This study was aimed at identifying behavioural, normative and control belief influencing intention to practise exclusive breastfeeding among pregnant women in Malaysia. An interviewer-guided questionnaire assessing behavioural, normative and control belief was developed based on the findings elicited from focus group discussions. Intention referred to the respondent's intended duration of ...

To test the efficacy of the relationship-focused behavioral coaching intervention Communicating and Relating Effectively (CARE) in increasing maternal/infant relational effectiveness between depressed mothers and their infants during the first 9 months postpartum. Randomized clinical trial (RCT) with three phases. In this three-phase study, women were screened for postpartum depression (PPD) ...

Skepticism toward infant pain characterized much of 20th century research and clinical practice, with infant surgery routinely conducted with minimal or no anesthesia into the 1980s. This paper offers a historical exploration of how this view became common by reviewing and analyzing the experimental infant pain research of the 19th ...

IMPORTANCE There are substantial shortfalls in nurse staffing in US neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) relative to national guidelines. These are associated with higher rates of nosocomial infections among infants with very low birth weights. OBJECTIVE To study the adequacy of NICU nurse staffing in the United States using national ...

Before the microbiologic era, venereal diseases were poorly distinguished. Congenital syphilis was believed to be transmitted during conception by the father's sperm, during delivery in the birth canal, or from infected milk or breasts. The most frequent maternofetal transmission was not considered because the mother's primary infection remained undiagnosed. The ...

ABSTRACT: Cocooning is a strategy to protect infants from pertussis. This study explored the postpartum Tdap status of close newborn contacts during a primary care visit. The findings include a summary of the results and the implications for nurse practitioner practice to decrease the incidence of pertussis in the young ...

Nonketotic hyperglycinemia (NKH) is an autosomal recessive inborn error of glycine metabolism. In this article, I will present the case of baby girl S. who presented to the emergency room on Day 4 of life with severe lethargy, seizures, and respiratory depression requiring mechanical ventilation. A diagnosis of NKH was ...

Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide with special importance in reproductive and developmental processes. PACAP is found in two bioactive forms: PACAP27 and PACAP38. Recently, we have described that PACAP38 is present in high levels in the milk of human and ruminant animals. Breastfeeding is of utmost ...

The concept of suffering is discussed among those who are cognitively aware and verbally capable to express their suffering. Due to immaturity, preterm infants' abilities to express suffering are limited. Relieving suffering is an ethical and juridical demand of good nursing care. The purpose of this study is to describe ...

OBJECTIVE: of this study is to investigate the prevalence, duration, practices and barriers of Exclusive breast feeding (EBF) among Jordanian mothers in three major governorates. DESIGN: longitudinal, prospective design was used in this study. SETTINGS AND PARTICIPANTS: convenience sample of 572 pairs of postpartum mothers-infants were recruited from postpartum wards ...

OBJECTIVE: to describe the context of Irish home birth midwives' practise experience. DESIGN: ethnography derived from participant observation, unstructured interview and documentary analysis. SETTING: women and midwives' homes and meeting places in Ireland. PARTICIPANTS: 21 self-employed community midwives. MEASUREMENTS AND FINDINGS: choice of place of birth is extremely limited in ...

Although a large majority of US mothers now begin breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding rates fall far below national health objectives, with vulnerable populations being least likely to breastfeed exclusively. This article explores common personal and societal barriers to exclusive breastfeeding and offers evidence-based strategies to support mothers to breastfeed exclusively, such ...

Father's involvement is important to child development, yet little is known about how fathers are involved with their newborns in neonatal intensive care. The purpose of this study was to describe patterns of fathers' involvement with their infants during hospitalization. Eighteen fathers of infants hospitalized were interviewed and asked to ...

Aims and objectives.  To explore what fathers perceive to be facilitators or barriers to their involvement with their infants. Background.  Fathers make unique and important contributions to the development of their infants. Fathers of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit often feel that they have a limited role to ...

The two ultimate goals of using maternal medications during breastfeeding are (i) to provide definitive therapy for maternal conditions for which the drugs have been prescribed, and (ii) to assure protection of the nursing infant from any adverse event related to his/her mother's treatment. Fortunately there are only a few ...

The purpose of this article is to inform perinatal nurses about the longitudinal National Children's Study (NCS), which was mandated by Congress. The NCS was designed to follow infants from before birth to age 21, and researchers propose to study 100,000 children. This complex and extensive study will provide especially ...

Breastfeeding is thought to be the most optimal form of infant nutrition. Nursing mothers are generally advised to continue breastfeeding until the infant is two years of age or beyond. Unfortunately, however, a majority of nursing mothers will discontinue breastfeeding much earlier than recommended. The most common reason for early discontinuation ...

BACKGROUND: international estimates suggest that caesarean section on maternal request range from 4% to 18% of all caesarean section. An increasing number of surveys have investigated women's reasons for a caesarean section in the absence of a medical indication but few studies have solely studied first-time mothers motivation for this ...

Advances in neonatal care have improved the survival of infants born prematurely although these infants remain at increased risk of adverse neurodevelopmental outcome. The measurement of white matter structure and features of the cortical surface can help define biomarkers that predict this risk. The measurement of these structures relies upon ...

OBJECTIVE: the aim of this study was to increase our understanding of why Canadian women choose to give birth at home. Despite on-going debate regarding the safety of home birth, a small number of Canadian women choose home as a place to give birth. The factors influencing a woman's decision ...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Neonatal corneal opacification (NCO) describes the loss of corneal transparency at or soon after (<4 weeks) birth. Historically, the literature is strewn with terminology that has been at best misleading and at worst, a hindrance to selecting the appropriate treatment plan for, accurate genotype-phenotype correlation of and ...

Previous studies of very low birth weight (VLBW) hospital volume effects on in-hospital mortality have used standard risk-adjusted models that only account for observable confounders but not for self-selection bias due to unobservable confounders. To assess the effects of hospital volume of VLBW infants on in-hospital mortality while explicitly accounting ...

Optimal breastfeeding not only saves the lives of children under 5 years, but also improves children's quality of life. In spite of proven benefits and repeated emphasis, the rate of exclusive breastfeeding among children less than 6 months of age is only 36% globally. The Global Strategy for Infant and ...

Young infants actively gather information about their world through visual foraging, but the dynamics of this important behavior is poorly understood, partly because developmental scientists have often equated its essential components, looking and attending. Here we describe a method for simultaneously tracking spatial attention to fixated and nonfixated locations during ...

Abstract Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive neuromuscular disorder that is caused by degeneration of alpha motor neurons in the spinal cord anterior horns. This degeneration can lead to progressive atrophy of proximal muscles, weakness, respiratory failure and death in severe cases. SMA is the most common neuromuscular ...

Geometric form perception and its role in reorienting process have been studied extensively in children, but little is known about its early origin in infancy. Here, we present findings of three experiments that used looking-time paradigm to test infants' sensitivity to geometric and feature information in two-dimensional visual display. One-year-old ...

Objective: To compare the neonatal outcome between planned vaginal or planned cesarean section (CS) breech delivery and planned vaginal vertex delivery at term with singleton fetuses. Design: A cohort study. Setting: Delivery Unit, Tampere University Hospital, Finland, with 5200 annual deliveries. Population: The term breech deliveries over a period of ...

We investigated oculomotor anticipations in 4-month-old infants as they viewed center-occluded object trajectories. In two experiments, we examined performance in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) dynamic occlusion displays and in an additional 3D condition with a smiley face as the moving target stimulus. Rates of anticipatory eye movements were not ...

Ultrasound guided central venous cannulation is rapidly becoming the standard technique for achieving a central line in neonates, infants and children. Older techniques such as surgical cutdown and 'blind'percutaneous venipuncture have many disadvantages: they are time consuming, vein consuming and/or associated with dangerous immediate or late complications. On the other ...

Objective: Positioning and maintaining the subject's head at the calibration point (CP) of the sound field (SF) during SF assessment remains a challenge. The purpose of this study was to investigate the sound pressure level (SPL) at head positions likely to be encountered in routine audiological practice. Design: Eight National ...

Aim:  To review the evidence for optimal oxygen use in preterm infants. Results:  Clinicians have embraced lower saturation targets to minimize retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Large randomized trials now have shown that while such targets reduce ROP, neonatal mortality is increased significantly. Conclusions:  Preterm infants should be resuscitated with blended ...

Although ongoing patency of the ductus arteriosus is common in small extremely preterm infants, consensus is lacking regarding its clinical significance and treatment strategies. Literature regarding likelihood of spontaneous closure, impact on neonatal morbidity and long-term outcomes, and adverse effects of intervention has led to uncertainty as to the best ...

ObjectiveTo assess the accuracy of a semiautomated 3D volume reconstruction method for organ volume measurement by postmortem MRI.MethodsThis prospective study was approved by the institutional review board and the infants' parents gave their consent. Postmortem MRI was performed in 16 infants (1 month to 1 year of age) at 1.5 ...

Throughout the first year, infants are known to engage in repetitive motor behaviors. The current study examines the changes in the hand trajectory of one such behavior, banging, during the second half-year and the implications of these changes for tool use development. Fourteen (7- to 14-month-old) infants were seated at ...

OBJECTIVE: Unilateral positional plagiocephaly is the most common deformity of the head in infants. As part of a prospective controlled clinical study, the pathomorphology of the positional plagiocephaly in early infancy was examined. The goal was to use noninvasive three-dimensional (3D) imaging to generate, for the first time ever, a ...

Pointing, like eye gaze, is a deictic gesture that can be used to orient the attention of another person towards an object or an event. Previous research suggests that infants first begin to follow a pointing gesture between 10 and 13 months of age. We investigated whether sensitivity to pointing could ...

Reaching-to-eat (skilled reaching) is a natural behaviour that involves reaching for, grasping and withdrawing a target to be placed into the mouth for eating. It is an action performed daily by adults and is among the first complex behaviours to develop in infants. During development, visually guided reaching becomes increasingly ...

Young infants are sensitive to self-directed social actions, but do they appreciate the intentional, target-directed nature of such behaviors? The authors addressed this question by investigating infants' understanding of social gaze in third-party interactions (N = 104). Ten-month-old infants discriminated between 2 people in mutual versus averted gaze, and expected a person ...

Ensuring the safety of infants born in a hospital is a top priority and, therefore, requires a solid infant security plan. Using an interdisciplinary approach and a systematic change process, nursing leadership in collaboration with clinical nurses and security personnel analyzed the infant security program at this community hospital to ...

The effectiveness of antenatal magnesium sulphate for neuroprotection of the fetus, infant, and child prior to very preterm birth, when given to women considered at risk of preterm birth, has been established. There is currently no consensus as to the regimen to use in terms of the dose, duration, the ...

A wet nurse can be used if a baby's natural mother is unable or chooses not to breastfeed her infant. The practice of using wet nurses is ancient and common to many cultures. We hypothesize that infants breastfeeding from the same woman may develop consanguinity even in cases in ...

Australia is a wealthy developed country. However, there are significant disparities in health outcomes for Aboriginal infants compared with other Australian infants. Health outcomes tend to be worse for those living in remote areas. Little is known about the health service utilisation patterns of remote dwelling Aboriginal infants. This study ...

Uncertainty exists about benefits and harms of a planned vaginal birth after caesarean (VBAC) compared with elective repeat caesarean (ERC). We conducted a prospective restricted cohort study consisting of a patient preference cohort study, and a small nested randomised trial to compare benefits and risks of a planned ERC with ...

It has been shown that, when observing an action, infants can rely on either outcome selection information (i.e., actions that express a choice between potential outcomes) or means selection information (i.e., actions that are causally efficient toward the outcome) in their goal attribution. However, no research has investigated the relationship ...

Mothers' actions are more enthusiastic, simple, and repetitive when demonstrating novel object properties to their infants than to adults, a behavioral modification called "infant-directed action" by Brand and colleagues (2002). The current study tested whether fathers also tailor their behavior when interacting with infants and whether this modification differs from ...

Although adults generally prefer helpful behaviors and those who perform them, there are situations (in particular, when the target of an action is disliked) in which overt antisocial acts are seen as appropriate, and those who perform them are viewed positively. The current studies explore the developmental origins of this ...

Understanding the intentional relations in others' actions is critical to human social life. Origins of this knowledge exist in the first year and are a function of both acting as an intentional agent and observing movement cues in actions. We explore a new mechanism we believe plays an important role ...

Recent evidence suggests that adults selectively attend to features of action, such as how a hand contacts an object, and less to configural properties of action, such as spatial trajectory, when observing human actions. The current research investigated whether this bias develops in infancy. We utilized a habituation paradigm to ...

Much of human communication and collaboration is predicated on making predictions about others' actions. Humans frequently use predictions about others' action mistakes to correct others and spare them mistakes. Such anticipatory correcting reveals a social motivation for unsolicited helping. Cognitively, it requires forward inferences about others' actions through mental attributions ...

Previous research has established that infants are unable to perceive causality until 6¼ months of age. The current experiments examined whether infants' ability to engage in causal action could facilitate causal perception prior to this age. In Experiment 1, 4½-month-olds were randomly assigned to engage in causal action experience via ...