Bovine mastitis produces a wide variety of problems in the dairy farm. The treatment of this disease is based on the use of antibiotics which are not always effective. These drugs are also responsible for the presence of residues in the milk and the increase of antibiotic-resistant strains. Probiotic products ...

The rapid dissemination of community-acquired meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) since the early 2000s and the appearance of new successful lineages is a matter of concern. The burden of these infections varies widely between different groups of individuals and in different regions of the world. Estimating the total burden of disease ...

Antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent infective endocarditis has been controversial through the years, with various changes made to recommendations provided to treating physicians and dentists. The dentist must always use his or her best judgment when applying any guideline. However, it is important to remember that the guidelines may be cited ...

Emergence of antimicrobial resistance is among the most worrisome issues in public health worldwide. Vancomycin resistance is rapidly spreading, resulting in increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare-associated costs. Multiple strategies are required to preserve the effectiveness of this essential antibiotic. It has been recently shown that biliary excretion of vancomycin following ...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To provide a summary of current peer-reviewed publications on the methods of prophylaxis against postcataract endophthalmitis. RECENT FINDINGS: Preoperative application of povidone-iodine remains the standard protocol for the prevention of postoperative endophthalmitis. More recent evidence suggests that intracameral cefuroxime administered at the conclusion of surgery significantly reduces ...

Antimicrobial resistance is increasing; however, antimicrobial drug development is slowing. Now more than ever before, antimicrobial stewardship is of the utmost importance as a way to optimize the use of antimicrobials to prevent the development of resistance and improve patient outcomes. This review describes the why, what, who, how, when, ...

Antibiotics are commonly used in dentistry for prophylactic as well as for therapeutic purposes. Most often antibiotics are used in unwarranted situations, which may give rise to resistant bacterial strains. Dentists want to make their patients well and to prevent unpleasant complications. These desires, coupled with the belief that many ...

The emerging problem of antibiotic resistance, especially among Gram-negative bacteria (GNB), has become a serious threat to global public health. Very few new antibacterial classes with activity against antibiotic-resistant GNB have been brought to market. Renewed and growing attention to the development of novel compounds targeting antibiotic-resistant GNB, as well ...

Mandatory bacteraemia reporting was extended to include Escherichia coli from June 2011. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the success seen in reducing meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection rates could be duplicated with E. coli. All cases of E. coli bacteraemia occurring at our Trust in 2010 were reviewed. ...

BACKGROUND: Nosocomial bloodstream infections (BSIs) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are worldwide health care problems causing substantial patient morbidity and mortality. This study was conducted to identify bacterial pathogens isolated from nosocomial BSIs and determine their AMR patterns. METHODS: An active surveillance program for BSIs was conducted in intensive care units ...

This study assessed the capacity of β-lactam antibiotics to prevent salmonella-mediated encephalopathy in calves given the putative neuroprotective effects of these drugs of increasing glutamate export from the brain. Both ampicillin and ceftiofur prevented the development of encephalopathy despite resistance of the inoculated Salmonella enterica serovar Saint-Paul isolate to both ...

Two devastating cases of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa endophthalmitis after keratoplasty as the result of transmission from the same donor were confirmed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Strategies for preventing donor-to-host transmission, such as the use of antimicrobial agents of greater efficacy and better methods for detecting microorganisms in preservation medium, could ...

Enterococcus faecium, a major cause of potentially life-threatening hospital-acquired human infections, can be resistant to several antimicrobials, such that streptogramin quinupristin-dalfopristin (Q/D) is one of the few antibiotics still effective. Consequently use of the streptogramin virginiamycin as an animal growth promoter was banned in the EU in 1999 as some ...

The objective of this study was to evaluate the oral health status of professional soccer players of F.C. Barcelona and its relation to the incidence of sport lesions. Thirty professional soccer players were consecutively evaluated in the seasons 2003/4, 2004/5 and 2005/6. A research protocol to assess their oral health ...

A halotolerant phenylacetate-degrading fungus Penicillium CLONA2, previously isolated from a salt mine at Algarve (Portugal), was identified as a variant of P. chrysogenum using the ITS-5,8S rDNA and the D1/D2 domain of 28S rDNA sequences. The metabolic features and genetic characteristics suggest that this strain belongs to a subgroup of ...

The scuticociliate Miamiensis avidus is a histophagous parasite that causes high mortality in cultured marine fishes, with clinical signs of severe ulcers and hemorrhages in the skeletal muscle. The internal transcribed spacers (ITS) region, which is widely used in taxonomy and molecular phylogeny because of a high degree of variation, ...

ABSTRACT The emergence and spread of streptomycin-resistant strains of Erwinia amylovora in Michigan has necessitated the evaluation of new compounds effective for fire blight control. The aminoglycoside antibiotic kasugamycin (Ks) targets the bacterial ribosome and is particularly active against E. amylovora. The efficacy of Ks formulated as Kasumin 2L for ...

Three strains were isolated from the nostrils of a koala and the surrounding environment in a Japanese zoological park. Sequence analysis of the nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the large subunit rRNA gene D1/D2 domains in addition to physiological and morphological studies indicated that they represent a ...

Our objective was to assess junior doctors' perceptions of their antibiotic prescribing practice and of bacterial resistance. We surveyed 190 postgraduate doctors still in training at two university teaching hospitals, in Nice (France) and Dundee (Scotland, UK), and 139 of them (73%) responded to the survey. The main results presented ...

Methicillin-resistant S. aureus emerged in recent decades to become a leading cause of infection worldwide. Colonization with MRSA predisposes to infection and facilitates transmission of the pathogen; however, available regimens are ineffective at preventing MRSA colonization. Studies of human nasal flora suggest that resident bacteria play a critical role in ...

In Ayurveda, various herbal preparations are clinically used to prevent or cure infectious diseases. Herbal preparations such as Triphala churna, Hareetaki churna, Dashmula churna, Manjistadi churna, Sukhsarak churna, Ajmodadi churna, Shivkshar pachan churna, Mahasudarshan churna, Swadist Virechan churna and Pipramool churna were investigated by preparing their organic solvent extract for ...

Horsegram [Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc.) is an important grain legume and fodder crop in India. Information on root nodule endosymbionts of this legume in India is limited. In the present study, 69 isolates from naturally occurring root nodules of horsegram collected from two agro-eco-climatic regions of South India was analyzed ...

By integrating sequence similarity data of plasmid-encoded antibiotic resistance determinants with those coming from a less transferred molecular marker, we constructed a network in which all the sequences that most likely underwent horizontal gene transfer (HGT) were linked together. The analysis of this network revealed that either geographical barriers or ...

Fungus-growing ants (tribe Attini) engage in a mutualism with a fungus that serves as the ants' primary food source, but successful fungus cultivation is threatened by microfungal parasites (genus Escovopsis). Actinobacteria (genus Pseudonocardia) associate with most of the phylogenetic diversity of fungus-growing ants; are typically maintained on the cuticle of ...

Incomplete elimination of bacteria and pharmaceutical drugs during wastewater treatment results in the entry of antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria into receiving streams with effluent inputs. In Mud Creek in Fayetteville, AR, ofloxacin, trimethoprim, and sulfamethoxazole have been detected in water and sediment, and tetracycline has been detected in sediment downstream ...

Widespread fecal pollution of surface waters in developing countries is a threat to public health and may represent a significant pathway for the global dissemination of antibiotic resistance. The Minjiang River drainage basin in Fujian Province is one of China's most intensive livestock and poultry production areas and is home ...

An Arcanobacterium haemolyticum strain isolated from a postcastrational lesion of a horse was identified phenotypically and genotypically. The latter was performed by sequencing the 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer region (ISR), by amplification of the gene encoding A. haemolyticum phospholipase D, by amplification of A. haemolyticum specific parts of ISR-23S rDNA ...

To test the antimicrobial sensitivity of two periodontal pathogens to a panel of five orally administrable antibiotics in periodontal disease. A total of 69 isolates of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis were processed using culture and biochemical tests. Selected colonies of A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis were used to evaluate ...

Abstract In this study, 154 Staphylococcus aureus isolates were detected from 1070 food samples (14.4%) collected from seven cities in Turkey. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing against 21 antibiotics was performed by agar disk diffusion method, and those isolates resistant to any antibiotic were further analyzed to determine minimum inhibitory concentration by ...

The dynamic growth process of Escherichia coli CVCC249 under different concentrations of antibiotics was analyzed. The results suggested that the main reason that definitive results cannot be obtained by antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) is that the ratio of drug concentration to the population of bacteria and the combined effect of ...

The objective of the study was to better define changes in the bacteriology of suppurative otitis in recent years and the role of cultures in the management of these patients. A retrospective review was performed. Outpatient records from 170 patients collected over 3 years with information regarding the bacteria cultured, ...

Antibiotics are increasingly prescribed in the peripartum period, for both maternal and fetal indications. Their effective use can be life-saving, however, injudicious use drives antibiotic resistance and contributes to the development of abnormal faecal flora and subsequent immune dysregulation. Neonatal units are a high risk area for the selection and ...

Epizootic rabbit enteropathy (ERE) emerged and spread in Europe within the last 13 years causing major economical loss. The aims of the study was to evaluate antibiograms of TEC4, an inoculum composed of an extract of intestinal content of affected rabbits, and to test the potential of different antibiotic-based TEC4 fractions ...

The microbial assay for risk assessment (MARA) is a multispecies, growth inhibition microplate toxicity test with 11 microorganisms individually lyophilized in microplate wells. The microbial species representing wide diversity, generated 11 microbial toxic concentration (MTC) values were obtained giving a unique "toxic fingerprint" profile of the test sample. The toxicity ...

To study the prevalence and molecular basis of antimicrobial resistance in UPEC. PCR was used to detect the presence of the Class I integron variable region (VR). The VR amplicons were then characterized by partial sequencing and restriction digestion with AluI. VR negative isolates showed more antibiotic susceptibility than VR ...

New antibiotics are needed to overcome microbial resistance and to improve on the therapeutic index and clinical effectiveness of existing agents. This review covers the journal and patent literature published from about the mid-2000s to 2010 to provide an overview of the large diversity of new chemical entities in the ...

Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes acute and chronic infections in humans and these infections are difficult to treat due to the bacteria's high-level of intrinsic and acquired resistance to antibiotics. To address this problem, it is crucial to investigate the molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in this organism. In this study, a ...

Antibiotic resistance is increasing worldwide. The aims of the current study were to determine the fecal carriage of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic treatment in surgical patients admitted to hospital due to acute intra-abdominal infections. Eight Swedish surgical units participated in this prospective multicenter investigation. Rectal swabs were obtained on admission ...

Incorporation of an hydrophobic (phenethylamino)ethyl ether at C2″ of N1-(HABA)-3',4'-dideoxyparomomycin led to a novel analog with an excellent antibacterial profile against a host of resistant bacteria.

The emergence of resistance to all classes of antibiotics in previously susceptible bacterial pathogens is a major challenge to infectious disease medicine. The origin of the genes associated with resistance has long been a mystery. There is a growing body of evidence that is demonstrating that environmental microbes are highly ...

Although actinomycetes are the plant-associated environmental bacteria best known for producing thousands of antibiotics, their presence in the guts of flower-feeding honeybees has rarely been reported. Here, we report on the selective isolation of actinomycetes from the gut microbiota of healthy honeybees, and their inhibitory activity against honeybee indigenous bacteria. ...

Antimicrobial resistance among community-acquired isolates of Escherichia coli is increasing globally, with international travel emerging as a risk for colonisation and infection. The aim was to determine the rate and duration of colonisation with resistant E. coli following international travel. One hundred and two adult hospital staff and contacts from ...

Bacteria show remarkable adaptability in the face of antibiotic therapeutics. Resistance alleles in drug target-specific sites and general stress responses have been identified in individual end-point isolates. Less is known, however, about the population dynamics during the development of antibiotic-resistant strains. Here we follow a continuous culture of Escherichia coli ...

There are few documented reports of antibiotic resistance in Chlamydia and no examples of natural and stable antibiotic resistance in strains collected from humans. While there are several reports of clinical isolates exhibiting resistance to antibiotics, these strains either lost their resistance phenotype in vitro, or lost viability altogether. Differences ...

Although some outer membrane (OM) proteins involved in antibiotic resistance have been previously reported, the OM proteins regulating chlortetracycline (CTC) resistance are largely unknown. In this study, we employed a subproteomics approach to identify altered OM proteins of Escherichia coli in response to CTC exposure. Upregulation of TolC and downregulation ...

Hypermutable (mutator) bacteria have been associated with the emergence of antibiotic resistance. A simple yet untested prediction is that mutator bacteria are able to compensate more quickly for pleiotropic fitness costs often associated with resistance, resulting in the maintenance of resistance in the absence of antibiotic selection. By using experimental ...

Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens are of increasing concern in the neonatal intensive care unit population. A myriad of resistance mechanisms exist in microorganisms, and management can be complex because broad-spectrum antibiotics are increasingly needed. Control and prevention of antibiotic-resistant organisms (AROs) require an interdisciplinary team with continual surveillance. Judicious use of antibiotics; ...

This article reviews the causes and consequences of antibiotic resistance and efforts to control its growth. Antibiotic-resistant infections and related morbidity and mortality are on the rise in the United States and around the world. At the same time, the effectiveness of many antibiotics has declined. Antibiotic resistance is a ...

Most clinical isolates that exhibit a multi-drug resistant phenotype owe that resistance to over-expressed efflux pumps. Compounds that are efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) reduce or reverse resistance to antibiotics to which the bacterial strain is initially resistant. We have evaluated non-antibiotics to reduce resistance of commonly encountered bacterial pathogens to ...

Antibiotics have always been considered one of the wonder discoveries of the 20th century. This is true, but the real wonder is the rise of antibiotic resistance in hospitals, communities, and the environment concomitant with their use. The extraordinary genetic capacities of microbes have benefitted from man's overuse of antibiotics ...