The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that a small rinse of water in an infant's mouth immediately following formula consumption would significantly improve oral glucose clearance. Though statistically significant results were not obtained at all time intervals, this study lends validity to the hypothesis that a ...

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy of a specific protocol of conservative therapy for infant gastroesophageal reflux. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective evaluation of the response to telephone teaching of conservative therapy by a single instructor as part of the screening process for a pharmacotherapy study of infantile reflux. Feeding modifications included the ...

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of an infant formula fortified with nucleotides (NF) with those of a control formula (CF) on the incidence of diarrhea, respiratory tract infections (RTIs), and immune responses in healthy term infants. METHODS: This 12-month, double-blind study was conducted on ...

Commercially available simple benchtop systems using CO2 supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) eliminate expensive organic solvent disposal problems and offer potential to meet a demand for rapid, accurate high-volume gravimetric determinations of total fat content of infant formula powders. A Data Quality Objectives (DQOs) approach was used to evaluate the performance ...

Thickening agents, such as carob bean gum or galactomannan, have been successfully administered for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux in infants. To study the effect of carob bean gum on gastric emptying and to symptoms of regurgitation, we recruited 20 full term Thai infants (mean age=13.4+/-7 week; mean body weight=4943+/-1272gm) ...

Background - Gangliosides are hybrid molecules composed of a hydrophilic sialyl oligosaccharide and a hydrophobic ceramide portion, which consists of sphingosine and fatty acids (FA). In animal studies, sialic acid (SA) supplementation is associated with increases in brain gangliosides and learning ability. Supplementation of docosahexanenoic acid (DHA) and archidonic acid ...

AIMS: Certain milk factors may promote the growth of a gastrointestinal microflora predominated by bifidobacteria and may aid in overcoming enteric infections. This may explain why breast-fed infants experience fewer intestinal infections than their formula-fed counterparts. The effect of formula supplementation with two such factors was investigated in this study. ...

To determine the effectiveness of modified cow's milk formulas on the symptoms of infant colic, a mini-review (Griffiths, 2002) of double-blind randomized controlled trials was undertaken. The population was infants diagnosed with colic and the outcome was a reduction in infant distress. Medline, Embase, CINAHL and the Cochrane Library were ...

A possible enhancing effect of lactoferrin (Lf) on iron absorption by breast-fed infants has been suggested, however the available results failed to confirm this hypothesis. Nevertheless, Lf could be useful in protecting the lipid fraction of infant formulas against oxidation. Concerning the possibility of adding Lf to infant formulas with ...

A survey of the pesticide content of 25 commercially available infant formulae and 30 weaning foods available in New Zealand was undertaken in 1996. It included a representative mixture of imported and New Zealand manufactured infant foods. Three different pesticide screening techniques were used: a high-sensitivity organochlorine screen was carried ...

BACKGROUND: In-hospital growth of most very low birth weight infants remains below the 10th percentile of reference intrauterine growth curves (Ehrenkranz 1999). To improve growth, fat is added to preterm formula in the form of medium chain triglycerides (MCT) or long chain triglycerides (LCT). MCT are easily accessible to the ...

OBJECTIVE: Quantitative balance studies were performed to compare fat and calcium absorption in healthy, full term infants fed casein hydrolysate-based (CHF) and soy protein-based (SPF) infant formulas with or without palm olein (PO). Previous studies have reported that PO significantly reduced absorption of both fat and calcium in cow's milk-based ...

Partialy hydrolyzed formulas have been proposed for term and preterm infants, but decreased nitrogen and calcium intestinal absorption rates, together with plasma amino acid imbalances have been reported in preterm infants. We evaluated a new formula with modified nitrogen and calcium sources (glycerophosphate). During their second week of life, 16 ...

The present review examines the role of dietary nucleotides in infants, and the scientific rationale and benefits of nucleotide supplementation of infant formula. The immunoprotective benefits of human milk, the biology of human milk nucleotides, and the immunological and gastrointestinal effects of dietary nucleotides in animal studies and in vitro ...

BACKGROUND: Early suspicion of essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD) or omega3-deficiency may rather focus on polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) or long-chain PUFA (LCP) analyses than clinical symptoms. We determined cut-off values for biochemical EFAD, omega3-and omega3/22:6omega3 [docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)]-deficiency by measurement of erythrocyte 20:3omega9 (Mead acid), 22:5omega6/20:4omega6 and 22:5omega6/22:6omega3, respectively. ...

Newborn infants may be transferred to a special care nursery because of conditions such as prematurity (gestation less than 37 weeks), prolonged resuscitation, respiratory distress, cyanosis, and jaundice, and for evaluation of neonatal sepsis. Newborn infants' core temperature should be kept above 36.4 degrees C (97.5 degrees F). Nutritional requirements ...

Breast milk is the most appropriate food for infants. At least 4-6 months of breast feeding is sufficient for all babies if appropriate growth is monitored monthly. However, for those infants unable to breast-feed sufficiently or at all, formula can be given as an alternative. However, serious health problems such ...

BACKGROUND: Incorporation of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCP) into formulas may interfere with mineral metabolism. We investigate mineral balance in preterm infants who were fed a formula with LCP. METHODS: Infants were randomized in a double-blind manner, 20 infants in each group, to receive a formula with LCP (F+LCP) ...

Long-chain PUFA (LCP) deficiency is a frequent complication in cholestatic infants. We investigated the effects of LCP-supplemented formula on EFA status in infants with cholestasis. Twenty-three infants with cholestasis (biliary atresia after surgery, 8; intrahepatic cholestasis, 15) aged 1.9 to 4.9 mon (median 3.1 mon) were randomized to receive commercial ...

Nucleotides (NT) are reported to affect development of the immune and gastrointestinal systems, and they are currently added to most term infant formulas. In the present study, dietary NT effects on superior mesenteric artery blood flow were investigated. Formula-fed preterm infants were studied once with a 20 kcal/oz. term infant ...

Increasing awareness that the human intestinal flora is a major factor in health and disease has led to different strategies to manipulate the flora to promote health. The complex microflora of the adult is difficult to change in the long term. There is greater impact of diet on the infant ...

Contaminated tap water can become a health risk, e.g. by metals or environmental pollution particularly for sensitive population groups such as infants and young children. There is a lack of data on exactly measured water intake. In the DONALD Study, individual food and fluid intakes were measured by use of ...

BACKGROUND: Protein quality of breast milk is superior to that of formula proteins. To ensure that the protein intake is sufficient, starter formulas with conventional protein composition provide a protein/energy ratio of 2.2-2.5 g per 100 kcal to infants, which is much higher than that supplied with breast milk. Several ...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate if simply increasing the energy density of the formula will lead to increased energy intake and weight gain in infants with non-organic failure to thrive. DESIGN: In this hospital-based trial, 15 infants (mean age, 7.6+/-1.4 months) with non-organic failure to thrive were fed a regular strength formula ...

BACKGROUND: Calcium absorption is enhanced by the presence of lactose, but the quantitative significance of this effect in infant formulas is uncertain. It is also not known whether lactose affects zinc absorption. OBJECTIVE: We measured the absorption of calcium and zinc from infant formulas by using a multitracer, stable-isotope technique. ...

Gut colonization by may have beneficial effects on infant health or capacity to resist infectious disease. Zinc supplementation has also been proposed to increase infants' resistance to disease; however, many studies have yielded conflicting results. OBJECTIVES: To study effects of probiotic supplementation of infant formula (with or without supplemental zinc) ...

Reported here is a cluster of infections due to a nitrate-negative variant of Enterobacter sakazakii, which occurred among premature neonates at the Hadassah Hospital, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, in December 1999-January 2000. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis showed cluster isolates to be identical but unrelated to previous systemic isolates recovered in 1993 and ...

Soy-based infant formulae, initially developed for infants who were lactose intolerant or allergic to cow's milk-based formulae, now account for >25% of the infant formulae sold in the United States. Formulations have changed over the years to improve digestibility, the stability and availability of minerals, and protein quality. Recent concerns ...

Salsify (Tragopogon porrifolius) and gobo (Arctium lappa) are root vegetables that contain high concentrations of naturally occurring fructooligosaccharides (FOS), nondigestible oligosaccharides that have prebiotic effects on the intestinal microflora. The objective of this study was to compare colonic microbial populations and the fermentation characteristics of gobo and salsify in breast-fed ...

BACKGROUND: In the assessment of gastroesophageal reflux, correct placement of the pH catheter is crucial. This is particularly so in very low birth weight infants where a small error in positioning could give rise to a potentially large error in results. Accepted modes of assessing correct positioning can be problematic ...

OBJECTIVE: We tested the hypothesis that balanced addition of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) to preterm formula during the first weeks of life would confer long-term neurodevelopmental advantage in a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial of preterm formula with and without preformed LCPUFA. METHODS: The participants were 195 formula-fed preterm infants ...

Fish oil supplementation during pregnancy has been tested in several trials, with small positive effects on length of gestation; there have been no beneficial or harmful effects on cognitive development or growth of infants as a result of fish oil supplementation in pregnancy. The strongest evidence for good developmental outcomes ...

OBJECTIVE: We tested the hypothesis that the gastrointestinal tolerance of a new infant formula equals or exceeds the tolerance of other milk-based infant formulas and compared the tolerance of this new formula with that of human milk. METHODS: This prospective, phase IV, open-label study was conducted in 17 countries. Healthy, ...

Probiotic therapy is a new, successful approach to alleviating allergic symptoms. In this study, our aim was to investigate whether the positive results obtained with probiotic therapy would be associated with the differential absorption and utilization of dietary PUFA. 15 infants referred to a pediatric clinic on the basis of ...

Formula feeding is an alternative method to prevent mother-to-child infection with human immunodeficiency virus through breast-feeding in developing countries. Growth of bacterial pathogens in reconstituted infant formula has become a health hazard when contaminated water is used for rehydration. This study was conducted to assess bacterial safety risk of using ...

The long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, arachidonic (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are essential structural lipid components of biomembranes. During pregnancy, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) are preferentially transferred from mother to fetus across the placenta. This placental transfer is mediated by specific fatty acid binding and transfer proteins. After birth, ...

Achieving appropriate growth and nutrient accretion of preterm and low birth weight (LBW) infants is often difficult during hospitalization because of metabolic and gastrointestinal immaturity and other complicating medical conditions. Advances in the care of preterm-LBW infants, including improved nutrition, have reduced mortality rates for these infants from 9.6 to ...

Use of soy-based infant formulas and soy/isoflavone supplements has aroused concern because of potential estrogenic effects of the soy isoflavones genistein and daidzein. Here we show that s.c. genistein injections in ovariectomized adult mice produced dose-responsive decreases in thymic weight of up to 80%. Genistein's thymic effects occurred through both ...

Diet, among other environmental and genetic factors, is currently recognised to have an important role in health and disease. There is increasing evidence that the human colonic microbiota can contribute positively towards host nutrition and health. As such, dietary modulation has been proposed as important for improved gut health, especially ...

BACKGROUND: Physiological changes in the QT interval caused by sleep are important in the evaluation of the normal QT interval. Traditionally, Bazett's formula is used for correcting the QT interval for heart rate in childhood. We set out to establish the QT-RR relationship in infants during sleep and concurrently test ...

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether infantile colic (IC) is associated with malabsorption of carbohydrates present in fruit juices. METHODS: In this double-blind study, parents of 30 healthy infants (5.1 +/- 0.7 months, 7.4 +/- 1.0 kg, 64 +/- 4 cm) were administered a questionnaire to quantitatively assess IC. Thereafter, they were ...

OBJECTIVE: To determine if docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) supplementation influences growth or visual acuity of formula-fed premature infants. STUDY DESIGN: Double-blind, multi-center study of 194 premature infants given preterm formula with no DHA or ARA (control), 0.15% energy DHA, or 0.14% DHA + 0.27% ARA from single-cell ...

BACKGROUND: The establishment of a balanced intestinal microflora which may protect against infection is desirable for the preterm infant. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of a preterm formula milk supplement consisting of oligosaccharides in similar proportions to human milk on the faecal flora and stool characteristics of preterm infants. STUDY ...

Enterobacter sakazakii, a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium, is a rare cause of invasive infection with high death rates in neonates. This report summarizes the investigation of a fatal infection associated with E. sakazakii in a hospitalized neonate, which indicated that the infection was associated with the presence of the organism in ...

Single-cell oils are currently included in human infant formula as sources of the long-chain polyunsaturates (LCP) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) in many countries, but have not yet been approved for use in the USA. We prepared four bovine-milk-based formulas with AA/DHA=0, 34/17, 68/34 and 170/85 (mg per ...

AIMS: To assess maternal compliance with nutritional recommendations in an allergy preventive programme, and identify factors influencing compliance behaviour. METHODS: Randomised double-blind intervention study on the effect of infant formulas with reduced allergenicity in healthy, term newborns at risk of atopy. Maternal compliance with dietary recommendations concerning milk and solid ...

OBJECTIVE: To document metabolic adaptation to ex utero life in small- (SGA) and large-for-gestational-age (LGA) infants in relation to fetal nutrition and postnatal feeding practices. METHODS: In a prospective study, 65 SGA (< or = second centile) and 39 LGA (> or = 98th centile) full-term infants were recruited. Anthropometry ...

Glutamine kinetics and its relation to transamination of leucine and urea synthesis were quantified in 16 appropriate-for-gestational-age infants, four small-for-gestational-age infants, and seven infants of diabetic mothers. Kinetics were measured between 4 and 5 h after the last feed (fasting) and in response to formula feeding using [5-(15)N]glutamine, [1-(13)C,(15)N]leucine, [(2)H(5)]phenylalanine, ...

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an omega-3 fatty acid that is highly concentrated in CNS tissues. Although breast milk contains the fatty acids DHA and arachidonic acid, infant formulas marketed in North America do not contain these nutrients. The potential deleterious effects of rearing infants with formulas devoid of these nutrients ...

BACKGROUND: The critical period during which the dietary supply of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPs) may influence the maturation of cortical function in term infants is unknown. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to determine the relative importance for maturation of the visual cortex of the dietary supply ...