Recent guidelines for infant cardiopulmonary resuscitation emphasize that all rescuers should minimize interruption of chest compressions, even for endotracheal intubation. We compared the utility of the Pentax-AWS Airway Scope (AWS) with an infant-sized Intlock (AWS-I), Airtraq laryngoscope (ATQ) and Miller laryngoscope during chest compressions on an infant manikin. Twenty-three novice ...

In this paper, we review ethical issues that arise when families and doctors face clinical decisions about renal replacement therapy for an infant with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Over the last 20 years, many centers have begun to routinely offer renal replacement therapy. However, doctors and nurses both continue to ...

Case study: An infant, aged 48 days, is brought in by her mother to her doctor because of a rash that started during the neonatal period.

Data suggest that despite improved surgical outcomes for infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS), the past two decades have seen little change in parents' decisions whether to choose surgery or palliative treatment without life-prolonging intervention. Data also suggest that doctors' predictions of the choices they would make if their ...

Lighted stylets may be used for assisting in oral intubation in both adult as well as pediatric age groups. We report the anesthetic management of an 11- month-old infant with fractured mandible where the airway was secured with tracheal lightwand-guided nasal intubation after the failure of repeated attempts of conventional ...

Breastfeeding is an important public health issue with an increase in infant and maternal morbidity and mortality for artificially-fed infants and their mothers. Doctors in primary care can influence mothers' infant feeding decisions, both positively and negatively, depending on the adequacy of their training. As there is no consistent approach ...

Background:  Difficult intubation in infants is uncommon but may be a challenge for the anesthesiologist. Many optical-assisted techniques are available to ease endotracheal placement of tube but have not been systemically evaluated for pediatric practice. Aim:  The study was performed to compare conventional pediatric Macintosh - with different optical laryngoscopes ...

The death and destruction caused by the deadliest single tornado in Missouri's history was indescribable.

PURPOSE: Prospective validation of the vasoactive-inotropic score (VIS) and inotrope score (IS) in infants after cardiovascular surgery. METHODS: Prospective observational study of 70 infants (≤90 days of age) undergoing cardiothoracic surgery. VIS and IS were assessed at 24 (VIS24, IS24), 48 (VIS48, IS48), and 72 (VIS72, IS72) h after surgery. Maximum VIS ...

Inspiratory muscle strength training (IMST) has been shown to improve maximal pressures and facilitate ventilator weaning in adults with prolonged mechanical ventilation (MV). The purposes of this case report are: (1) to describe the rationale for IMST in infants with MV dependence and (2) to summarize the device modifications used ...

This study evaluated the effects of palatal stabilizing devices (PSDs) on accidental extubations (AEs) and other intubation complications in infants with breathing tubes at a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of a university hospital. PSDs are individually crafted acrylic oral devices for stabilizing breathing tubes in neonates. Charts of all ...

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: To evaluate the effects on serum 25(OH)D and bone mineralization of supplementation of breast-fed Hispanic and non-Hispanic Caucasian infants with vitamin D in infants in Houston, Texas. METHODS: We measured cord serum 25(OH)D levels, bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD) and their changes over 3 months ...

Purpose: Preterm children may not be prepared for extra-uterine life and thus need neonatal intensive care, such as artificial ventilation through orotracheal intubation. Oral tissue development changes as a result of the use of an orotracheal tube and its mechanical influence in preterm neonates has not been intensively studied. The ...

Objectives To assess the effect of vitamin A supplementation in women of reproductive age in Ghana on cause- and age-specific infant mortality. In addition, because of recently published studies from Guinea Bissau, effects on infant mortality by sex and season were assessed. Design Double-blind, cluster-randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Setting 7 contiguous ...

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Vitamin D deficiency during infancy may lead to rickets and possibly other poor health outcomes. The World Health Organization recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months. Breast milk is the best food for infants but does not contain adequate vitamin D. Health Canada recommends all breastfed infants ...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Galactokinase (GALK) deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder causing cataract formation that can be prevented or mitigated by early diagnosis and galactose-restricted diet. The aim of this retrospective study was to explore whether GALK-deficiency meets the criteria for neonatal mass screening programs. METHODS: From 2000 until 2010, ...

Inhalational anesthesia with sevoflurane for endotracheal intubation without muscle relaxant is now used widely for pediatric patients. This study assessed the efficacy and safety of induction with high concentration sevoflurane and of nasotracheal intubation without muscle relaxant in infants with increased or decreased pulmonary blood flow (PBF) and undergoing surgery ...

In our previous studies, one-third of lactating Guatemalan women, infants, and children had deficient or marginal serum vitamin B-12 concentrations. Relationships among maternal and infant status and breast milk vitamin B-12, however, have not, to our knowledge, been investigated in such populations. Our purpose was to measure breast milk vitamin ...

Abstract Objective: To determine the iron status at birth in preterm SGA in comparison with preterm AGA and term AGA infants Methods: Mother infant pairs with gestation of <37 weeks, both SGA and AGA and term AGA as control were enrolled. Maternal,cord blood and infant blood samples at 4 weeks ...

BACKGROUND: The iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin has not been studied in infants, who experience large physiologic changes in iron status. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to study hepcidin and erythropoietin and their correlation with iron status in iron-replete and iron-deficient low-birth-weight (LBW) infants-a group at particular risk of iron deficiency (ID). DESIGN: ...

To assess long-term developmental outcome in children who received iron-fortified or low-iron formula. Follow-up at 10 years of a randomized controlled trial (1991-1994) of 2 levels of formula iron. Examiners were masked to group assignment. Urban areas around Santiago, Chile. The original study enrolled healthy, full-term infants in community clinics; ...

Reported here are three studies performed with the objective of finding ways to improve the iron status of breastfed infants and to prevent iron deficiency (ID). Participating infants were exclusively breastfed until 4 months of age; thereafter, they could receive complementary foods and, in some studies, supplemental formula. In the ...

Consumption of cow's milk (CM) by infants and toddlers has adverse effects on their iron stores, a finding that has been well documented in many localities. Several mechanisms have been identified that may contribute to iron deficiency in this young population group. The most important of these is probably the ...

The optimal timing of umbilical cord clamping has been debated in the scientific literature for at least the last century, when cord clamping practices shifted from delayed towards immediate clamping. Recent research provides evidence for the beneficial effect of delayed cord clamping on infant iron status. The present review describes ...

This article examines the association of iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) with children's development and behavior, with the goal of providing recommendations to prevent the developmental loss associated with these conditions. Children's risk for ID and IDA is particularly high during the second 6 months of life ...

Halicioglu O, Aksit S, Koc F, Akman SA, Albudak E, Yaprak I, Coker I, Colak A, Ozturk C, Gulec ES. Vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women and their neonates in spring time in western Turkey. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 2012; 26: 53-60. Although Turkey is located in a sunny region, ...

Vitamin B12 deficiency in infants often presents with nonspecific hematological, gastrointestinal, and neurological manifestations. It is usually caused by inadequate intake, abnormal absorption, or congenital disorders of vitamin B12 metabolism, including transport disorders. We describe a vitamin B12-deficient infant with severe anemia who was breastfed. His mother had undiagnosed vitamin ...

We present a case of acrodermatitis enteropathica in a full-term, breast-fed, 7-mo-old infant born from consanguineous parents with a family history of acrodermatitis enteropathica. The patient presented with periorificial and symmetric acral lesions, which prompted us to review the clinical features of acrodermatitis enteropathica and its pathogenesis. Laboratory investigations showed ...

An earlier preliminary paper is expanded. Women who had given birth to one or more infants with a neural tube defect were recruited into a trial of periconceptional vitamin supplementation. Two hundred mothers attending five centres were fully supplemented (FS), 50 were partially supplemented (PS), and 300 were unsupplemented (US). ...

We present a 9-month-old boy with megaloblastic anaemia, neutropenia and hypogammaglobulinaemia due to vitamin B12 deficiency. The deficiency was secondary to prolonged exclusive breastfeeding with inadequate nutritional amounts of vitamin B12 from the mother. There were no clinical or biological signs of maternal anaemia or macrocytosis. Treatment with oral vitamin ...

BACKGROUND: Deficiency of vitamin K predisposes to early, classic, or late vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB), of which late VKDB may be associated with serious and life-threatening intracranial bleeding. Late VKDB is characterized with intracranial bleeding in infants aged 2-24 weeks due to severe vitamin K deficiency, occurring primarily in exclusively ...

Background/Objectives:Preterm infants are at risk for low vitamin D but documentation on late-preterm infants is sparse. This prospective study monitored longitudinally vitamin D and parathormone (PTH) levels in late-preterm formula fed infants during the first year of life, taking into consideration in utero and postnatal growth, and season and diet.Subjects/Methods:The ...

BACKGROUND: Nutritional vitamin B(12) deficieny is common among infants in the developing and underdeveloped countries. There is limited information concerning neuroimaging findings in infants with vitamin B(12) deficiency in the literature. AIMS: The aim of this study is to evaluate the cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) changes and clinical characteristics ...

To investigate the factors involved in the genesis of infant iron deficiency anemia. This is a cross-sectional study, which evaluated 104 children in their second year of life who were born at term with adequate weight in Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. An interview, a 24-hour recall to parents, and anthropometric ...

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of chronic iron deficiency on neuropsychological traits in infants. We established the nutritional iron status and assessed the neuropsychological characteristics of 58 Mexican 14- to 18-month-old infants. The Bayley Scales of Infant Development, preschool language scales and an environmental sound ...

Low birth weight infants are at risk of iron deficiency (ID), which is associated with impaired nervous system development and may lead to prolonged auditory brainstem response (ABR) latencies. We hypothesized that iron supplementation shortens ABR latencies in marginally low birth weight (MLBW, 2000-2500g) infants. In a randomized, controlled trial, ...

We aimed to investigate zinc and copper concentrations in breast milk at two months postpartum and the relationship between these concentrations and the characteristics of mother infant dyads. A total of 142 mothers were enrolled. The median concentrations of breast milk Zinc and Copper were 625 ug/L and 239 ug/L, ...

OBJECTIVE: To assess iron deficiency or overload in infants with sickle cell disease in order to support the decision to recommend (or not) iron prophylactic supplementation in this population. METHODS: Cross-sectional and retrospective study with 135 infants below 2 years old (66 boys and 69 girls), 77 with SS and ...

Recently there has been renewed interest in the role of vitamin D in paediatric bone health. Its role in the development of rickets and hypocalcaemia in infants and young children, in particular, in many part of the world is well known, and the importance of the prevention of vitamin D ...

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most common hematologic disorder worldwide. Measures to prevent IDA in infants have been successful with questionable sustainability. To evaluate the incidence of developing IDA in the second year of life, in infants who were nonanemic at the age of 1 year on routine blood ...

Context: Clinical manifestations of vitamin D deficiency rickets are widely described; however cardiorespiratory arrest is an extremely rare presentation. Objective: The aim of this paper is to present the symptoms of severe vitamin D deficiency rickets and to highlight the importance of vitamin D prophylaxis in infants. Results: We report ...

The objective of this study was to determine if the continued use of vitamin A in a nursery utilizing early surfactant and nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) was warranted. A retrospective, cohort study of appropriately sized, preterm neonates weighing ≤1000 g at birth was conducted. Two time periods were compared: ...

Iron biomarkers were developed to define the size of iron stores and the adequacy of the iron supply required to meet functional needs. Approximately 80% of the iron delivered to tissues through the circulating plasma pool will be incorporated into hemoglobin. Consequently, with the exception of serum ferritin, iron biomarkers ...

A 2-month-old child was referred as a case of dilated cardiomyopathy with cardiogenic shock. On evaluation, hypocalcemia secondary to severe vitamin D deficiency was found. There were no clinical or radiological features of rickets. The child had developed multiorgan failure due to cardiogenic shock at the time of admission and ...

: Vitamin D status in infants depends on supplementation. We examined the vitamin D status in relation to supplementation dose and scheme in infants. : One hundred thirty-four infants age 6 months and 98 infants age 12 months (drop out 27%) were investigated. Vitamin D intake (diet, supplements), anthropometry, and ...

OBJECTIVES: Newborns are dependent on breastmilk vitamin A for building hepatic stores of vitamin A that will become critical for survival after weaning. It has been documented that vitamin A concentrations in breastmilk decline across the first year postpartum in both well-nourished and malnourished populations. The reason for this decline ...

Diagnosis of inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) such as an organic acidemia or urea cycle defects requires high index of suspicion in a critically ill infant as these conditions mimic common pediatric illnesses. Prompt initiation of the treatment is mandatory even if a definitive diagnosis is not established immediately. Initial ...

A nationwide "vitamin D prophylaxis augmentation program" initiated in 2005 in Turkey reduced prevalence of rickets from 6% in 1998 to 0.1% in 2008 in children under age 3 year. Program included free distribution of vitamin D drops to all newborns and infants (0-12 months) visiting primary health stations throughout ...

The objective was to evaluate the need for vitamin D prophylaxis in healthy infants. This was a prospective and randomized study performed at primary care clinics. Eighty-eight full-term 1-month-old healthy infants were randomly assigned to receive (n = 41) or not (n = 47) 402 IU/d of vitamin D for ...

This prospective Irish observational study examined maternal and infant nutritional supplement use. From an initial sample of 539 mothers recruited from the Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital in Dublin (during 2004-2006), 450 eligible mothers were followed up at 6 weeks and 6 months postpartum. Only 200 women (44.4%) complied ...