In a study performed in Cambodia, a higher number of tuberculosis (TB) strains with mutations in the pncA gene associated with pyrazinamide resistance (PZA-R) was found in fluoroquinolone-resistant (FQ-R) multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains (93%), compared with 47% in MDR and 3% in non-MDR strains. This emphasises the need for easy and ...

Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18: 18-29 ABSTRACT: Colistin has been re-introduced into clinical practice for the treatment of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Studies in the last decade attempted to reconstruct the path that present-day medications undergo prior to clinical use. In this review, we summarize the results of recent clinical studies. ...

Antimicrobial resistance is increasing worldwide, and pathogenic microorganisms that are resistant to all available antimicrobial agents are increasingly reported. Emerging plasmid-encoded extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and carbapenemases are increasingly reported worldwide. Carbapenemase production encoded by genes located on mobile genetic elements is typically accompanied by genes encoding resistance to other drug ...

The ICGN mouse strain is a glomerulosclerosis (GS) model that shows significant proteinuria, podocyte morphological abnormalities and increased extracellular matrix accumulation in the glomeruli, which represent the final common pathology associated with a variety of kidney diseases leading to end-stage renal failure. Previously, we demonstrated that GS in ICGN mice ...

Abstract Objective. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is a common infection in cirrhosis, associated with a high mortality. Third-generation cephalosporins are recommended as first-line treatment. The aim was to evaluate the epidemiology of microbiological ascitic fluid findings and antimicrobial resistance in Denmark. Material and Methods. All patients with cirrhosis and a positive ...

Multidrug-resistant viruses remain a clinically challenging complication in the immunocompromised host. This review discusses mechanisms of viral resistance and treatment options in this context with particular emphasis on the immunocompromised haematology patient. We also outline some of the newer agents and treatment strategies being developed to treat multidrug-resistant viruses.

Background. The occurrence of antibiotic resistance and the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics are relatively low in Norway. The national recommendation in febrile neutropenia (FN) is prompt initial therapy with penicillin G plus an aminoglycoside. We sought to evaluate the evidence behind this recommendation. Methods. We did a literature search in ...

BackgroundGenital tract infections caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae are a major cause of sexually transmitted disease worldwide. Surveillance data suggest that incidence has increased in recent years after initially falling in the face of intensified control efforts.ObjectivesThe authors sought to evaluate the potential contribution of antimicrobial resistance to such rebound and ...

Gram-positive bacteria cause a broad spectrum of disease in immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts. Despite increasing knowledge about resistance transmission patterns and new antibiotics, these organisms continue to cause significant morbidity and mortality, especially in the health care setting. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus poses major problems worldwide as a cause of nosocomial ...

Despite concerns about vancomycin use in the treatment of multidrug-resistant Gram positives, evidence for better therapeutic outcomes with alternative antibiotics is lacking. This review focuses on recent advances. Combination therapy with vancomycin-rifampin, although associated with better cure rates, resulted in the emergence of high rates of rifampin resistance. Of the ...

Bacteria becoming resistant to an increasing number of antibiotic classes are a major problem at hospitals including critical care units worldwide. Awareness of this problem and the need to prevent the development of antibiotic resistance are very important, especially since very few new antibiotics will become available in the near ...

Abstract Background: Concerns regarding the poor response of severe Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) treated with metronidazole have arisen over the last 5 y. Methods: We conducted a prospective, non-interventional study of CDI cases at our institution to evaluate the role of drug resistance, co-morbidities, and the emergence of hypervirulent strains ...

Using optimal control theory as the basic theoretical tool, we investigate the efficacy of different antibiotic treatment protocols in the most exacting of circumstances, described as follows. Viewing a continuous culture device as a proxy for a much more complex host organism, we first inoculate the device with a single ...

This study aimed to determine if Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (PACT) was effective in the treatment of Burkholderia cepacia complex infection and whether a synergistic effect was evident if PACT was used in combination with antibiotics. The susceptibility of both planktonic and biofilm cultures of B. cepacia complex strains to methylene ...

BACKGROUND:: Before 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) implementation in France, several studies had described the microbiology of acute otitis media (AOM) treatment failures. The causative pathogens were Streptococcus pneumoniae (Sp) followed by nontypable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi). The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiology of pathogens involved in ...

Nosocomial pneumonia (including ventilator-associated pneumonia; VAP), a consistently difficult-to-treat entity, is frequently caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) or pandrug-resistant (PDR) bacteria. Given the high mortality rates caused by drug-resistant bacteria and the difficulty of developing new potent antibiotics to target the problematic pathogens, combination regimens are under ardent evaluation as new ...

Metronidazole-resistant vaginal trichomoniasis remains a major therapeutic challenge. Two women with symptomatic metronidazole-resistant trichomoniasis had multiple unsuccessful courses of therapy with a broad array of medications. Both patients finally responded to combination treatment with intravaginal paromomycin cream and high-dose oral tinidazole.

A retrospective study in which the 18years treatment history of a mob of sheep hosting a pyrethroid resistant strain of sheep body lice was compared with the coincidental changes in that strain's response to cypermethrin, provided a unique opportunity to investigate the stability of pyrethroid resistance in this species. Resistance ...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Respiratory infection is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF). One infection the CF community is particularly concerned about is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Worldwide, the prevalence of MRSA has been rising and the impact on clinical outcomes and optimal prevention and treatment ...

In-transit melanoma metastases are often confined to a limb. In this circumstance, treatment by isolated limb perfusion or isolated limb infusion can be a remarkably effective regional treatment option. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 104:397-404. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Studies were done to determine the effectiveness of hot air drying, dry roasting, and oil roasting in killing Salmonella on pecan nutmeats. Pecan halves and pieces were inoculated by immersion in a five-serotype suspension of Salmonella or by surface application of powdered chalk containing the pathogen. Hot air treatment of ...

We report the antibiotic treatments administered to a female dog with mastitis and successive pyoderma. Microbiological investigations allowed the identification of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius after 54 days of various antibiotic treatments. The isolate carried the mecA gene and was resistant to 9 of 15 tested antibiotics. Consistent antibiotic treatment of the ...

The risk factors for relapse of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia after vancomycin treatment are unknown. Diversilab typing was used to classify recurrent bacteremia as relapse or reinfection. Bacteremia for >7 days and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec element (SCCmec) type II were independently associated with relapse of MRSA bacteremia after ...

Skeletal metastases most frequently affect the vertebral column and may lead to severe consequences including fracture. Clinical management of skeletal metastases often utilizes a multimodal treatment approach, including bisphosphonates (BPs). Previous work has demonstrated the synergistic potential of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in combination with BP in treating osteolytic disease through ...

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) gram-negative bacteria-related nosocomial infections and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) presents an emerging challenge to clinicians. Older antimicrobial agents such as colistin have become life-saving drugs because of the susceptibility of these pathogens. We report our experience with aerosolized colistin in two preterm and one term neonate with Acinetobacter baumannii ...

Multi-drug resistance is already prevalent in Salmonella enterica; as the incidence of isolates with decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin increases, treatment options for enteric fever and complications such as osteomyelitis become limited. This article presents two patients with quinolone-resistant enteric fever with bone involvement and describes successful outcomes using oral azithromycin.

Cephalosporins have been widely used over the last few decades (often as first-line antibiotic therapy) for numerous infections, owing primarily to their broad spectrum of microbiologic activity and favorable safety profile. Current Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines identify a third-generation cephalosporin in combination with a macrolide antibiotic as an ...

In the 80s and 90s, increasing antibiotic resistance was met by the introduction of new effective agents with broader antibacterial spectra for the empirical treatment of severe infections. In recent years, however, few novel antimicrobials have been developed, and this has critically weakened our strength in the fight against resistant ...

Severe sepsis accounts for nearly 4,500 deaths (mortality rate 10%), and is responsible for nearly $2 billion annual healthcare expenditure in the United States. Early and speedy treatment of critically ill septic patients can halt or reduce the likelihood of physiologic progression to multi-system organ failure. A cornerstone of this ...

Infections with Salmonella are an important public health problem worldwide. On a global scale, it has been appraised that Salmonella is responsible for an estimated 3 billion human infections each year. The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that annually typhoid fever accounts for 21.7 million illnesses (217,000 deaths) and ...

Vancomycin is used in the treatment of infections caused by gram-positive bacteria resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics. It is also used in the treatment ofenterococci, although this use has been limited due to resistance. The authors report the clinical and pathological presentations of 5 different vancomycin hypersensitivity reactions, including morbilliform eruption, ...

Objective-To determine associations between in vitro minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of tilmicosin against Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida and in vivo tilmicosin treatment outcome among calves with clinical signs of bovine respiratory disease (BRD). Design-Observational, retrospective, cohort study. Animals-976 feeder calves with clinical signs of BRD enrolled in 16 randomized ...

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a group of bacteria resistant to antibiotic treatment. Open abrasions, therapeutic whirlpools, treatment tables, locker rooms (LR), and athletic equipment are identified as potential areas of transmission in athletic training rooms (ATR) and LR facilities. To determine the prevalence of MRSA and to identify control ...

In an outbreak of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, the outbreak strain had an Asp516Tyr rpoB gene mutation. Phenotypically, low-level rifampicin (RMP) resistance (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] 1-2 mg/l) was observed. Based on drug susceptibility test results, three patients were treated with 12-15 month rifabutin-based regimens and one with a 12-month RMP-based regimen. ...

On World Health Day (7 April 2011), the WHO urged rapid and concerted action to safeguard today's antimicrobial drug treatments against resistance, and published a package of policies for governments and their national partners to combat the growing threat. So the timing could not have been better for leading scientists ...

Within a relatively short period of time after the first antimicrobial drugs were introduced, bacteria began exhibiting varying degrees of resistance. The excessive use (and abuse) of antibiotics in agriculture, and in both human and veterinary medicine, has played a critical causative role in the development of antibiotic resistance, which ...

The increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant nosocomial pathogens such as Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae poses a great challenge to the treating physicians. The paucity of newer effective antimicrobials has led to renewed interest in the polymyxin group of drugs, as a last resort for treatment of gram-negative bacterial ...

Abstract Background: Linezolid is a bacteriostatic antibiotic with good cerebrospinal fluid penetration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of linezolid in methicillin-resistant staphylococcal (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (MRCoNS)) meningitis. Methods: We extracted data and outcomes for all adult patients (age > 18 ...

A flash-thermal treatment technique has been developed very recently to improve both the critical stress to induce the martensitic transformation (MT) and the recoverable deformation of the metastable β type titanium alloys. In this paper, this strategy is applied to both Ti-26Nb and Ti-20Nb-6Zr (at.%) alloys. Since both alloys have ...

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most prevalent infectious diseases in the general population. They cause a substantial financial burden in the community and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in hospitals. With increased rates of antimicrobial resistance, especially in the Asia-Pacific region, treatment of complicated UTIs ...

Objective A single 1 g dose regimen of azithromycin has been recommended for the treatment of Mycoplasma genitalium infections. The authors evaluated whether this regimen could select M genitalium strains with macrolide resistance after treatment for M genitalium-positive non-gonococcal urethritis. Methods In seven men with non-gonococcal urethritis, who were infected ...

Two cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB) in a household are assumed to reflect within-household transmission. However, in high-incidence areas of MDR TB, secondary cases may arise through exposure to MDR TB in the community. To estimate the frequency of multiple introductions of MDR TB into households, we used spoligotyping ...

To the Editor: Mycoplasma genitalium is now recognized as a serious pathogen in sexually transmitted infections (1,2). Azithromycin regimens have been commonly used for treatment of M. genitalium infections (3). However, failure of azithromycin treatment has been reported in cases of M. genitalium-positive nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) (4,5), and macrolide-resistant strains ...

Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) immunotherapy is widely used for treatment of superficial bladder transitional cell carcinoma. Infectious complications while rare can be serious and severe disseminated infections as well as sepsis has been reported. There are no standard guidelines to direct therapy of these complications. Isoniazid is a commonly and ...

Aims:  Grappa is a typical Italian product obtained from the distillation of grape marcs, the main by-product of grape crushing. One technological treatment frequently performed on marcs regards their acidification, in order to contrast the development of unwanted spoilage bacteria during the storage period needed for alcoholic fermentation. A pilot-scale ...

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Antibiotic resistance represents a significant public health problem. When resistance genes are mobile, being carried on plasmids or phages, their spread can be greatly accelerated. Plasmids in particular have been implicated in the spread of antibiotic resistance genes. However, the selective pressures that favour plasmid-carried resistance genes have ...

Tannase (tannin acyl hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.20) hydrolyses the ester and depside bonds of gallotannins and gallic acid esters and is an important industrial enzyme. In the present study, transgenic Arxula adeninivorans strains were optimised for tannase production. Various plasmids carrying one or two expression modules for constitutive expression of tannase ...

A 40-year-old man who has sex with men (MSM) with urethral gonorrhoea failed to respond to treatment with 400 mg cefixime orally. Laboratory isolation of the post-treatment strain showed a minimum inhibitory concentration of ≥0.25 mg/L, which is a level of tolerance to cefixime that has not been previously documented ...

Sexual fungi can be self-sterile (heterothallic, requiring genetically distinct partners) or self-fertile (homothallic, no partner required). In most ascomycetes, a single mating type locus (MAT) controls the ability to reproduce sexually. In the genus Cochliobolus, all heterothallic species have either MAT1-1 or MAT1-2 (but never both) in different individuals whereas ...

Abstract Assortative mating may result from intrinsic individual mating preferences or from assortment traits not requiring expression of preferences. Assortment traits are phenotypes expressed in both sexes that enhance the probability of encountering individuals possessing similar trait values. In the noctuid moth Spodoptera frugiperda, it has been suggested that nonrandom ...