OBJECTIVE:: The aim of this study was to review the incidence and type of central venous catheter related bloodstream infection in children on treatment with home parenteral nutrition before and after the introduction of taurolidine. Taurolidine is a catheter lock solution which prevents biofilm formation and has broad spectrum bactericidal ...

BACKGROUND: We studied whether the sinuses might be foci for Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection. METHODS: Endoscopic Sinus Surgery was performed in 78 CF patients; PFGE was used for bacterial genotyping. Material from sinuses and lungs were Gram-stained to detect biofilms. Immunoglobulins were measured in serum and saliva. RESULTS: When P. ...

Acinetobacter baumannii infections are difficult to treat due to biofilm formation. The literature shows paucity of data on A. baumannii bacteriophages and their application in biofilm control. In this report, we have isolated a new lytic bacteriophage, AB7-IBB1, infecting A. baumannii. Transmission electron microscopy revealed its resemblance to members of ...

Biofilm formation in Acinetobacter baumannii is a common cause of nosocomial infections in humans. Clinical devices and abiotic surfaces are important sites of colonization leading to formation of biofilms. Such infections are often resistant to multiple antibiotic therapies, and hence there is need for an effective mode of control. Herein, ...

More than 40% of nosocomial infections belong to infections of urinary tract; most of them are infections occurring in catheterized patients. Bacterial colonization of urinary tract and catheters cause not only the particular infection, but also some complications, e.g. blockage of catheters with crystalline deposits of bacterial origin, generation of ...

In the natural environment, microorganisms exist together in self-produced polymeric matrix biofilms. Often, several species, which can belong to both bacterial and fungal kingdoms, coexist and interact in ways which are not completely understood. Biofilm infections have become prevalent largely in medical settings due to the increasing use of indwelling ...

Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) is the most common health-care-associated infection worldwide. Although not all cases of bacteriuria result in clinical infection, several hundred thousand episodes of CAUTI occur each year in the USA alone. The milieu in which the catheter is placed is highly conducive to bacterial colonization, biofilm ...

Currently, the majority of animal models that are used to study biofilm-related infections use planktonic bacterial cells as initial inocula to produce positive signals of infection in biomaterials studies. However, the use of planktonic cells has potentially led to inconsistent results in infection outcomes. In this study, well-established biofilms of ...

Biofilms associated with the human body, particularly in typically sterile locations, are difficult to diagnose and difficult to treat effectively due to their recalcitrance to conventional antibiotic therapy and host immune responses. The study of biofilms in medicine today requires a translational approach, with examination of clinically-relevant biofilms in the ...

Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) in the hip following prosthetic joint placement is a devastating outcome of an otherwise often successful surgical treatment (total-hip arthroplasty). Management of PJI is dependent upon accurate diagnosis and successful treatment, both of which are challenging. Recently, great strides have been made in improving the diagnosis ...

Background OSTEOMYELITIS WAS DESCRIBED MANY YEARS AGO BUT IS STILL INCOMPLETELY UNDERSTOOD. ITS EXOGENOUSLY ACQUIRED FORM IS LIKELY TO BECOME MORE COMMON AS THE POPULATION AGES. WE DISCUSS BIOFILM FORMATION AS A CLINICALLY RELEVANT PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MODEL AND PRESENT CURRENT RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE TREATMENT OF OSTEOMYELITIS: We selectively searched the PubMed ...

Bacterial adherence on total joint replacement implants may lead to biofilm formation and implant-related osteoarticular infection. It is unclear if different biomaterials in the prosthetic components are more prone to facilitate this bacterial adherence, although ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) component exchange in modular systems has been clinically utilized in ...

Solar radiation reduces Cryptosporidium infectivity. Biofilms grown from stream microbial assemblages inoculated with oocysts were exposed to solar radiation. The infectivity of oocysts attached at the biofilm surface and oocysts suspended in water was about half that of oocysts attached at the base of a 32-μm biofilm.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: The biofilm paradigm of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is increasingly understood to play a key role in the pathophysiology of this disease. The role of intracellular infection of sinonasal epithelial cells has been suggested as a potential reservoir of pathogenic organisms that can lead to recalcitrant disease despite maximal medical ...

Serratia marcescens is an opportunistic pathogen causing severe urinary tract infections in hospitalized individuals. Infections of S. marcescens are of great concern because of its increasing resistance towards conventional antibiotics. Quorum sensing (QS)-a cell to cell communication-system of S. marcescens acts as a global regulator of almost all the virulence ...

The combination of patients with poor immune system, prolonged exposure to anti-infective drugs, and cross-infection has given rise to nosocomial infections with highly resistant pathogens, which is going to be a growing threat so termed "antibiotic resistance". Due to their significant antimicrobial activity, silver nanoparticles are recognized as a promising ...

Prosthetic vascular grafting is a commonly performed procedure that is central to the management of arterial disease and renal failure. Though rare, vascular graft infections (VGI) are potentially devastating, and carry a high rate of mortality and amputation. Despite extensive research and clinical experience, VGI remain a daunting therapeutic challenge ...

The pathogenesis of device-associated infections is related to biofilm bacteria that exhibit distinct characteristics with respect to growth rate, structural features, and protection from host immune mechanisms and antimicrobial agents when compared with planktonic counterparts. Biofilm-associated infections are prevented, diagnosed, and treated differently from infections not associated with biofilms. This ...

Previously considered a human commensal, Staphylococcus epidermidis is a frequent cause of nosocomial infections and the most common cause of device-related infections. Because the expression of toxins and other obvious virulence factors is less in S. epidermidis, the biofilm-forming capacity is its major virulence factor. Biofilm growth is characterized by ...

Bacterial biofilm is increasingly suspected as being a significant barrier to wound healing. Bacteria predominantly attach to surfaces in their natural habitats and form biofilm; in this state they adapt to, and tolerate, the hostilities in their surrounding environment. The purpose of this clinical observational study was to consider chronic ...

Medical device-associated infections represent a growing problem with limited or no therapeutic options beyond implant removal. Bacterial biofilm is the major and the final determinant of the poor prognosis of these difficult-to-treat infections. Due to the high antimicrobial resistance level of bacteria organized in biofilms, combination therapy is most often ...

Many P. aeruginosa isolates from cystic fibrosis (CF) airways are sensitive to antibiotics in susceptibility testing, but eradication of the infection is difficult. The main reason is the biofilm formation in CF airways. The pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of antimicrobials can be used reliably to predict the effect of ...

The plague bacillus Yersinia pestis can achieve transmission by biofilm blockage of the foregut proventriculus of its flea vector. Hfq is revealed to be essential for biofilm blockage formation, acquisition and fitness of Y. pestis during flea gut infection, consistent with post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms in plague transmission.

In relation to emerging multiresistant bacteria, development of antimicrobials and new treatment strategies of infections should be expected to become a high priority research area. Quorum Sensing (QS), a communication system used by pathogenic bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa to synchronise the expression of specific genes involved in pathogenicity, is a ...

Implant-associated infection is caused by surface adhering bacteria persisting as biofilm. Periprosthetic joint infection is difficult to diagnose and to treat. The high susceptibility of implanted devices to infection is due to a locally acquired host defense defect, and persistence is mainly due to the rapid formation of a biofilm ...

The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes life-threatening, persistent infections in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Persistence is due to the ability of these bacteria to form structured communities (biofilms). Biofilms rely on an extracellular polymeric substances matrix to maintain structure. Psl exopolysaccharide is a key matrix component for nonmucoid biofilms, yet ...

Forms of peritonitis are the most problematic infections in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis since they can jeopardise the technique. Current treatment includes administering vancomycin, cephalosporins and aminoglycosides empirically until the cause of the infection is known. However, the current situation with regard to emerging bacterial resistances makes it necessary to ...

The insertion of medical devices, such as intraventricular shunts, is often complicated by infection leading to ventriculitis. Frequently, such infections result from colonisation and subsequent biofilm formation on the surfaces of the shunts by Staphylococcus epidermidis. The pathogenesis of neurosurgical shunt-related infection is complex with interactions between the pathogen, the ...

: Bacterial biofilm is recognized as a major detriment to wound healing. The efficacy of traditional wound care against biofilm has never been studied. The authors evaluated the effect of clinical strategies against biofilm-infected wounds in a quantitative, in vivo model. : Using a rabbit ear biofilm model, wounds were ...

OBJECTIVES: Quorum sensing (QS)-deficient Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms formed in vitro are more susceptible to tobramycin than QS-proficient P. aeruginosa biofilms, and combination treatment with a QS inhibitor (QSI) and tobramycin shows synergistic effects on the killing of in vitro biofilms. We extended these results to an in vivo P. aeruginosa ...

Patients with infected arthroplasties are normally treated with a two-stage exchange procedure using polymethylmethacrylate bone cement spacers impregnated with antibiotics. However, spacers may act as a foreign body to which micro-organisms may adhere and grow. In this study it was hypothesised that subclinical infection may be diagnosed with sonication of ...

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a highly successful opportunistic pathogen that displays intrinsic multidrug resistance and has a tremendous capacity to acquire further resistance mechanisms. During chronic infection, the bacterium can form a protective biofilm therefore reducing the efficacy of existing antibiotics. P. aeruginosa also harbors an impressive range of virulence factors, ...

Candida frequently grows as a biofilm, or an adherent community of cells protected from both the host immune system and antimicrobial therapies. Biofilms represent the predominant mode of growth for many clinical infections, including those associated with placement of a medical device. Here, we describe a model for Candida biofilm ...

Serum amyloid A (SAA) is an acute phase protein involved in the homeostasis of inflammatory responses and appears to be a vital host defense component with protective anti-infective properties. SAA expression remains poorly defined in many tissues, including the urinary tract which often faces bacterial challenge. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) ...

ABSTRACT In contrast to usual laboratory conditions, most bacteria in the human body grow in biofilms. Encased in a structured matrix, many pathogens display heightened resistance to antibiotics. Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infections in cystic fibrosis patients represent a prime example of the clinical challenges that antibiotic resistance in biofilms can ...

Chronic infections resulting from biofilm formation are difficult to eradicate with current antimicrobial agents and consequently new therapies are needed. This work demonstrates that the carbon monoxide-releasing molecule CORM-2, previously shown to kill planktonic bacteria, also attenuates surface-associated growth of the Gram-negative pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa by both preventing biofilm maturation ...

Formation of resilient biofilms on medical devices colonized by pathogenic microorganisms is a major cause of health-care associated infection. While in vitro biofilm analyses led to promising anti-biofilm approaches, little is known about their translation to in vivo situations and on host contribution to the in vivo dynamics of infections ...

A recent paradigm shift in microbiology affects orthopaedic surgery and most other medical and dental disciplines because more than 65% of bacterial infections treated by clinicians in the developed world are now known to be caused by organisms growing in biofilms. These slime-enclosed communities of bacteria are inherently resistant to ...

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Accurate prediction of infection, including maternal chorioamnionitis and early-onset neonatal infection, remains a critical challenge in cases of preterm rupture of membranes and may influence obstetrical management. The aim of our study was to investigate the predictive value for early-onset neonatal infection and maternal histological and clinical chorioamnionitis ...

Cystotomy is a surgical incision into the urinary bladder, which may be required for removal of calculi, diagnosis of tumors or refractory urinary tract infections, or repair of ectopic ureters and ruptured bladders. This column describes the indications and techniques for cystotomy in the rabbit.

We describe the influence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia on histopathological alteration of a glutaraldehyde-fixed equine pericardial roll (EPR) graft in a 77-year-old male who underwent in-situ EPR replacement of a ruptured infected abdominal aorta with concomitant repair of the perforated duodenum. The patient died of circulatory failure after ...

We report the first fatal case of Campylobacter rectus infection due to a subdural empyema and ruptured mycotic intracranial aneurysm and two cases of limb-threatening C. rectus necrotizing soft tissue and bone infection and empyema thoracis that responded to amoxicillin-clavulanate and surgical debridement and drainage. All three strains were identified ...

Managing preterm rupture of membranes (PPROM) is a balance between benefits of prolonging gestation and the risks of perinatal infection. This study evaluates a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of amniotic fluid infection and neonatal complications by amniocentesis following PPROM. A total of 61 singleton pregnancies with ...

Virulence of the intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes (Listeria) requires escape from the phagosome into the host cytosol, where the bacteria replicate. Phagosomal escape is a multistep process characterized by perforation, which is dependent on the pore-forming toxin listeriolysin O (LLO), followed by rupture. The contribution of host factors to Listeria ...

Babesiosis is a zoonotic disease transmitted by the Ixodes tick species. Infection often results in sub-clinical manifestations; however, patients with this disease can become critically ill. Splenic rupture has been a previously reported complication of babesiosis, but treatment has always led to splenectomy. Asplenia places a patient at greater risk ...

A young i.v. drug abuser presented with an extensive iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis and signs of severe sepsis. Subsequent investigations revealed multiple septic emboli in his lungs originating from infected thrombus in his leg. Despite systemic anti-coagulation and appropriate parenteral antibiotics, he continued to show signs of worsening acute infection. ...

Aggregata bathytherma sp. nov. is described from the digestive tract of Vulcanoctopus hydrothermalis, a deep-sea octopus recently discovered associated with hydrothermal vents in the northeast Pacific Ocean. Oocysts typically are spherical in shape, sometimes irregular, 163 to 356 microm in length, and 219 to 313 microm in width. Each oocyst ...

INTRODUCTION: Severe human infections caused by the Pasteurella species are typically seen following animal bites. P. canis is a species that rarely affects humans and has never been found in systemic infections. Here, we report the first documented case of P. canis bacteremia in an infected human, thought to be ...

Chronic leg ulcers are a debilitating, often painful, and costly condition. Leg ulcer healing may be impaired by bacterial colonization, which, unless effective intervention is instigated, can lead to infection. Although it is generally agreed that an antimicrobial dressing is clinically indicated when a wound becomes critically colonized, there is ...

Venous malformations are a subset of low-flow vascular malformations. These are usually present at birth and grow commensurate with the child. The treatment of low-flow vascular malformations has been studied extensively. Many interventions have been devised to benefit this patient population in regard to the pain, ulcerations, infections, cosmetic concerns, ...