In preterm infants the activity of antithrombin III (AT-III), the main inhibitor of thrombin, is reduced depending on gestational age and complications such as sepsis or respiratory distress syndrome. Babies with low levels of AT-III have been shown to have a higher mortality and an increased incidence of intracranial hemorrhage. ...

Bilateral choroid plexus papillomas, or villous hypertrophy of the choroid plexus, is a very rare entity that presents serious therapeutical problems in the management of secondary oversecretive hydrocephalus. The authors report the cases of 2 infants affected by this condition, and cured with removal of the lateral ventricle papillomas and ...

The purpose of the study was to determine whether the incidence of periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage (PV-IVH) is significantly different between the firstborn and secondborn of very low birth weight twins. The firstborn and secondborn of 102 sets of twins were compared by incidence of PV-IVH, mode of delivery, birth weight, 5-minute ...

In 1988, a nationwide survey was conducted in Japan, in order to examine the prevalence and clinico-epidemiological features of hydrocephalus that developed before 1 year of age. The study was based on questionnaires that were sent to all hospitals in Japan with more than 200 beds. There were 1435 patients ...

This study was conducted to determine the timing of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) in patients on extracorporeal life support (ECLS) to improve the use of the head ultrasound in the detection of ICH. A review was conducted of all neonatal ECLS patients at the neonatal intensive care nursery at Kosair Children's ...

The intrauterine identification of fetuses at risk of developing intraventricular hemorrhage would be helpful to the perinatologist, in light of the recent results which suggest that indomethacin given to the infant reduces the risk of developing intraventricular hemorrhage. We hypothesized that fetuses undergoing brain sparing, as identified by a lowered ...

AIM: To establish if there is an association between early cardiovascular adaptation and intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH). METHODS: One hundred and seventeen ventilated preterm infants (mean gestational age 27 weeks, mean birthweight 993 g) were studied echocardiographically within the first 36 hours. Measurements included right (RVO) and left ventricular outputs (LVO), ...

The CT/MRI brain findings and sequelae of intracranial hemorrhage resulting from traumatic breech and vacuum delivery of 16 term newborn infants are presented. Eleven infants were vacuum extracted, while the remaining five infants were delivered breech. Except for three breech-delivered infants who had intraventricular hemorrhage, the location and nature of ...

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to evaluate the null hypothesis that dual tocolysis with magnesium sulfate and indomethacin does not alter the rate of grade III or IV intraventricular hemorrhage. STUDY DESIGN: Fifty-six neonates weighing 500 to 800 gm from mothers who received tocolytic therapy with magnesium sulfate alone or in ...

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from four infants 3 days to 4 months of age with a history of prematurity or birth trauma were found to contain clusters of immature cells. These cells were arranged in groups or syncytia, sometimes with nuclear molding, and were cytologically characterized by scant basophilic cytoplasm, ...

The etiology of occipital plagiocephaly (OP) is not fully understood. The authors have observed that many infants with this condition have external hydrocephalus. This study was undertaken to quantify cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) space caliber in children with OP and to compare these measurements to those derived from normal age-matched controls ...

A rare case of multiple cavernous angiomas with repeated hemorrhages in a 9-month-old male infant is presented, together with sequential computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) images. The infant underwent hematoma evacuation for left cerebellar hemorrhage and his postoperative course was uneventful. The multiple cavernous angiomas receded gradually without ...

The authors describe a case of early neonatal death of a full-term infant who had respiratory distress and anemia after fetal distress during labor. Postmortem examination disclosed mediastinal compression by a large fresh hemorrhage into the left lobe of the thymus. Massive thymic hemorrhage is an extremely rare but sometimes ...

AIM: Phase I study to evaluate intraventricular fibrinolytic treatment with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) as a method of clearing blood from the cerebrospinal fluid, and thus preventing permanent hydrocephalus. METHODS: Twenty two preterm infants, aged 7 to 26 days, with progressive posthaemorrhagic ventricular dilatation (ventricular width > 4 mm ...

OBJECTIVE: A retrospective study was performed to examine the relationship between the severity of vitreous hemorrhages and the severity of neurological injury in infants with shaken baby syndrome, and the result of early vitrectomy in these infants. METHODS: Five infants, ages 3 to 8 months, with confirmed child abuse underwent ...

Hemoperitoneum in the newborn is an uncommon event, occurring most often in the setting of traumatic delivery. Hemoperitoneum resulting from antenatal hemorrhage into an abdominal mass is rare. We present a case of neonatal hemoperitoneum secondary to antenatal hemorrhage into a retroperitoneal lymphangioma. The differential diagnosis of neonatal hemoperitoneum is ...

BACKGROUND: Bilateral cystic periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) is a major cause of neurodevelopmental delay in the premature infant. Thus, early identification of the preterm infant at highest risk for the subsequent development of this lesion is critical. OBJECTIVES: The three objectives of this case-control study were: (1) to determine the basic ...

PURPOSE: To determine the natural history of intracranial calcifications in infants with treated congenital toxoplasmosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 1982 and March 1994, cranial computed tomography was performed in 56 infants with treated congenital toxoplasmosis when they were newborns and approximately 1 year old. Locations and sizes of intracranial ...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of antenatal phenobarbital (PB) therapy on neonatal intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) in preterm infants. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, controlled trial. SETTING: Single institution study. SUBJECTS AND INTERVENTIONS: Women in preterm labor ( < 35 weeks' gestation) were assigned to control and treatment groups. The treatment group received ...

OBJECTIVE: To determine if an additive effect exists between antenatal corticosteroid administration and postnatal surfactant therapy in the prevention of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in preterm infants. METHODS: A randomized, double-blind trial was conducted from April 1990 to June 1994, in which dexamethasone (5 mg every 12 hours for a ...

Factor VII deficiency is a rare congenital coagulopathy. Prolonged prothrombin time with normal partial thromboplastin time indicates factor VII deficiency. For the definitive diagnosis, the specific factor VII level should be investigated. We report a seven-day-old, male, full-term newborn who was admitted with the diagnosis of sepsis. Hematological tests revealed ...

Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in premature infants may be related to the immaturity of the vascular bed in the germinal matrix. We measured six hemostatic parameters whose alterations may represent an additional risk factor for IVH in preterm infants. On postnatal day 1 there were differences between plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) ...

PURPOSE: To determine the frequency of intracranial lesions in infants treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), to evaluate trends in frequency during an 8-year period, and to determine which infants are at highest risk for intracranial injury. METHODS: Daily sonograms were obtained in 386 infants during treatment with ECMO. Cranial ...

Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a common neonatal morbidity among premature infants which is diagnosed by cranial ultrasound in the newborn special care unit. Although very premature infants are more likely to experience the highest grades of hemorrhage, a number of perinatal and postnatal events have been shown to be associated ...

While it is well accepted that the incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) increases with decreasing gestational age (GA), the majority of studies report their findings on the basis of birthweight (BW) rather than GA. Over a 5-year period, 199 infants born at or below 28 weeks of gestation were entered ...

Over a 5-year period (1984-1988) intra- and periventricular hemorrhage (IVH/PVH) was observed in 299 preterm infants. Sixty-eight infants developed posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PH); of these, 23 infants died and 40 infants could be followed up for assessment of neurological development (5 patients were lost to follow-up). At 1 year of corrected ...

A retrospective analysis was undertaken in a consecutive series of 33 full-term infants (birth weight > 2500 g and a minimum of 37 weeks gestational age) with symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) admitted to a regional neonatal intensive care unit from January 1986 to December 1992. Eleven infants were born in ...

This study tests the hypothesis that histologic placental lesions were significantly related to incidence of early or late germinal matrix/intraventricular hemorrhage (GM/IVH) in infants of less than 32 weeks' gestation independent of maternal or neonatal factors. Maternal and neonatal charts of 406 singleton liveborn nonanomalous infants born at less than ...

Among premature infants born at less than 1500 g, the incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage is greater than 45%. Of these, 40% will develop progressive posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PPHH). Optimum treatment remains controversial. Ventriculosubgaleal (VSG) shunts were first proposed as a means of temporarily diverting cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in a more physiological ...

Six preterm infants who developed disproportionate enlargement of the 4th ventricle during the neonatal period, associated with post-haemorrhagic ventricular dilatation (PHVD), before shunt placement are reported. Five of the six preterm infants developed cyanotic spells and/or bradycardias at the time of rapid enlargement of the 4th ventricle, suggestive of raised ...

A neuropathologic study was undertaken to examine associated brain damage in patients with fetal and neonatal posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH). In PHH the association of periventricular leukomalacia and pontosubicular necrosis was not increased, but that of cerebellar subarachnoid hemorrhage and olivo-cerebellar pathology was significantly increased. All patients with the olivocerebellar pathology ...

During the first 72 hours of their lives, 420 neonates were checked for retinal hemorrhages and macular affection. The neonate's gestational age, birth weight, and Apgar scores and maternal data (nulliparty, fetal presentation, duration of labor and delivery, induction of labor and obstetric technique) were all recorded. In 81 cases ...

We describe a woman in whom inhibitors to factor VIII:C developed in her first pregnancy. The neonate had a factor VIII:C level of 1% and an inhibitor titer of 5.2 Bethesda units. After an uneventful vaginal delivery, the boy had an intracranial hemorrhage at 5 days of age. To our ...

OBJECTIVES: Increased circulating nucleated erythrocytes (NRBCs) in the newborn period can be markers of chronic fetal hypoxia, which in turn may be a risk factor for intracranial hemorrhage (IVH). To evaluate the relation between chronic intrauterine hypoxia and IVH, we compared the courses of the absolute NRBC (ANRBC) count in ...

Screening cranial ultrasounds were performed on 115 very low birthweight infants during the first week of life. Fourteen infants (12%) developed changes of periventricular leukomalacia. All 14 weighted 1100 g or less at birth. Eight infants' initial studies were normal, four had intraventricular hemorrhage, and two had periventricular echo densities. ...

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy on the risk of intracranial hemorrhage in preterm infants (born at 24 to 33 weeks of gestation). We conducted a case-control study of 96 preterm infants with intracranial hemorrhage and 96 gestational age-matched control subjects ...

Prematurely born infants with intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) suffer significant morbidity and mortality, particularly those infants with high grade hemorrhage. The more premature infants have a higher incidence, experiencing more severe IVH. Early onset IVH is also likely to be severe and to progress to a higher grade. The etiology of ...

The aim of this study was to measure plasminogen in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of control neonates with no infection or haemorrhage and in infants who had suffered intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH). A chromogenic substrate method was used. The 16 reference infants had a median CSF plasminogen level of 0.74% of ...

It has been hypothesized, and generally accepted, that the final outcome of the treatment of hydrocephalus is to a great extent related to the earliness of intervention and treatment. However, there is special concern regarding the higher risk of infection and shunt malfunctions in neonates as compared with older infants. ...

We evaluated the potential prognostic factors for fetomaternal hemorrhage (FMH). Sinusoidal heart rate pattern and decrease in fetal movement are considered important signs of FMH. However these findings were detected in only two of six cases of FMH and were thought to be late signs of FMH. Fetal hemoglobin levels ...

Two hundred and eighteen preterm neonates had ultrasonography (USG) brain done on third, and/or seventh and fourteenth day of life. Fifty eight (26.3%) had intraventricular/ periventricular hemorrhage, 3 had parenchymal lesions. 46 had Grade I hemorrhage, 9 had Grade II, 2 had Grade III and 1 had Grade IV hemorrhage. ...

Thrombocytopenia is defined as platelet count less than 150,000 plat/mm3. Etiologic factors involved include immunological (NAIT and ITP), fetal infectious disease, chromosomal and nonchromosomal, and miscellaneous causes. While the understanding of fetal thrombocytopenia is driven by reason to do fetal blood sampling, discovery of neonatal thrombocytopenia is driven by blood ...

OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to evaluate the effect of antenatal risk factors on the occurrence of germinal matrix hemorrhage or intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants. STUDY DESIGN: Antenatal factors were evaluated in 302 infants delivered between 24 and 33 completed weeks gestation. Ultrasonographic screening of intracranial hemorrhage was carried ...

The purpose of this study was to determine the mortality rate of 282 infants with a birthweight (BW) of < 1,500 g during a 5 year period (1987-92), and to evaluate 2 year neurodevelopmental outcome in 114 infants (born 1987-90) and its correlation with intracranial pathologies diagnosed by ultrasonography. Overall ...

To determine whether there is a relationship between exposure to heparin and an increased risk of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), we analyzed data from a cohort of infants who had been subjects in a randomized clinical trial of umbilical artery catheter placement. Data from 862 infants who survived the first 6 ...

Six hundred healthy inborn newborns and infants upto the age of 18 months were studied. Cranial sonography was performed by real time 2D scanner with 5 MHz transducer and images were obtained through anterior fontanelle and temporo-squamal suture. Various parameters related to ventricular system were measured for different ages till ...

A chart analysis for a 5-year period through December 1992 identified four full-term neonates with lobar hemorrhage. Prenatal and obstetrical histories were uncomplicated; all infants presented with seizures within 48 h following birth. Perinatal asphyxia and isoimmune thrombocytopenia were associated with lobar hemorrhage in two children. Although computed tomography was ...

One hundred and eleven high risk neonates were subjected to (cranial ultrasound (CR-USG) Caranial sonography was performed by 2D realtime scanner with 5 MHz transducer through anterior and posterior fontanelle and temporo-squamal suture. One quarter of these neonates developed intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) within 120 hours of birth. Of them 42.8% ...

The onset of hematochezia with the use of sodium polystyrene sulfonate enemas in an index case prompted us to review our experience with the use of such enemas in neonates. Sodium polystyrene sulfonate enemas were used in 20 of 2317 patients. Of these 20 patients, four (20%) had evidence of ...

OBJECTIVE: The relationship between antenatal steroids, delivery mode, and early-onset intraventricular hemorrhage was examined in very-low-birth-weight infants. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 505 preterm infants (birth weight 600 to 1250 gm) were enrolled in a multicenter, prospectively randomized, controlled trial evaluating the efficacy of postnatal indomethacin to prevent intraventricular hemorrhage. ...