OBJECTIVE: To assess heart rate (HR), intestinal body temperature (Tintest), and hydration status changes and relationships in 12 participants in a 3-day trail run. DESIGN: Descriptive field study. SETTING: Three Cranes Challenge trail run, in Karkloof, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. PARTICIPANTS: Twelve (5 men and 7 women) amateur runners. INTERVENTIONS: Trail ...

The Upper Permian polymetallic, organic-rich Kupferschiefer black shale in the Fore-Sudetic Monocline is acknowledged to be one of the largest Cu-Ag deposits in the world. Here we report the results of the first study of bioweathering of this sedimentary rock by indigenous heterotrophic bacteria. Experiments were performed under laboratory conditions, ...

Recent evidence indicates that high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), an acute phase of an inflammatory marker, might be associated with atherosclerosis, hypertension, and other cardiovascular diseases. The present study was performed to assess the possible link between plasma hs-CRP and membrane fluidity (a reciprocal value of membrane microviscosity) in hypertensive elderly ...

Fragility and the effect of annealing in the sub-Tg temperature region on the characteristics of ribavirin glass were investigated using thermal analysis. The onset Tg of ribavirin glass was determined to be 55.5 oC from modulated differential scanning calorimetry measurement under a heating rate of 2 oC/min. The ribavirin glass ...

During phagosome maturation, the late endosomal marker Rab7 and the lysosomal marker LAMP1 localize to the phagosomes. We investigated the mobility of Rab7 and LAMP1 on the phagosomes in macrophages by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) analysis. Rab7 was mobile between the phagosomal membrane and the cytosol in macrophages that ...

Improved porcine interferon-α (pIFN-α) production by recombinant Pichia pastoris was achieved by culture conditions optimization in a 5-l bioreactor. The results indicated that the pIFN-α concentration, specific methanol consumption rate, specific activities of alcohol oxidase, formaldehyde dehydrogenase, and formate dehydrogenase could be significantly enhanced by decreasing induction temperature. The highest ...

PURPOSE:: To describe a novel technique for using amniotic membrane in the management of corneal perforations. METHODS:: Interrupted 10-0 nylon sutures are passed across the perforation site. A roll of amniotic membrane is then placed across the row of preplaced sutures, and the sutures are tied to secure the membrane. ...

Acclimation of crucian carp and goldfish to temperatures below 15° C causes covering of the gill lamellae by a mass of cells termed the interlamellar cell mass (ILCM). Here we explore the cues underlying gill remodelling (removal or growth of an ILCM) and specifically test the hypotheses that i) depletion ...

PURPOSE: The stability of polymyxin B sulfate in infusion bags containing 0.9% sodium chloride injection stored at 4 and 25 degrees C was studied. METHODS: Seven manufacturing batches of polymyxin B from different sources were tested. The products were reconstituted in sterile water for injection, diluted in infusion bags containing ...

Chloride and protons perform important closely related roles in many cellular responses. Here we developed a ratiometric biosensor, ClopHensor, based on a highly chloride-sensitive Aequorea victoria GFP variant that is suited for the combined real-time optical detection of pH changes and chloride fluxes in live cells. We detected high chloride ...

Molecules that extend and contract under external stimuli are used to build molecular machines with nanomechanical functions. But although common in biological systems, such extension and contraction motions with helical molecules have rarely been accompanied by unidirectional twisting in synthetic systems. Here we show that sodium ions can trigger the ...

meso-Octamethyloctafluorocalixpyrrole, a simple tetrapyrrolic macrocycle, has been shown to function as both a chloride/nitrate and a chloride/bicarbonate antiport agent for lipid bilayer transmembrane anion transport. This is the first example of a synthetic macrocyclic pyrrole-based receptor capable of transmembrane bicarbonate transport.

A case of a Descemet's membrane detachment (DMD) caused by the inadvertent intracorneal injection of sodium hyaluronate was presented. This was concluded after chemical analysis of a viscous substance found in a patient's cornea showed to be a breakdown product of sodium hyaluronate. Surgical correction of the detachment included removing ...

Apparent viscosity and frequency sweep (G', G'') data for sodium caseinate dispersions with concentrations of approximately 18% to 40% w/w were obtained at 20 degrees C; colloidal glass behavior was exhibited by dispersions with concentration >or=23% w/w. The high concentrations were obtained by mixing frozen powdered buffer with sodium caseinate ...

The single crystal structure of sodium yttrium fluoride (NaYF4) nanoparticles formed mainly by aggregation in aqueous phase was first confirmed by high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM). Then, effects of reactant concentrations and pH on the formation of NaYF4 nanocrystals were investigated and described in the presence of sodium citrate ...

Maintenance of ion concentration gradients is essential for the function of many organs, including the kidney, the cornea, and the inner ear. Ion concentrations and fluid content in the cornea are regulated by endothelial cells that separate the collagenous avascular corneal stroma from the anterior eye chamber. Failure to maintain ...

A sodium ion efflux, together with a proton influx and an inside-positive DeltaPsi, was observed during NADH-respiration by Rhodothermus marinus membrane vesicles. Proton translocation was monitored by fluorescence spectroscopy and sodium ion transport by (23)Na-NMR spectroscopy. Specific inhibitors of complex I (rotenone) and of the dioxygen reductase (KCN) inhibited the ...

Chloride is an indispensable factor for the functioning of oxygen evolving complex (OEC) and has protective and activating effects on photosystem II. In this study we have investigated mainly by EPR, the properties of chloride-sufficient, chloride-deficient and chloride-depleted thylakoid membranes and photosystem II enriched membranes from spinach. The results on ...

House dust mites (Dermatophagoides farinae) in bedding and clothes are a major allergen. However, house dust mites cannot be killed by general washing conditions under 50 degrees C. Therefore, low-temperature washing conditions must be improved to eliminate house dust mites. Sodium alkyl acyloxybenzene sulfonate (OBS) is a bleach activator that ...

A high performance gel permeation chromatography (HP-GPC) method was developed, validated and used to determine the molecular weight (MW) of sodium ferric gluconate following various stress conditions. The intra-day accuracy (90-103%), intra-day precision (1.5-2.7%), inter-day accuracy (91-105%), inter-day precision (1.3-3.2%) were within acceptable range stated in FDA guidance. The MW ...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Renal proximal tubular sodium reabsorption is regulated by sodium transporters, including the sodium glucose transporter, sodium amino acid transporter, sodium hydrogen exchanger isoform 3 and sodium phosphate cotransporter type 2 located at the luminal/apical membrane, and sodium bicarbonate cotransporter and Na+/K+ATPase located at the basolateral membrane. This ...

Pabalan and Pitzer (Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1988, 52, 2393-2404) reported a comprehensive set of thermodynamic properties of aqueous solutions of sodium sulfate without using ion association or hydrolysis. However, there is now ample evidence available indicating that the ion association cannot be ignored at temperatures T>or=373 K. For example, even ...

[(3)H]Fructose and [(3)H]glucose transport were determined in brush-border membrane vesicles (BBMV), basolateral membrane vesicles (BLMV) and isolated cells (E, R, F, B) of H. americanus (Atlantic lobster) hepatopancreas. Glucose transport in BBMV was equilibrative in the absence of sodium and concentrative in the presence of sodium. Sodium-dependent glucose transport by ...

Transmembrane sodium-ion gradients provide energy that can be harnessed by 'secondary transporters' to drive the translocation of solute molecules into a cell. Decades of study have shown that such sodium-coupled transporters are involved in many physiological processes, making them targets for the treatment of numerous diseases. Within the past year, ...

We report on the effect of substituting the two tetrabutyl ammonium counter ions of the standard N719 dye by sodium ions on the performance and stability of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). The disodium analogue of N719 in conjunction with a non-volatile electrolyte gives a conversion efficiency of 7.6% under standard ...

Uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDPAG) can be produced by chemical, enzymatic, chemoenzymatic, and fermentative methods. In this study, we used whole-cell catalysis method to produce UDPAG for the first time by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In order to increase the ATP utilization efficiency and UDPAG conversion yield, the response surface methodology was applied ...

A gelatin and sodium alginate complex coacervation system was studied and an effect of pH and colloid mixing ratios on coacervation was investigated. A colloid mixing ratio at which optimum coacervation occurred varied with the coacervation pH. Viscometric, turbidity and coacervate dry yield investigations were used to investigate optimum conditions ...

We explored the concentration gradient effects of the sodium and lithium ions and the deuterium isotope's effects on the activities of H(+)-ATP synthase from chloroplasts (CF(0)F(1)). We found that the sodium concentration gradient can drive the ATP synthesis reaction of CF(0)F(1). In contrast, the lithium ion can be an efficient ...

In the preceding paper of this series [ Leontidis , E. ; Aroti , A. ; Belloni , L. J. Phys. Chem. B 2009 , 113 , 1447 ], we considered and modeled the increase of the surface pressure of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) monolayers over electrolyte solutions of various monovalent ...

In this study the effect of vehicle on in vitro diffusion of diclofenac sodium (DS) from new different formulations such as Carbopol gel (A), Sodium lauryl sulphate cream (B) and Carbopol cream (C) was evaluated with Franz diffusion cells using hydrophilic and hydrophobic synthetic membranes. The commercial formulation Voltaren Emulgel ...

The aim of this study was to determine the role ofintra-wall nervous and neurohormonal system in the control of airway transport of sodium and chloride ions, as well as to identify regulating mechanisms having an effect on the permanent electric potential of airway tissue, named the transepithelial electric potential (PD) ...

The durability of class C fly ash belite cement (FABC-2-W) in simulated radioactive liquid waste (SRLW) rich in a mixed sodium chloride and sulphate solution is presented here. The effect of the temperature and potential synergic effect of chloride and sulfate ions are discussed. This study has been carried out ...

A new microextraction approach namely electromembrane isolation (EMI) coupled with capillary electrophoresis (CE) and ultraviolet (UV) detection for determining lead (Pb) ions was developed. The EMI technique involved the use of a polypropylene hollow fiber whose channel was filled with a sodium dihydrogen phosphate/sodium tetraborate buffer solution of pH 8.1, ...

Bacterial flagella contain membrane-embedded stators, Mot complexes, that harness the energy of either transmembrane proton or sodium ion gradients to power motility. Use of sodium ion gradients is associated with elevated pH and sodium concentrations. The Mot complexes studied to date contain channels that use either protons or sodium ions, ...

The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of salts addition to fermentation medium on hydrogen production, under anaerobic batch culture system. In this study, batch experiments were conducted to investigate the inhibitory effect of both NaCl and sodium acetate on hydrogen production. The optimum pH and temperature ...

Sodium caseinate is derived from casein which is the major milk protein and forms small star-like aggregates in aqueous solution. The dynamic mechanical properties of dense sodium caseinate suspensions were studied by measuring the shear viscosity and the frequency dependent loss and storage shear modulus. The viscosity is shown to ...

Sodium pump was the first ion pump discovered. A member of the family of active transporters that catalyze adenosine 5'-triphosphate hydrolysis by forming a phosphorylated enzyme intermediate, sodium pump couples the energy released to unequal countertransport of sodium and potassium ions. The ion gradient generated by the pump is important ...

This work is a continuation of a previous durability study of class C fly ash belite cement (FABC-2-W) in simulated radioactive liquid waste (SRLW) that is very rich in sulphate salts. The same experimental methodology was applied in the present case, but with a SRLW rich in sodium chloride. The ...

Sodium exhibits a pronounced minimum of the melting temperature at approximately 118 gigapascals and 300 kelvin. Using single-crystal high-pressure diffraction techniques, we found that the minimum of the sodium melting curve is associated with a concentration of seven different crystalline phases. Slight changes in pressure and/or temperature induce transitions between ...

The binding interaction of the pesticide Isoprocarb and its degradation product, sodium 2-isopropylphenate, with bovine serum albumin (BSA) was studied by spectrofluorimetry under simulated physiological conditions. Both Isoprocarb and sodium 2-isopropylphenate quenched the intrinsic fluorescence of BSA. This quenching proceeded via a static mechanism. The thermodynamic parameters (DeltaH(o), DeltaS(o) and ...

Although we are used to attribute almost identical extracellular fluid (ECF) sodium concentrations in birds, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals to the composition of the primordial oceans in which, presumably, all life originated, this interpretation is not supported by geological data suggesting that the ocean salinity was never much lower than ...

Omeprazole, commonly used in the treatment of various gastrointestinal disorders degrades rapidly in acidic pHs and results in inter-individual variability due to different rates of metabolism amongst patients. Since S-omeprazole shows more predictable bioavailability and excipients have been known to interact with active pharmaceutical ingredients to produce altered bioavailability, it ...

High nitrite concentrations in freshwater ecosystems may cause toxicity to aquatic animals. These living organisms can take nitrite up from water through their chloride cells, subsequently suffering oxidation of their respiratory pigments (hemoglobin, hemocyanin). Because NO(2)(-) and Cl(-) ions compete for the same active transport site, elevated chloride concentrations in ...

AIMS: The aim was to evaluate the biosynthetic requirements for the repair of sublethal membrane damages in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells after exposure to pulsed electric fields (PEF). METHODS AND RESULTS: The partial loss of the integrity and functionality of the cytoplasmic membrane was assessed by adding sodium chloride to the ...

We present temperature-dependent conductivity spectra of sodium borophosphate glasses with a varying borate/phosphate ratio but a constant sodium oxide content which can be mapped into time-dependent mean square displacements. For the first time, we show that characteristic lengths of ion transport derived thereof are directly linked to features of network ...

BACKGROUND: Multi-sensory integration is necessary for organisms to discriminate different environmental stimuli and thus determine behavior. Caenorhabditis elegans has 12 pairs of amphid sensory neurons, which are involved in generating behaviors such as thermotaxis toward cultivation temperature, and chemotaxis toward chemical stimuli. This arrangement of known sensory neurons and measurable ...

Sonoluminescence spectra from argon-saturated NaCl solution were measured in the concentration range of 0.5-4 M at the frequency of 138 kHz. The line broadening of sodium atom emission was observed at various acoustic powers in the range from 1.8 to 16.2 W. The sodium D line showed a maximum intensity ...

In pH 1.8-2.9 Britton-Robinson (BR) buffer medium, ceftriaxone (CTRX) can react with palladium(II) (Pd(II)) to form 1:2 cationic chelate, which can further react with anionic surfactants (AS) such as sodium lauryl sulfonate (SLS), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) to form 1:3 ion-association complexes. As a result, ...

An ionophore antibiotic salinomycin was studied in a membrane environment consisting of isotropic bicelles, a better model for biological membranes than micelles, and its conformation and topological orientation in bicelles was determined. 2D NMR measurements and restrained conformational search revealed that salinomycin-sodium salt in bicelles adopts an open conformation in ...

PURPOSE: Examine the oral absorption enhancement mechanism of cromolyn sodium by sodium N-[8-(2-hydroxybenzoyl) amino] caprylate (SNAC) by evaluating the effect of SNAC on cromolyn sodium lipophilicity and changes in Caco-2 cell membrane fluidity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Standard Shake-flask method was used to evaluate the effect of SNAC on the lipophilicity ...