Reported are the results of a study in São Paulo, Brazil, to evaluate the bacterial contamination of the lacteal contents of feeding bottles prepared in urban households of low (LSE) and high (HSE) socioeconomic groups, involving 100 and 32 mothers of infants, respectively. Samples of the lacteal contents of the ...

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Parenteral nutrition (PN) is associated with a risk of septicaemia. This may be caused by impairment of immune function related to PN. The authors investigated the effects of the addition of enteral feedings to PN on the immune status of human newborn infants. METHODS: Ten surgical infants (age less ...

Try to tailor your advice to the individual family. Keep it simple and practical. Find out who is going, where and whether the family has any particular health needs. Encourage the family to plan ahead, finding out as much as they can about facilities for young children at their destination. ...

Clinicians in several countries have expressed concerns about possible adverse effects of shortening obstetric length of stay. A population-based survey of 1366 mothers who gave birth in Victoria, Australia, in 1993 was used to investigate social and obstetric characteristics of mothers discharged home 'early', and to assess whether shorter stays ...

Activity rhythms in groups of captive beach beetles (Chaerodes trachyscelides White) have been recorded in an actograph over a period of 29 days. Under constant illumination and when no sand was provided for the beetles to burrow in abnormal behaviour occurred. With sand and in constant darkness a strictly nocturnal ...

A 4-month-old, 6.8-kg, castrated male pygmy goat was examined for recurrent episodic fever and red urine of 7 days' duration. A second, 3-month-old, 7-kg, intact female pygmy goat was presented for similar clinical signs. The red discoloration of the urine in each case was determined to be due to hemolysis ...

Galactosemia is an inherited metabolic disorder in which the individual is unable to metabolize lactose. In the newborn, classic galactosemia presents with symptoms of severe feeding intolerance, malnutrition, and rapid organ damage. Without immediate treatment, the infant will almost certainly succumb to rampant disease or sepsis. Through increased clinical awareness, ...

Glutamine, described as a "conditionally essential" amino acid for critically ill patients, has not been routinely added to parenteral amino acid formulations for critically ill neonates and is provided in only small quantities by the enteral route when enteral intake is low. We conducted a blinded, randomized study of enteral ...

When complementary foods should be introduced in the diets of infants in poor environments remains controversial. Resolution has been hampered by inadequate study designs. A study in Honduras has demonstrated an experimental design assessing multiple infant and maternal outcomes and provides information for planning sample size and accounting for dropouts ...

Breastfeeding suppresses ovarian activity resulting in amenorrhea and infertility. The frequency of breastfeeds and their duration appear to be important in maintaining amenorrhea--and night-time sucking appears to be particularly crucial. Supplementary feeding may affect fertility by altering suckling behaviour, but the evidence is confusing as to whether feeding supplements reduces ...

A systematic computerized search of all databases was performed to review the scientific evidence in support of the efficacy of cisapride in reducing feeding intolerance in premature infants. Reference lists from these articles were used to identify relevant scientific literature to address important aspects of the use of cisapride. Three ...

A clinic based cross-sectional study was conducted at Immunoprophylaxis Clinic at Govt. Medical College, Nagpur. Mothers of 217 children were interviewed for infant feeding practices. In 62.67% of children, breast-feeding was initiated within 24 hrs. after birth. About 22% mother used prelacteal feed and 70% mothers preferred demand feeding. Prominent ...

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that very low birth weight infants fed by continuous nasogastric gavage (CNG) would achieve full enteral feedings (100 kcal/kg/d) at an earlier postnatal age and have less feeding intolerance (FI) than infants fed by intermittent bolus gavage (IBG). METHODS: Eighty infants were stratified by birth ...

BACKGROUND: During tube feeding, it is a common practice to check gastric residual volume frequently for indications of pathologic impairment of gastric emptying. The volume threshold standards for holding feedings are applied nonselectively, disregarding slowing of gastric emptying by nutrient-triggered intestinogastric inhibitory feedback. We developed a computer simulation model considering ...

Ornithodoros (Alectorobius) amblus Chamberlin 1920 specimens were collected from a seagull (Larus spp.) nest in northern Chile. This reports the occurrence of this species outside Peru. The biology of 79 specimens reared under laboratory conditions at 27 degrees C, 75-80% RH, and total darkness was determined. A 13% mortality rate ...

Feeding problems are common in Rett syndrome in which there are characteristic oropharyngeal abnormalities. This study investigated the ways in which individuals regulated their respiration accordingly, and how this affected their overall feeding ability. Respiration during feeding was studied in 28 individuals, recording nasal airflow, chest and abdominal movements, and ...

By outlining infant feeding trends and the essential characteristics of support groups, this paper reveals how important such groups and their development have been in shaping the history of infant feeding in twentieth-century New Zealand. The paper draws, in particular, on the histories, growth, and influence of the Royal New ...

Cup feeding is gaining increased recognition as an alternative method of feeding infants breast milk. For the term infant, cup feeding is suggested when the mother is unavailable to put the infant to breast. In the preterm population, cup feeding may be initiated before the preterm infant is ready to ...

The maturation of deglutition apnoea time was investigated in 42 bottle-fed preterm infants, 28 to 37 weeks gestation, and in 29 normal term infants as a comparison group. Deglutition apnoea times reduced as infants matured, as did the number and length of episodes of multiple-swallow deglutition apnoea. The maturation appears ...

The purpose of this research was to examine the effect of behavioral state activity during nipple feeding on feeding success for a group of 20 preterm infants. The infants, fed per hospital policy at scheduled three-hour intervals, were observed during four early nipple feedings. Nine of the 20 infants were ...

We report a case of ambulatory endoscopic gastrostomy feeding via a low profile button device using a portable feeding pump. This provided successful nutritional support to a patient with chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction who became pregnant while on gastrostomy feeding. She successfully completed her pregnancy with nutritional support through the gastrostomy. ...

The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the safety and benefit of early enteral feeding in very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants without parenteral nutrition. Weight gain, feeding intolerance, nosocomial infection rate and a postnatal growth curve were recorded for 61 VLBW premature infants who were admitted to the Neonatal Intensive ...

OBJECTIVE: To describe the bottle-feeding histories of preterm infants and determine physical indices related to and predictive of bottle-feeding initiation and progression. DESIGN: Ex post facto. SETTING: Academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS: A convenience sample of 40 preterm infants without concomitant cardiac, gastrointestinal, or cognitive impairment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Postconceptional age ...

This study examined the behavioral mechanisms that support transfer of food from adults to infants in tufted capuchins (Cebus apella). Two captive groups of capuchins were presented with abundant quantities of unshelled pecans or commercial pellets. Five of 11 infant subjects could not open the nuts. A variety of tolerated ...

OBJECTIVE: To study the pattern of gastric emptying in very premature infants and to determine whether there are changes with postnatal age and the ability to tolerate feedings. METHODS: Sequential ultrasound measurements of the gastric antral cross-sectional area were obtained in 32 infants (mean gestational age, 26 +/- 1 weeks) ...

BACKGROUND: Aluminum, a contaminant of commercial intravenous-feeding solutions, is potentially neurotoxic. We investigated the effect of perinatal exposure to intravenous aluminum on the neurologic development of infants born prematurely. METHODS: We randomly assigned 227 premature infants with gestational ages of less than 34 weeks and birth weights of less than ...

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of continuous and intermittent sucking on breathing and sucking during oral feedings in very-low-birth-weight infants. DESIGN: A quasi-experimental, within-subjects design with random assignment. Infants were observed twice in 1 day, once with a nasogastric tube and once without, in random order. SETTING: A Midwestern university-affiliated ...

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of bottle feeding, as compared to two methods of gavage feeding, on apnoea, bradycardia and oxygen desaturation frequency. PATIENTS: Thirty preterm infants breathing room air; gestational age 28.6 +/- 2.1 weeks at birth and 34 +/- 1.4 weeks at study (mean +/- SD). METHODS: Nine-hour ...

Oral motor function and feeding problems have received little attention in infants with myelomeningocele (MMC). We compared objective video assessments of oral motor skills, diet and feeding function of 20 infants (aged 6 months) with MMC, with data from 20, age, gender, and socioeconomically matched healthy infants using the Feeding ...

Lithium carbonate is used for the treatment of bipolar disorder. Because of its widespread use, many women of childbearing age are taking lithium carbonate, which belongs to the US FDA Category D. Administration during pregnancy can result in fetal toxicity. A 17-y-old female with pre-eclampsia and a history of manic ...

PURPOSE: To evaluate the short-term gastric effects of prostaglandin therapy in neonates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors retrospectively reviewed the radiographs of nine neonates with congenital heart disease who received prostaglandins during the 1st week of life. Eighteen matched control infants (nine healthy neonates and nine infants with noncyanotic congenital ...

Twenty-four pasteurized infant feeds, prepared in a Glasgow hospital, were examined microbiologically. All produced a satisfactory total aerobic mesophilic count of < or = 1.0 x 10(4) cfu/g (mean 6.3 x 10(1) cfu/g) within 1 h of preparation. Bacillus cereus was detected in two infant feeds immediately after preparation and ...

Emergency physicians often deal with diagnostically elusive cases that may present repeatedly over the course of illness. The infant presented here had a chronic history, prompting multiple physician contacts for initially seemingly common problems. Assessing the patient's progression of symptoms over time and eliciting a brief developmental history in the ...

To gain a better understanding of the development of sucking behavior in low birth weight infants, the aims of this study were as follows: (1) to assess these infants' oral feeding performance when milk delivery was unrestricted, as routinely administered in nurseries, versus restricted when milk flow occurred only when ...

Non-nutritive sucking (NNS) activities were recorded in preterm infants born at gestational age 32 weeks or less during nasogastric feedings. Six infants on intermittent nasogastric feeding schedules were tested with a pacifier in their mouth for three 5-minute periods (before, during, and after gavage feeding). Analysis of the recordings revealed ...

This paper reviews current literature on feeding and swallowing of the premature and high-risk infant. If addresses issues of maturation and organization that affect feeding abilities. Evaluation issues including instrumental evaluations (e.g., cervical auscultation, modified barium swallow studies) are discussed. Finally, common problems seen in this population are described along ...

It is a well-established fact that nutrition is central to the growth and development of all infants. Yet it has been observed that health care professionals are frequently unfamiliar with the most typical infant feeding practices of the clients within the communities they attempt to serve. This observation was apparent ...

Persistent organochlorines such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), DDTs, chlordane compounds (CHLs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were determined in the blubber of minke whale and its diet collected from the Antarctic and the North Pacific Oceans. Residue levels of these compounds (except HCB) in minke whale from the Antarctic were ...

The choice of an infant feeding method is a poorly understood phenomenon. In all societies women are the infant feeders, regardless of the method of infant feeding. How women decide on an infant feeding method is not known; the decision making is complex and frequently unconscious. A qualitative study using ...

A questionnaire evaluation was undertaken of feeding methods used by the mothers of 25 neonates with cleft lip and/or palate. Most parents had problems feeding their babies, both with the quantity of food taken and especially with the time taken to feed; even after a period of 2 months over ...

Dysphagia in infants and children is usually only one part of a broad spectrum of complex medical, health, and developmental problems. As etiologies vary, so do prognoses. Increased survival rates of infants in recent years have been accompanied by an increased prevalence of neurologic, cardiorespiratory, and structural impairments that can ...

Glossina longipennis were recorded visiting and engorging on cattle in an enclosure and on a single ox in a crush using transparent electrocuting nets in an incomplete ring. Of the total flies caught, 3-6% of males and 5-6% of females in the total catches were engorged (a feeding success rate ...

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of enteral tube feedings on the measurement of gastric intramucosal pH. DESIGN: Interventional study. SETTING: Two intensive care units of a university-affiliated teaching hospital. PATIENTS: Twenty hemodynamically stable patients undergoing mechanical ventilation, with a nasogastric tonometer in situ, in whom enteral feeding was initiated. INTERVENTIONS: ...

OBJECTIVE: Continuous perfusion manometry was performed in 93 preterm and 14 term infants, none of whom had ever been fed enterally, to determine whether duodenal motor responses to bolus feeding differ in preterm and term infants. STUDY DESIGN: Motor activity was recorded for 6 hours: 4 hours before and 2 ...

In 1987 and 1994 all UK regional neonatal intensive care units were questioned about their feeding policies for the ventilated preterm infant. Between 1987 and 1994 there was an increase in the use of milk feeds (59 versus 71%), fortified breast milk (5 versus 72%) and low birthweight formula (41 ...

OBJECTIVE: To compare the costs incurred on infant feeding between the mothers who exclusively breastfed their infants and those who introduced supplements up to 6 months of age. DESIGN: Longitudinal follow up. SETTING: Urban slums of south Delhi. METHODS: One hundred normal mother infant pairs fulfilling the prelaid criteria were ...

This study was carried out with a view to finding out factors influencing prelacteal feeding and its relation to establishment of lactation in rural Bangladesh. 420 mothers in early post-partum period were interviewed at home. Prelacteal feeding was given to 77% of the babies, and honey was given to 72% ...

The key to short-term enteral feeding in patients with gastroparesis is to deliver the nutrition beyond the pylorus. Endoscopic assisted methods allow the precise placement of the feeding tube to the small bowel. However, the main difficulty in association with these procedures is feeding-tube migration into the stomach during the ...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of sweet taste stimulation in augmenting the reported growth-enhancing effects of nonnutritive sucking in preterm infants who are gavage-fed. DESIGN: Random assignment of preterm infants to receive stimulation by one of three methods during each feeding until totally orally fed. SETTING: Hospital intensive-care and infant ...

Young infants admitted to hospital for diarrhoea were studied to identify and understand the reasons for early complementary feeding and to examine its effect on nutritional status. Of 132 infants, 71 percent were being breastfed, 24 percent had already stopped, and 5 percent had never been breastfed. Complementary feeds were ...