An infant with X-linked recessive ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency is described who also had severe deficiency of plasma and liver carnitine during normoammonemic periods. Treatment with L-carnitine (100 mg/kg/day) for 12 months decreased the frequency of hospitalizations for hyperammonemia, although it did not alter his neurologic status. This report demonstrates that ...

Erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (ESOD) activity reflects copper utilization and the risk of copper deficiency. To investigate the possible effects of inorganic iron on the metabolism of copper in low birth weight infants, we have measured ESOD activities in three groups of infants receiving different iron supplements. Fifty-five low birth weight ...

In a group of 34 parous women, mean age 36.2 years, fitted with a copper-releasing IUD (18 with Multiload 250 or 375, and 16 with Nova T) the following parameters were assessed before and 4 months after the device insertion: hemoglobin, hematocrit, iron and ferritin. The only complaint of all ...

Iron balance studies were performed in 16 term infants from their 3rd until their 17th week of life. The balance studies were performed at home and comprised five periods with an interval of 3 to 4 weeks, each consisting of three 24-hour collections of milk and stool samples. Seven infants ...

This trial compares routine and selective iron supplementation during pregnancy to determine whether routine supplementation adversely affects fetal growth, increases infections and subjective adverse effects, and/or delays birth. At their first prenatal visit, 2912 pregnant women were randomized into two groups (2694 gave birth). Compliance was satisfactory as measured by ...

Nutritional problems in Fars province, Iran were reviewed. The commonest problems are protein-energy malnutrition, growth retardation, zinc and iron deficiencies. Several factors have contributed to malnutrition in this province such as food habits, low intake of some nutrients, high rate of illiteracy and unsound infant feeding practices. Preventive programmes to ...

The haemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, haematocrit, serum iron and total iron binding capacity, and serum ferritin concentrations in umbilical cord blood samples taken from 96 appropriate-for-gestational age infants delivered at term were measured and compared to the respective maternal values measured at 36 weeks' gestation. All the ...

Neonatal screening for biotinidase deficiency has been conducted in 14 countries since 1984. To 31 December 1990, 8,532,617 newborns were screened. One hundred and forty-two infants with biotinidase deficiency were identified; 76 infants with profound deficiency (less than 10% of mean normal serum activity) and 66 infants with partial deficiency ...

The authors report a case of nutritional zinc deficiency in a young (18-year-old) Turkish woman, who previously delivered 2 anencephalic stillborn infants. The patient was supplemented with 22.5 mg oral zinc sulfate (100 mg ZnSO4.7H2O) for 5 months after her second delivery prior to her third pregnancy. Her blood (plasma ...

The interactions between infections, malnutrition and poor iron nutritional status in infants at weaning ages are poorly defined. Therefore, four groups of infants from an area with a high incidence of malnutrition (Lahore, Pakistan) were enrolled in a prospective, randomized nutritional intervention study. Between 122 and 365 days of age, ...

We conducted a randomized double-blind trial of a cow's milk infant formula with increased iron fortification in order to confirm its safety and to measure its effects on iron status and immune function. A group of full-term, well nourished and healthy infants was followed from the age of 3 months ...

A prospective study on the effect of prenatal nutrition counseling on maternal nutrition status and infant birthweight was conducted at an antenatal care clinic by comparing a group of 80 women who attended nutrition counseling sessions with another group of 63 women who did not participate in nutrition counseling (controls). ...

We tested in the field an extruded rice flour, fortified with a bovine haemoglobin concentrate (Fe:14 mg/100 g of powder). This cereal has a high iron bioavailability, good protein quality and amino acid score. Healthy, term breast-fed infants were prospectively studied. One group (n = 92) received the fortified cereal ...

The adequacy of iron stores in infants of very low birth weight (defined as less than 1500 g) in Canada is unknown. We monitored the iron status of 81 such infants at 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 months of age. All of the infants were fed formula fortified with ...

The sonographic representation of developmental changes occurring in the normal adrenal gland during the first year of life was examined in 84 healthy newborns and infants. As a measure of adrenal size we chose a defined part of standardized adrenal sections, the adrenal size index (ASI). In newborns, ASI was ...

Neonatal parenteral nutrition solutions are a vital part of the treatment regimen for premature infants. Protocols that dictate the formulation of these expensive intravenous solutions must assure absolute safety for the neonate. The procedure for the initiation, calculation, and compounding of parenteral nutrition solutions involves both physician and pharmacist. Simplified ...

Because chronic hypoxemia causes a redistribution of iron from serum and storage pools into an expanding erythrocyte mass, and because infants of diabetic mothers are often hypoxemic in utero and have a high prevalence of polycythemia at birth, we studied iron distribution in 43 term infants of diabetic mothers. Twenty-four ...

Growth and behavioral development during infancy is highly dependent on a bioavailable source of dietary iron. This brief review examines the extent of iron deficiency anemia in the United States in the late 1980s, the daily dietary intake of iron, and the impact of iron deficiency on growth and on ...

The Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children, popularly known as WIC, provides participants with supplemental foods and nutrition education. The WIC participants are eligible pregnant, postpartum, and breast-feeding women, infants, and children up to their fifth birthday. The program currently serves 1.2 million infants each month. The ...

At birth, 24 Standardbred foals were assigned at random to 1 of 2 groups and were given a placebo supplement (group 1) or an iron supplement (248 mg of iron/treatment; group 2). Foals were given iron supplement or placebo 4 times during the second and third weeks after birth. Hematologic ...

Recommendations for weaning have been based on empiric practices and observations of physiologic development. Estimates of nutritional requirements mimic those of the preweaning infant, adjusted for a slower growth rate. Concern for the onset of deficiency states (e.g., obesity, failure to thrive, atherosclerosis, hypertension) may provide scientific bases for nutritional ...

In order to assess the iron nutritional status of infants, plasma ferritin levels were measured in the infants and children at different time intervals till two years of age from two different socio economic groups. While ferritin levels at 3-4 months age were significantly higher in upper income group infants, ...

Advances in enteral nutrition include the provision of organ-specific fuels to improve gut structure and function. Examples of these fuels include soluble fiber as a fuel precursor, and the SCFAs acetate, propionate, and butyrate. Butyrate appears to exert its trophic effect primarily in the colon, whereas the combined SCFAs affect ...

To determine the impact on iron status of introducing cow's milk (CM) into the diet during the second 6 months of life, nutrient intake was assessed and iron status measured in 100 infants. Nutrient intake for 40 of the 45 infants, age 8 to 13 months, fed CM as the ...

The preterm infant inevitably develops iron deficiency unless supplementary iron is given. Oral iron supplementation is preferred in ideal social circumstances but, where compliance with such therapy is uncertain, intramuscular iron dextran may be a more effective treatment. A study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of two methods of ...

A prospective cohort study with a 1-year follow-up of 156 neonates was carried out specifically designed to test the hypothesis that there is a positive relationship between iron deficiency during pregnancy and the development of the same disease in newborn infants. Exposure was defined as being born of a mother ...

Iron absorption from human milk and infant formula has received much attention, but experimental design problems have been common. In our study, iron retention from human milk, milk-based infant formula (IF) with and without supplemental ferrous sulfate, and IF supplemented with either human or bovine lactoferrin (Lf) was evaluated in ...

Our present success in preventing iron deficiency in infants is based on a gradual growth in our understanding of iron nutrition. It became recognized that full term infants only become vulnerable to iron deficiency after about 5 months of age, and to a lesser degree if they are breast-fed. The ...

Iron-fortified infant formula is effective in preventing iron deficiency at levels of iron that are compatible with an upper limit of 3 mg/100 kcal. However, lower levels of fortification may prove to be adequate. There are theoretical concerns about the effects of high levels of dietary iron on the absorption ...

The pathogenesis of hypochromic anaemia was studied in 138 Saudi bedouin infants aged 9 months. Approximately 25 per cent had hypochromic anaemia, but less than 10 per cent had serum ferritin levels indicative of iron deficiency. A few infants had heterozygous beta-thalassaemia, but many infants with hypochromic anaemia had normal ...

To define the hematologic changes during a mild viral infection, 93 infants were immunized with live attenuated measles virus and studied prospectively at 0, 4, 9, 14, 21, and 30 days. Hemoglobin concentration decreased significantly by days 9 and 14. The decrease was greater than 1.0 g/dL in 8.6% and ...

In a double-blind zinc trial in low-income, pregnant adolescents thought to be at risk for poor zinc nutriture, subjects were randomly assigned to receive 30 mg zinc (gluconate) or placebo. Response to zinc was related to maternal weight. Infants of normal-weight mothers given zinc had reduced rates of prematurity (p ...

The widely held belief that 50% of the iron in human milk is absorbed is based on studies that have used an extrinsic radioactive iron tag. To determine the validity of an extrinsic tag, it is necessary to label the milk intrinsically with one isotope and to compare absorption of ...

To investigate the effects of marginal zinc deficiency on early development, rhesus monkeys were fed a diet marginally deficient in zinc (M; 4 micrograms/g) throughout pregnancy and during the first month of lactation. Despite the low concentration of zinc in the diet. M dams did not develop overt signs of ...

Eighty-eight high-risk pregnancies, 81 for homozygous alpha-thalassaemia 1 and 7 for haemoglobin (Hb) H disease, were collected in this study. Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) was done in 63 cases and amniocentesis in 25 cases to obtain fetal cells. Southern blotting and DNA hybridization with alpha- and phi zeta-globin gene probes ...

In a prospective cohort study of 196 infants from birth to age 15 mo, the relationship of iron status to psychomotor development, the effect of a short-term trial of oral iron or placebo, and the effect of longer-term oral iron therapy was assessed. Development was assessed with the Bayley Scale ...

Methodologic challenges proving that iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) adversely affects infant behavior and development are examined. This community-based study in Costa Rica included 191 infants aged 12-23 mo with varying degrees of iron deficiency. The Bayley Scales of Infant Development were administered before and both 1 wk and 3 mo after ...

A total of 89 normal newborn infants received 10mg oral zinc supplements daily for 4 months and 90 others received a placebo. The zinc supplemented group had a significant reduction in the incidence of diaper rash, and they gained slightly more in height and weight, although the growth differences were ...

In a double-blind, placebo-control prospective cohort study of 196 infants from birth to 15 months of age, assessment was made at 12 months of age of the relationship between iron status and psychomotor development, the effect of a short-term (10-day) trial of oral iron vs placebo, and the effect of ...

We assessed the relationship between neonatal hypoglycemia and newborn iron status in 15 hypoglycemic, large-for-date newborn infants, 12 of whom were infants of diabetic mothers. These infants had significantly lower mean serum iron concentrations, ferritin concentrations, percent iron-binding saturation and calculated iron stores, and significantly higher mean transferrin concentrations, total ...

Major causes of anaemia in pregnancy in tropical Africa are malaria, iron deficiency, folate deficiency and haemoglobinopathies: now there is added also the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Anaemia is often multifactorial, with the different causes interacting in a vicious cycle of depressed immunity, infection and malnutrition. Anaemia progresses through ...

Hemoglobin-repletion tests in rats, organoleptic studies, and iron-absorption studies in humans were used to search for Fe sources with high bioavailability that could be added to infant cereals as alternatives to the Fe compounds currently used for fortification. From rat and organoleptic studies on 11 alternative Fe sources, ferrous fumarate, ...

An abnormally low concentration of zinc in mother's milk has been associated with clinical nutritional zinc deficiency in premature and term newborns. Defective mammary gland secretion of zinc was suggested as the causative factor. We investigated whether low milk zinc concentration might be reflected in an abnormality of the distribution ...

The objective of this study was to determine whether zinc deficiency is one of the factors involved in nutritional failure to thrive in infants and toddlers. Participants were selected on the basis of anthropometric criteria, particularly a decline in weight velocity preceding changes in length gains. The investigation was designed ...

Iron deficiency is common in the developing world; consequently, programmes of presumptive therapy and mass supplementation have been introduced in several countries. In this article Stephen Oppenheimer suggests caution, as recent evidence suggests that these practices may actually increase the likelihood of the subject developing patent malaria in endemic areas. ...

The authors have investigated the hypothesis that neonatal hemochromatosis (NH), a generally fatal disease of infancy, is due to abnormalities in cellular response to ambient levels of iron. The clinical and necropsy findings in two infants with NH, the results of evaluations for iron-storage disease in their first-degree relatives, and ...

Several inherited forms of iron overload have been described. It is now accepted that HC, usually regarded as a disease of adult life, is an inherited disorder, hence all first degree relatives must be presumed to be at increased risk of developing iron overload and the diagnosis is now frequently ...

Meconium samples from 23 preterm infants (birth weight = 1,097 +/- 359 g; gestational age 29 +/- 3 weeks, mean +/- SD) and 27 full-term infants (3,453 +/- 476 g; 39.5 +/- 1 weeks) were analyzed for zinc, copper, manganese, chromium and iron by atomic absorption spectrometry. Compared to meconium ...

Knowledge of the metabolism of iron by young infants is incomplete but combining practical studies based on detecting the onset of iron depletion with isotopic studies of iron economy may improve our understanding of iron metabolism in infants and our strategies for ensuring their iron supply. The iron accumulated by ...

The iron stores of full-term, breast-fed infants become depleted by the age of 6 months, but this may occur earlier when they are fed formula that is not fortified with iron. There is a high requirement for iron, and therefore the selection of appropriate weaning foods is critical at this ...