Developed and developing countries are in the throes of environmental crisis. The planet earth is increasingly being literally choked by the waste by-products of development. Of major concern, especially to industrialized countries, is the problem of what to do with the millions of tons of waste materials produced each year. ...

This paper describes the evolution of a counselling service in the context of an HIV/AIDS research programme in rural Uganda. The background to AIDS counselling both in Europe/America and in Africa is outlined first, and the cultural context of the programme explained. The evolution of the counselling procedure is then ...

AIDS counselling is vitally important in the prevention of HIV transmission. It is also widely used in the context of patient management. Culturally sensitive counselling approaches need to be developed for the African setting. Establishing counselling services requires problem-solving, managerial interventions and interpersonal skills, much the same as an AIDS ...

The principles and problems of environmental pollution and contamination are outlined. Emphasis is given to case examples from developing countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America with a comparative analysis to developed countries. The problems of pollution/contamination are widespread in developed countries but are gradually spreading from the urban to ...

In 1969, specialists at the Kananaskis hyphomycete workshop coined the terms 'blastic' and 'thallic' to describe two distinct modes of conidiogenesis. Since then, the original concepts have been slightly modified and redefined, and the terms have been widely adopted in taxonomic descriptions of conidial fungi. Problems arise in the application ...

"This article elaborates upon the problems of the refugee crisis in Africa. With around 4 million refugees, heavily concentrated in particular African nations like Sudan and Somalia, the impacts on the host country can be severe. A model, dealing with the process of refugee migration, with particular reference to impacts ...

Conditions in developing countries are nowhere near what they should be to reap the benefits of modern biotechnology. Be that as it may, there are possibilities in which intelligent thinking and rational planning by the people concerned, combined with input from international agencies and national centres of excellence, can lead ...

On instances of some worldwide problems of environmental protection, the authors refer to the fact, that a target of industrial countries is to help to the developing countries. Mainly it means an aim in such sense, that the dangerous failures and faults which happened in the past, should not be ...

HIV presents particular problem in penal establishments: the nature of the population; conditions in prison; media attention and misinformation; the possibility of transmission within and beyond the prison population; the extra issues that apply to female prisoners. These are discussed in the context of prison policy regarding HIV and the ...

"This paper examines the four major sources of population data in the countries of the Arab Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) viz., general population censuses, registration statistics, household surveys and permanent registration of population. The paper starts with an analysis of the status quo of these sources in each country of ...

Egg development of Eustrongylides tubifex (Nitzsch in Rudolphi, 1819) Jägerskiöld, 1909, was studied at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 C. Eggs developed at 20, 25, and 30 C. Development ceased at 0, 5, 10, and 15 C but resumed when temperatures were raised. Eggs contained first-stage larvae in ...

A patient with complete post-traumatic paraplegia below T6 developed urinary problems and late secondary syringolmyelia. The concordance between the appearance of micturition difficulties and the first sensory symptoms leads us to discuss the rôle of important and repeated efforts to obtain reflex micturition, during the development of post-traumatic syringomyelia.

"The paper presents a discussion of the economic justification for taking cities seriously, a section outlining the scale of urbanisation and some of the issues raised, a section that discusses the policy approaches, one that looks at the local agencies for the formulation and execution of policy, and a short ...

The Yugoslav Government has supported the establishment of a special service to assist the development of community-based rehabilitation in developing countries. Early experience has highlighted the problems of introducing high-technology orthotic and prosthetic devices into these countries because of the difficulty of sustaining supply and local training and manufacture. Much ...

In August 1987, the Prime Minister of Pakistan established a National Manpower Commission to undertake analysis and the determination of the dimension of unemployment in Pakistan and make recommendations on both short- and longterm policies for dealing with this issue. The Commission was established because of special problems arising from ...

"The decision problem of the guest worker as a target saver is considered. He plans to accumulate capital in the host country for investment in the home country after return migration. As the worker is supposed to be incompletely informed about the economic variables in the host country he might ...

Data on 514 couples with psychogenic factors affecting their sex lives and fertility showed that the most prevalent problems were lack of sex education, consequences of premarital sex and the problem of infertility per se. These factors contributed to psychosexual problems of which the general prevalence was 42% (10.5% women, ...

The Air Force has had problems with personnel being physically unable to perform the tasks within their assigned Air Force Specialty Code (AFSC). An assignment criterion was developed based on a single isoinertial strength score (X1): the incremental 1.83 m lift. The job assignment criterion was developed through three phases ...

A review of the history of diaper use in various countries reveals a number of difficulties that have been confronted. These difficulties seem to be associated with both climatic and traditional factors in each country. In Japan, for example, because of the hot and humid summers, there was a need ...

This is an overview of demographic characteristics of migrants from the Caribbean to Great Britain and Canada, based on official data. "In 1981 there were approximately 295,000 Caribbean born persons living in Britain and 211,000 in Canada. In addition there was a 'second generation' of about 250,000 in Britain and ...

The discipline of pastoral counseling has developed to the point at which malpractice claims against pastoral counselors are a reality. The need for forensic psychiatrists to participate in such suits is likely to increase. In this article, we review the recent California case of Nally v. Grace Community Church. Kenneth ...

A herd problem of abortions and the birth of malformed calves developed subsequent to a transient febrile illness in adult cows. The herd was not vaccinated against bovine viral diarrhea (BVD). Bovine viral diarrhea virus was isolated from blood of one calf. The problem continued for 8 months. The entire ...

The author describes and compares land settlement in various developing countries, focusing on the movement of people to underutilized agricultural areas. "The purpose of this article is fourfold: first, to discuss the performance of settlement programmes, concentrating on the extent to which they have achieved their population redistribution and other ...

The problem of increasing road traffic accidents and their consequences of death, injury and disability poses a growing concern, especially in developing countries. The objectives and nature of various indicators that countries with scarce economic resources can obtain are examined. The statistical and epidemiological considerations discussed should enable health care ...

Past intervention efforts have not been effective in solving the nutrition problems in either industrialized or developing nations. While it may be intellectually stimulating, arguing over the subtleties of various strategies does not serve to improve the nutritional well-being of populations and may actually be detrimental. Whether we are concerned ...

The development of the concept of identification in the work of Freud, Ferenczi, and Abraham is reviewed and analyzed from the standpoint of the development of the psychoanalytic object concept in general. Problems in the theory are seen to be related to ambiguity of the terms, ego and object, especially ...

Science and technology can make substantial contributions to socio-economic development in Thailand. In order to promote such contributions, problem areas and specific problems of high priority need to be defined, and possible solutions outlined. Important criteria for selecting priority areas and key problems include relevance to development, the availability of ...

The development of artificial joints has made it possible for many victims of joint destruction to lead normal lives. However, a number of problems have limited the proportion of patients that might benefit from prostheses. The author discusses developments that could overcome many of the obstacles and make the benefits ...

Based on the 1983 WHO Expert Report, Smoking control strategies in developing countries, the problem in these countries is briefly reviewed. Many countries are well on the way to adding a formidable epidemic of smoking related diseases to their already overwhelming health problems. Rational policies of prevention are reasonably well ...

Three baboons, Papio cynocephalus, (two photosensitive and one nonphotosensitive) were subjected to amygdaloid kindling. Electroclinical profile of seizure development-developed seizure compares very favourably to that described in photosensitive baboons, Papio papio, with rapid seizure progression and ultimate emergence of Stage 5 bisymmetrical and bisynchronous generalized convulsive state. In addition, one ...

We have examined the requirements for inhalational anaesthesia in the developing countries with particular reference to the problems posed by difficulties in the supply of compressed gases. A scheme is proposed to circumvent these difficulties without loss of the quality of anaesthesia other than foregoing the use of nitrous oxide.

Today most foreign aid donors are genuinely committed to the idea that development in Third World countries should start with rural development. Therefore, a sizable proportion of their development funds are invested in rural projects. However, donors channel these funds through local governments (most often representing local bourgeois interests) that ...

This meeting, held in October 1980 in Apeldoorn, Netherlands, was a very serious effort to begin international cooperation in a much needed area: disaster investigation and identification. Under the leadership of Col. Arie van den Bos of the Royal Police of the Netherlands, the work was accomplished with representatives and ...

Among the major water supply problems in developing countries are the lack of qualified manpower, inadequate management, and limited financial resources. Trained personnel is not only deficient in many of the water agencies, but also in ministries, health agencies, community organizations and labour categories of all kinds. Operation and maintenance, ...

The purpose of this paper is to alert pediatric ophthalmologists to problems of rendering genetic counseling to adoptees at-risk for genetic disease. All states have statutes that provide for secrecy of adoption records. These records are maintained by adoption agencies, county courts, and state registrar. In most cases, the counseling ...

Counselling is becoming increasingly important in modern general practice and the relationship between counsellors and general practitioners varies in different places and in different countries. Through a Stanning Overseas Fellowship I had the opportunity of examining this relationship in several countries in Europe in order to compare and contrast arrangements.

Epileptics, medical colleagues, and the public must be educated regarding the teratogenicity of anticonvulsants to the developing fetus. To prevent the serious problems of the fetal hydantoin-barbiturate syndrome, epileptic mothers must be given counseling. There are numerous problems encountered in counseling any individual with genetic disorders and dull intellect. More ...

A technique has been described which utilises a dual counselling approach to handle problems of a sexual nature. The methods used to structure counselling sessions are discussed as well as the benefits and the drawbacks of using a male and female counsellor to assist people who have some failure in ...

Continued progress in many areas of science depends on access to advanced modern instruments and the data they provide. Costly instruments have been shared in a number of disciplines for many years, and common patterns of shared usage have developed independently. The scientific and financial aspects of large instrument usage ...

The history and development of IMV have been reviewed. Special attention has been paid to the problems associated with the use of PEEP in combination with IMV. We have described a modification of the Brompton Manley ventilator for use with IMV and PEEP and we have investigated the performance of ...

This paper details the efforts of a team of professionals to establish a gerontology center in Sao Paulo, Brazil. The focus is on some of the problems of the emergent profession in Brazil: the uncertain labor market; the problems of recruiting; the problems of generating a knowledge base on aging ...

A review of studies of the nasal mucous elements by whole-mount methods. Goblet cell development is described till the 30th week of gestation, by which density is still very small. Density must increase towards and after birth. Some problems concerning intraepithelial, anterior nasal as well as Bowman's glands are discussed. ...

It is widely assumed that systems, equipment, and training evolved in the clinical laboratories of "advanced" countries from years of experience are universally applicable to the needs of all developing nations. This fallacy has led to a situation where the advance of medicine in many such countries is now retarded ...

Thesis (M.Hous.M.)--University of Hong Kong, 1997.

Respiratory problems are common and require prompt assessment and management. The implications for patients if such problems are not managed correctly can be serious. A spectrum of respiratory support can be used by nurses to aid respiratory assessment and treatment. Part one discussed normal respiratory function, respiratory failure and positive ...

The author reviews the growth of the insecticide-resistance problem throughout the world during the period between July 1956 and November 1957, and the developments in research on the subject during the same period.Three new resistant species have been discovered-Anopheles subpictus, Chrysomyia putoria and Rhipicephalus sanguineus-and eight new types of resistance ...

The disposal of wastes from paper and pulp mills-a problem of particular importance in the northern European countries of Norway, Sweden and Denmark, where wood-processing is one of the main industries-is discussed. The various types of waste produced are described, and their pollution potential is assessed, in terms of population ...

Beet sugar is an industry yearly attaining greater and greater importance. Likewise the disposal of the wastes is a problem of increasing consequence in various sections of the country. This paper and the discussions constitute an unusual assembling of the facts, valuable to local authorities and those commercially interested, alike.