Appropriate nutrition recommendations are important for the successful management of the infant with an injured gastrointestinal tract postsurgery who is at risk for intestinal failure. Management strategies that can be used to augment successful adaptation and prevent liver disease are summarized in this review. These include appropriate postoperative fluid and ...

Background: Computerized software programs reduce errors and increase consistency when ordering parenteral nutrition (PN). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of our computerized neonatal PN calculator ordering program in reducing errors and optimizing nutrient intake. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study of infants requiring ...

Weight loss is the hallmark of any progressive acute or chronic disease state. In its extreme form of significant lean body mass (including skeletal muscle) and fat loss, it is referred to as cachexia. It has been known for millennia that muscle and fat wasting leads to poor outcomes including ...

The purpose of this article was to present the case of a premature infant who displayed immature feeding progression because of nasal occlusion. Two male preterm infants of 33 weeks' gestational age at birth from a larger randomized trial were observed in a comparative case study. Using a prospective design, ...

The objective of this study was to determine the content of macronutrients in human milk (HM) from mothers who gave birth very prematurely, and to investigate possible associations between macronutrients and certain maternal and infant characteristics. Mothers of very preterm infants with a gestational age (GA) below 32 weeks expressed ...

In the World Health Organization/United Nations Children's Fund document Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative: Revised, Updated and Expanded for Integrated Care, neonatal care is mentioned as 1 area that would benefit from expansion of the original Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding. The different situations faced by preterm and sick infants and their ...

We appreciate the commentary made by C. Maas and coworkers and fully agree that a comparison of recent cohort studies demonstrates that the first week nutritional intake is a major determinant for further postnatal development (1-3). Nevertheless we remain at our conclusion that enteral formulas and supplements may not provide ...

Provision of mother's own milk is the optimal way to nourish infants, including the preterm infant. The importance of mother's own milk during initial hospitalization to improve feeding tolerance, reduce serious infection and necrotizing enterocolitis is well appreciated. As a result, there has been a culture shift in neonatology such ...

We compliment Christman and coworkers on their interesting work on early postnatal growth of preterm infants under different nutritional strategies. The authors concluded that "aggressive" enteral nutrition is well tolerated by very preterm infants but is not sufficient for adequate postnatal growth (1). In contrast to Christman et al., we demonstrated ...

BACKGROUND:: Breast milk has been shown to be associated with greater success with regards to weaning children with intestinal failure off of parenteral nutrition [PN]. There are only a few studies investigating the role of breast milk in decreasing PNALD. METHODS:: We conducted a retrospective analysis of newborns requiring prolonged ...

BACKGROUND: Despite growing evidence that supports the importance of 6-month exclusive breastfeeding, few Canadian mothers adhere to this, and early weaning onto solids is a common practice. This study assessed infant feeding transitions during the first 6 months postpartum and factors that predicted exclusive breastfeeding to 3 and 6 months. ...

Background: Nutrition practices for preterm infants include phases of parenteral nutrition (PN), full enteral nutrition (EN), and the transitional phase in between. Our aim was to identify the nutrition phases during which infants are most likely to exhibit poor growth that would affect risk for growth failure (GF) at discharge ...

A community based cross-sectional study was undertaken in rural Madhya Pradesh (MP). The nutritional status of infants was assessed using WHO Child Growth Standards. Only 26% of infants received breast-feeding within 1 hour of birth. About 57% of children 6 to 11 months old received complementary feeding (CF). The prevalence ...

BACKGROUND: Progress to full oral feeding from a tube or parental feeding is a complex process for very preterm infants born before 32 weeks of gestation. The influence of infant characteristics and medical complications on feeding progression has not been studied thoroughly. The aim of this study was to constitute ...

Establishing enteral feeding in high-risk, very preterm infants is difficult: they are born at a time of rapid growth and development, yet immaturity of gut and metabolic function makes it difficult to accumulate adequate nutrients. Parenteral nutrition will provide the bulk of nutrients in the first few weeks while the ...

The evidence for the use of human milk as the gold standard in infant nutrition is well documented. The American Academy of Pediatrics,1 the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the U.S. Surgeon General,2 the United Nations Children's Fund,3 the World Health Organization,4 and many other organizations all promote ...

Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is an increasingly common condition encountered across neonatal intensive care units. Improvements in parenteral nutrition (PN), neonatal intensive care and surgical techniques, in addition to an improved understanding of SBS pathophysiology, have contributed in equal parts to the survival of this fragile subset of infants. Prevention ...

OBJECTIVE: To characterize food and nutrient intake and develop a population-specific food list to be used as a comprehensive dietary assessment tool for Baltimore infants and toddlers aged 0--24 months. The data were used to inform the Growing Leaps and Bounds (GLB) program, which promotes early obesity prevention among Baltimore ...

Breastfeeding has always been a matter of considerable interest in medicine, and a great number of studies have been done to evaluate its effects. Yet not all of them seem to be equally relevant. Solid scientific evidence has incontrovertibly demonstrated the superiority of breastfeeding for infant nutrition over every other ...

Infants of mothers of low educational background display consistently poorer outcomes, including suboptimal weaning diets. Less is known about the different causal pathways that relate maternal education to infants' diet. The present study aimed to test the hypothesis that the relationship between maternal education and infants' diet is mediated by ...

Micronutrient deficiency is an important cause of growth stunting. To avoid micronutrient deficiency, the World Health Organization recommends complementary feeding with animal-source foods. However, animal-source foods are not readily available in many parts of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). In such areas, caterpillars are a staple in adult diets ...

Global recommendations on strategies to improve infant feeding, care and nutrition are clear; however, there is limited literature that explains methods for tailoring these recommendations to the local context where programmes are implemented. This paper aims to: (1) highlight the individual, cultural and environmental factors revealed by formative research to ...

In India most childhood nutrition recommendations and interventions are still not focused on infants under 6 months. Secondary data analyses of National Family Health Survey-3 data from India were analysed to compare the prevalence of wasting, stunting and underweight in infants less than 6 months and 6-59 months. Our results ...

Late-onset hypoglycemia (day 12-16, blood glucose <50 mg/dL) was detected in three preterm infants (birthweight 998-1780 g; gestational age 27-30 weeks) by routine screening. All infants showed high serum insulin levels and extremely low ketone levels at the time of hypoglycemia. Continuous glucose monitoring was conducted at 31-34 weeks' postconceptual age when ...

It is currently recommended to start oral feeding in premature infants as soon as possible, often at an age where nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) is still required for ventilatory support. Our previous data showed that application of nCPAP up to 10 cmH2O in full-term lambs had no deleterious ...

Human milk provides the optimal balanced nutrition for the growing infant in the first months after birth. The human mammary gland has evolved with unusual pathways, resulting in a specific positioning of fatty acids at the outer sn-1 and sn-3, and center sn-2 of the triacylglyceride, which is different from ...

BACKGROUND: Although cow's milk allergy (CMA) is one of the most common food allergies, mislabelling non-allergic infants as being allergic to cow's milk is more common. Despite this, characteristics of families and infants with mislabelled CMA are lacking. METHODS: Using a prospective population-based study, we identified infants with any possible ...

Background:The beneficial effects of breastfeeding for mothers and babies are well recognized. When maternal breast milk is not available in sufficient quantity, donor breast milk is recommended as an alternate source of nutrition, particularly in preterm and other high-risk infants. Australia lags behind the rest of the developed world in ...

BACKGROUND: The long-term effect of nutritional intervention with hydrolysate infant formulas on allergic manifestations in high-risk children is uncertain. OBJECTIVE: We sought to investigate the effect of hydrolysate infant formulas on allergic phenotypes in children with family history of allergies at school age. METHODS: We analyzed data from participants of ...

Background:Despite the differences in breastfeeding and bottle-feeding, our understanding of how suck-swallow-breathe (SSwB), oxygenation, and heart rate patterns change as the infant ages is based predominantly on bottle-feeding studies. Therefore, this study aimed to measure how SSwB, oxygenation, and heart rate patterns changed during the first 4 months of lactation ...

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether purposely designed nutritional guidelines for extremely low birthweight (ELBW; birth weight <1000 g) babies result in protein intakes that meet international consensus recommendations, and whether this results in improved growth from birth to discharge. DESIGN: A prospective cohort study of nutritional intakes and growth in ELBW ...

Early postnatal growth failure is well described in very preterm infants. It reflects the nutritional deficits in protein and energy intake that accumulate in the first few weeks after birth. This coincides with the period of maximum parenteral nutrition (PN) dependency, so that protein intake is largely determined by intravenous ...

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), though non-nutritive to the infant, shape the intestinal microbiota and protect against pathogens during early growth and development. Infant formulas with added galacto-oligosaccharides have been developed to mimic the beneficial effects of HMOs. Premature infants have an immature immune system and a leaky gut and are ...

The aim of the present study was to evaluate, by Join Point regression method, the yearly variations in demographic indices and mortality data in Italy from 1901 to 2008, as related to the caloric intake. The relationships between mortality and caloric intake were studied by time series. The results showed ...

Human milk is a rich source of nutrients and energy, shaped by mammalian evolution to provide all the nutritive requirements of the newborn. In addition, several molecules in breast milk act as bioactive agents, playing an important role in infant protection and guiding a proper development. While major breast milk ...

Maternal vitamin D insufficiency during lactation, related to lack of sun exposure and minimal intake of vitamin D from the diet, contributes to low breast milk vitamin D content and, therefore, infant vitamin D deficiency. The objective of this review was to examine the literature regarding evidence for achieving maternal ...

We have used an expansive definition of a micropreterm infant as <30 weeks' gestation to provide a global perspective to a "high risk" group of preterm infants for which there are little published data to guide nutritional management. Consensus nutritional guidelines for preterm infants have been developed for infants >1000 ...

Preterm birth continues to contribute disproportionately to neonatal morbidity and subsequent physical and neurodevelopmental disabilities. Epidemiologic studies have described additional long-term health consequences of preterm birth such as an increased risk of hypertension and insulin resistance in adult life. It is not known whether the influence of infant and childhood ...

We define the small for gestational age (SGA) infant as an infant born ≥35 weeks' gestation and <10th percentile on the Fenton Growth Chart. Policy statements from many organizations recommend mother's own milk for SGA infants because it meets most of their nutritional requirements and provides short- and long-term benefits. ...

Cholestasis is a condition in which there is a decrease in or complete cessation of bile flow. Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) Cholestasis cases have been on the rise due to the decrease ratio of mortality among premature babies. Using Pubmed, articles were searched using terms in combination: Molecular basis of ...

Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) are of nutritional interest because they are crucial for normal development of the central nervous system and have potential long-lasting effects that extend beyond the period of dietary insufficiency. Here we review the recent literature and current recommendations regarding LCPUFAs as they pertain to preterm ...

Requirements for optimal nutrition, especially for micronutrients, are not well defined for premature infants. The "reference fetus," developed by Ziegler et al, has served as a model to define nutritional needs and studies designed to determine nutrient requirements. Revision of nutrient requirements and provision of optimal nutrition may lead to improved ...

Designing an optimal feeding program for preterm infants is particularly challenging. These infants require individualized feeding plans and frequent medical interventions, and their health status and physical limitations necessitate specialized products. This review highlights the challenges of translating new understandings into practical application and, specifically, the challenges of translating scientific ...

Key principles underpinning feeding guidelines for preterm infants include support for developmental care, breastfeeding, milk expression, and creating feeding plans. Early trophic feeding with colostrum and transitional milk improves immune protection and promotes gut maturation. Studies of preterm infants demonstrate that feeding mother's milk (MM) decreases the incidence of infection ...

Neonatal mortality (NM) tends to be clustered within a small subset of mothers, households and/or geographical areas. Knowledge of the maternal and newborn factors associated with NM can help identify high-risk mothers and guide the targeting of intervention programmes. Data from pregnancy history surveys conducted as part of the Project ...

Early nutritional support of preterm infants is critical to life-long health and well being. Numerous studies have demonstrated that preterm infants are at increased risk of mortality and morbidity, including disturbances in brain development. To date, much attention has focused on enhancing the nutritional support of very low and extremely ...

Growth assessment is the most common measure of nutritional adequacy in pediatrics, especially when evaluating nutrition of preterm neonates. The American Academy of Pediatrics defines postnatal nutrient intake to promote growth as one that "approximates the rate of growth…for a normal fetus of the same post-menstrual age." It is known ...

In mid-December 2012, three extremely premature infants with cholestasis in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) developed dermatitis in the diaper region, perioral erosions, and bullae on the dorsal surfaces of their hands and feet (Figure). The infants were similar in gestational age (23-24 weeks) and corrected postnatal age (33-38 ...

OBJECTIVE:To describe the prevalence and factors associated with not meeting desired breastfeeding duration.METHODS:Data were analyzed from 1177 mothers aged ≥18 years who responded to monthly surveys from pregnancy until their child was 1 year old. When breastfeeding stopped, mothers were asked whether they breastfed as long as they wanted (yes ...

Retinopathy of prematurity is a potentially blinding disease starting with impaired retinal vessel growth in the neonatal period. Weeks to months later, peripheral retinal hypoxia induces pathologic neovascularization that may lead to retinal detachment and blindness. Current treatment strategies target late stage disease and it would be advantageous if retinopathy ...