y, Wu J, Cheng Y, Shimizu T, Takase M, Wu S-M, Chen T-X. Partially hydrolyzed cow's milk formula has a therapeutic effect on the infants with mild to moderate atopic dermatitis: a randomized, double-blind study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2011: ...

To perform a systematic review of prospective studies to confirm the role of breastfeeding in mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of hepatitis B virus (HBV). A database was constructed from MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, National Science Digital Library, and China Biological Medicine Database and through contact with experts in this field from ...

Within the debate on the mechanisms underlying infants' perceptual acquisition, one hypothesis proposes that infants' perception is directly affected by the acoustic implementation of sound categories in the speech they hear. In consonance with this view, the present study shows that individual variation in fine-grained, subphonemic aspects of the acoustic ...

Abstract Study Objective. To evaluate the use of enteral fish oil for the treatment of parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease (PNALD). Design. Retrospective case series. Setting. Pediatric academic hospital and outpatient clinic. Patients. Six parenteral nutrition-dependent infants with short-bowel syndrome and PNALD. Measurements and Main Results. The six infants received supplementation ...

There is a lively discussion in literature whether routine use of probiotics should be recommended to reduce the incidence of severe necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and mortality in preterm infants. The aim of the present review is to analyze the level of evidence of published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that different ...

To analyze the weight gain and to describe the metabolic complications in preterm newborns with nutritional support (NS) and to describe nutritional practices in the first month of hospitalization for 52 preterm newborns. Descriptive and prospective study of preterm infants (30-36 gestational weeks), with birth weight > 1 kg, hospital ...

Aim:  to quantify the relationship between 5-minute Apgar scores and infant mortality for infants at the borderline of viability. Methods:  cohort study of 7008 infants 23-25 weeks' gestation using 2002 U.S. National Center for Health Statistics data. Using Cox proportional-hazards models, we quantified the relationship between Apgar score and infant ...

An unavoidable outcome of cystic fibrosis newborn screening (CF NBS) programs is the detection of infants with an indeterminate diagnosis. The United States CF Foundation recently proposed the term cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator related metabolic syndrome (CRMS) to describe infants with elevated immunoreactive trypsinogen (IRT) on NBS who do ...

Objective:To determine whether phenobarbital (PB) given before therapeutic hypothermia to infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) augments the neuroprotective efficacy of hypothermia.Study Design:Records of 68 asphyxiated infants of 36 weeks' gestation, who received hypothermia for moderate or severe HIE were reviewed. Some of these infants received PB prophylactically or for clinical ...

To evaluate the impact of feeding colicky infants with an adapted formula on the hydrogen breath test and clinical symptoms. Hydrogen expiration was measured by SC MicroLyzer gas chromatography at inclusion and 15 d after treatment with an adapted low-lactose formula in 20 colicky infants. All babies were symptomatic: 85% ...

BACKGROUND:: Infant lumbar puncture (LP) is mandated by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education for all pediatric trainees. Current training usually involves the apprenticeship model of "see one, do one, teach one" where a trainee's first LP attempt occurs in a high-stakes environment. Simulation training promotes skill development in ...

We tested the acceptability of three new lipid-based nutrient supplements (LNSs) in two independent phases among 18 8-12-month-old healthy rural Malawians and their caregivers. In phase 1, acceptability was assessed by offering three new LNSs in random order, and an LNS already determined to be acceptable, Nutributter(®) , each added ...

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: We present the design, methods and population characteristics of a large community trial that assessed the efficacy of a weekly supplement containing vitamin A or beta-carotene, at recommended dietary levels, in reducing maternal mortality from early gestation through 12 weeks postpartum. We identify challenges faced and report solutions ...

Objective.  To investigate characteristics differentially associated with infants suffering from colicky-crying vs. other infants. Background.  The crying baby is the most common presentation in every clinician's office in the first 16 weeks of life. As little agreement exists in the literature, attempts to establish differential diagnosis, aetiology, incidence, risk factors and ...

OBJECTIVE: Traditionally, laser supraglottoplasty for the treatment of severe laryngomalacia (SLM) is via rigid endoscopy (RE). Potassium-titanyl-phosphate (KTP) laser fiber can pass through a flexible endoscopy (FE) and cauterize tissue. This study is designed to evaluate and compare clinical variables between these two techniques in the treatment of SLM in ...

Studies investigating novel therapies in African infants report laboratory adverse events based on reference intervals from white Western infants. However, prior studies have shown that reference intervals differ based on ethnicity and geographic location. We calculated reference intervals for Zimbabwean infants by analyzing the hematologic and immunologic values found in ...

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Acute lower respiratory infections are the commonest cause of morbidity and potentially preventable mortality in Indigenous infants. Infancy is also a critical time for post-natal lung growth and development. Severe or repeated lower airway injury in very young children likely increases the likelihood of chronic pulmonary disorders later ...

Abstract Strategies for the prevention of cerebral palsy (CP) remain incompletely characterized. Recognizing that half of all cases are associated with preterm delivery (Australian CP Register Report, 2009), research protocols aimed at reducing its prevalence have focused on interventions in pregnancies at risk for preterm birth. Compelling data from recent ...

BACKGROUND: The docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intake of pregnant women is lower than estimates of the DHA accretion by the fetus, and recommendations were made to increase the DHA intake of pregnant women. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine whether the supplementation of pregnant women with DHA improved ...

To report longitudinal home recordings of hemoglobin O(2) saturation by pulse oximetry (Spo(2)) during unperturbed sleep in preterm and term infants. We recorded continuous pulse oximetry during the first 3 minutes of each hour of monitor use (nonevent epochs) for 103 preterm infants born at <1750 g and ≤ 34 ...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of inhaled salbutamol, a beta-2 adrenergic agonist, for the treatment of transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN) and to determine whether inhaled salbutamol is safe in newborn infants. STUDY DESIGN: Inhaled salbutamol or normal saline solution was administered to 54 infants with gestational ages ranging ...

Objective To determine whether the use of sidecar cribs on the postnatal ward affects breastfeeding duration. Design A randomised non-blinded parallel trial comparing sidecar cribs with standalone cots. Setting Postnatal wards of the Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne. Participants 1204 pregnant women intending to breastfeed were recruited at 20 ...

Aim:  To determine whether N-terminal-pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) level could be an effective guide for early targeted indomethacin therapy for patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in preterm infants. Methods:  An interventional study involved preterm infants, born at < 33 weeks of gestation, who had plasma NT-proBNP levels obtained at day 2 ...

Knowledge of the nature, prognosis, and ways to treat brain lesions in neonatal infants has increased remarkably. Neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) in term infants, mirrors a progressive cascade of excito-oxidative events that unfold in the brain after an asphyxial insult. In the laboratory, this cascade can be blocked to protect ...

PURPOSE: To identify maternal and placental risk factors for the occurrence and progression of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study. The study cohort consisted of 246 infants with gestational age ≤32 weeks, with histologic examinations of their placentas. Medical records of eligible preterm infants were retrospectively ...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of music therapy on breastfeeding rates among mothers of premature newborns. METHOD: In this open randomized controlled trial, mothers of premature neonates weighting ≤ 1,750 g were submitted to music therapy sessions three times a week for 60 minutes. The endpoints were breastfeeding rates at ...

Background: Early diagnosis of serious bacterial infection (SBI) in young infants is a difficult problem by clinical symptoms and signs. The goal of this study is to evaluate the predictive value of plasma IP-10 levels for early diagnosis of SBI in young infants <4 months of age. Methods: We enrolled ...

Cow's milk allergy (CMA) affects 2% to 3% of young children and presents with a wide range of IgE and non-IgE-mediated clinical syndromes, which have a significant economic and lifestyle effect. It is logical that a review of CMA would be linked to a review of soy allergy because soy ...

Red blood cell (RBC) transfusions can suppress erythropoiesis. On this basis, RBC transfusions administered to very low birth weight (VLBW) neonates potentially render them more likely to qualify for a subsequent transfusion. We hypothesized that 'late' (>14 days after birth) RBC transfusions given to VLBW neonates result in a decrease ...

Background: The aim of the present study was to determine whether nutrition assessment helps predict clinical outcomes (COs) in infants who have undergone cardiac surgery. Methods: Study subjects were infants, aged less than 18 months, who had undergone cardiac surgery between April 2007 and August 2008. The nutrition parameters assessed ...

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) remains the most common severe complication of preterm birth. A number of recent animal models and clinical studies provide new information about pathophysiology and treatment. The epidemiology of BPD continues to demonstrate that birth weight and gestational age are most predictive of BPD. Correlations of BPD with ...

Treatment of persistent patency of the ductus arteriosus in preterm infants remains heterogeneous and controversial. Routine early treatment to induce ductal closure is not beneficial, but the potential criteria for, timing of, methods for and benefits of later ductal closure have not been determined. Management strategies for infants awaiting spontaneous ...

Background: The typical empiric therapy for coagulase-negative staphylococcal (CONS) sepsis includes vancomycin. In our neonatal intensive care unit, we have consistently avoided the use of vancomycin to treat CONS sepsis, except for specific cases, and have used instead cefazolin as empiric agent. Objectives: The clinical outcome of infants with CONS ...

Numerous randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have been undertaken to determine whether supplementation with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) in infancy would improve the developmental outcomes of term infants. The results of such trials have been thoroughly reviewed with no definitive conclusion as to the efficacy of LCPUFA supplementation. A number ...

Delayed cord clamping (DCC) may be beneficial in very-preterm and very-low-birth-weight infants. This study was a randomized unmasked controlled trial. It was performed at three centers of the NICHD (National Institute of Child Health and Human Development) Neonatal Research Network. DCC in very-preterm and very-low-birth-weight infants will result in an ...

Lactose, the major carbohydrate in human milk and standard milk-based formulas, provides energy for growth in infants. The use of lactose-free milk protein-based infant formulas has increased in the United States. However, clinical studies of their impact on growth, safety, and gastrointestinal tolerance in infants are limited. Thus, a prospective, ...

Aim:  The study aims to investigate pulse oximetry measurements from a 'blue' pulse oximeter sensor against measurements from a 'standard' pulse oximeter sensor in newly born infants. Methods:  Immediately after birth, both sensors were attached to the infant, one to each foot. SpO(2) measurements were recorded simultaneously from each sensor ...

Intestinal bacterial colonisation in pre-term infants is delayed compared with full-term infants, leading to an increased risk of gastrointestinal disease. Modulation of colonisation through dietary supplementation with probiotics or prebiotics could decrease such a risk. The present study evaluated clinical tolerance, the effects on gut microbiota, and inflammatory and immunological ...

Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is one of few diseases for which probiotics have appeared to have clear benefit in clinical trials, however safety concerns persist. Clinical trials of probiotics have preceded our understanding of the effect of probiotics on the developing gut and microbial colonization patterns of the preterm infant. ...

Orienting of attention to emotionally negative stimuli is accompanied by rapid heart rate (HR) deceleration, reflecting enhanced attentional and sensory processing. We studied whether similar emotional modulation of cardiac responding is observed in infants. HR and eye movements were recorded from 7-month-old infants while they observed a fearful or happy ...

Objective.?To describe the association between an individualized psychosocial parental support (PPS) program and short-term clinical outcomes of extremely low-birth-weight (ELBW) infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Methods.?Medical records of ELBW infants (<1000?g) hospitalized in the NICU at Miami Children's Hospital between July 2006 and June 2008 were ...

For more than 50 years it has been known that oxygen therapy can lead to retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Recent clinical research has led many neonatologists to lower the target oxygen saturation alarm limits to 85-93% and to titrate the inspired oxygen in small increments. Despite efforts to optimize oxygen ...

The glycemic penalty index (GPI) is a measure to assess blood glucose (BG) control in critically ill adult patients but needs to be adapted for children and infants. The squared differences between a clinical expertise penalty function and the corresponding polynomial function are minimized for optimization purposes. The average of ...

Severe shoulder dystocia is disproportionately associated with large-for-gestational-age infants. A nulliparous patient at 38 weeks' gestation had an uncomplicated antenatal course. Clinical pelvimetry revealed an acute-angle pubic arch but otherwise normal diameters, conjugate and sacral concavity. Pre-pregnancy BMI was 20.8 and she had had a 14-pound (6.4 kg) weight gain. ...

BACKGROUND: The role of chorioamnionitis in neurodevelopment of preterm infants is not fully understood. AIM: To examine the association between different indicators of intrauterine inflammation (clinical chorioamnionitis, histological chorioamnionitis and funisitis) and neurodevelopmental impairment in very preterm infants. METHODS: Preterm infants with a birth weight of <1500g or a gestational ...

 To compare risk-adjusted outcomes at 18- to 22-month-corrected age for extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants who never received phototherapy (NoPTx) to those who received any phototherapy (PTx) in the NICHD Neonatal Research Network randomized trial of Aggressive vs. Conservative Phototherapy. Outcomes at 18 to 22-month-corrected age included death, neurodevelopmental ...

Iwanaga R, Sugita N, Hirano E, Sasahara J, Kikuchi A, Tanaka K, Yoshie H. FcγRIIB polymorphisms, periodontitis and preterm birth in Japanese pregnant women. J Periodont Res 2011; doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2010.01338.x.©2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S Background and Objective:  Recently, numerous studies have investigated the association of preterm birth with periodontitis. ...

The transfusion-transmitted cytomegalovirus (TT-CMV) can cause serious morbidity and mortality in low-birth weight infants (LBWIs). Transfusion-transmitted cytomegalovirus can be minimized in LBWIs born to cytomegalovirus (CMV)-seronegative mothers with the use of CMV-seronegative blood components. Despite evidence that has independently shown that either leukoreduction or the use of CMV-seronegative components mitigates ...